1

Energy source)

(Energy)

1. (Fuel)
2. (Conversion Methods)
3. (Usage)
(Power)
1.1 (Energy Sources)

(Energy Capital)

(Energy income)
(

1. (Electromagnetic energy)
2. (Thermal energy)
3. (Kinetic energy)
4. (Nuclear energy)
5. (Chemical energy)
 2

6. (Electrical energy)

( : , 2533)

1.
2.
 3

( , 2533)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
 4

Thermal power station)

(Turbine)
(alternator)

( , 2533)

( , 2533)
 5

(Air Heater)

Boiler

High Pressure Heater

Economizer
Drum
Heater

Condenser

cooling tower
 6

KV KV

- %

Internal combustion engine power

station

Otto
diesel

Peak load

1.5 (Hydropower power station)

 7

1.5.1

- Turbine)

1.5
:http://www.yp.co.th/ - - - - - --hydroelectricity.html

QH ( )
1000
W P ( )

P= (
W=
= Unit Gravity Force 9.808 / . .)
 8

Q= . ./
H=
=
=
Plant Factor

Plant Factor 1 100%

Plant Factor

9:00-12:00 13:00-15:00 19:00-21:00

1.5.2
3
1.
Turbine)

(
 9

1.6
( http://www.yp.co.th/2010-10-03-06-35-34/88--hydroelectricity.html)
2. Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river

Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river

1.7 Run-of-the-river
( http://www.yp.co.th/2010-10-03-06-35-34/88--hydroelectricity.html)
 10

3.

1.8
( http://www.yp.co.th/2010-10-03-06-35-34/88--hydroelectricity.html)
-

1.5.3
 11

1.9
( http://www.yp.co.th/2010-10-03-06-35-34/88--hydroelectricity.html)

Renewable Natural
Resource)

14-46 ( 8 1 2
2507 8 2539)

Greenhouse Gas
 12

1.10
( http://www.yp.co.th/2010-10-03-06-35-34/88--hydroelectricity.html)
1,100
2552

1.5.4

( - 80-90%
10-20% 6
 13

1.11
http://www.yp.co.th/ - - - - - --hydroelectricity.html)

1.5.5
 14

2549 777,000 MW
2,998 TWh ( Three Gorges Dam
20% 88%
Three Gorges Dam
Itaipu Dam
Guri
Dam 1.1

1.1
( MW) (MW)
1. Three Gorges Dam 26(700) 18,200
2. Itaibu Dam - 20(700) 14,000
3. Guri Dam 10(1,020) 10,200
4. Tucurui Dam - 8,400
5. Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam 10(640) 6,400
6. Krasnoyarsk - 6,000

6(700) MW

( 1.2) 100%
90%
 15

1.2

TWh) (GW) Capacity Factor

(%)

64.0 - - 1,000.00

140.5 27.528 0.49 98.25

363.8 69.080 0.56 85.56

86.8 - - 67.17

369.5 88.974 0.59 61.12

65.5 16.209 0.46 44.34

167.0 45.000 0.42 17.64

1/ 585.2 171.52 0.37 17.18

115.6 33.600 0.43 15.80

63.4 25.335 0.25 11.23

69.2 27.229 0.37 7.21

250.6 79.511 0.42 5.74

1/ 2551
 16

-
2552 9,313 GWh
1.3

(
 17

Nuclear power station

Proton Neutron Electron

Nucleus

1.12
: ,2533)
Atomic number

Uranium
Mass number
 18

Isotope
O 8 16, O , O

92U234, U , U

Electron volt

Nuclear reaction

fusion
fission

Eistein
E MC 2 (1.3)
E
M
C

2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 He4 e
2 0 e
2 0

e
2 0 Positive beta particle
- -
x x
Positron
 19

-
alfa particle x
-
x
Positive beta particle or ray
- -
x x
Negative beta particle or ray
-
x - x -
gamma ray

Thermonuclear

Deuterium 2 H2 2 D2

2 H2 2 H2 2 H2 0 n2 Energy

2 He2 2 H2 2 He2 P
2 2 Energy
2 H2 2 H2 2 H2 2 He4 P
2 2 0 n2 Energy

2 P2 0 n2
Mev

1.6.2.2
2-4

fissionable material

chain reaction

u + 0n1
92 235

57La148 Lanthanum
36Br86 Bromine
 20

u + 0n1
92 235

55Ba37 Barium
56Kr97 Kryton

U
92 235

2.47
2
1. nonfission fission product

2.

1.6.3 (nuclear reactor and heat exchanger)

(Rankin Cycle)

1.13
 21

1.13
,
3
1.
2.
3.

5
1. Fuel element

fissionable materia u , u ,
91 233 92 235

pu239
94 u
92 235 99.23% u
92 233 92u235

Th232
92 90Th232

2. Coolant
 22

Coolant
Coolant
2.1 (High thermal conductivity)

2.2
2.3
Coolant
Coolant CO2 He

(Organic Liquid)

(Heavy water)

Coolant

Coolant

3. Moderator
fissionable material
 23

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

moderator

Moderator (
(graphite)
(Bryllium) Moderator Coolant Moderator
1.13
4. Control rod
Control rod
control rod

control rod
4.1
4.2
4.3 control rod
4.4 Coolant
4.5
4.6
(Boron) (Cadmium)
5. Reflector

reflector Moderator

6.
Moderator Coolant
 24

100 PSI 2000 PSI

Reflector 1

1.6.4
1.

2.

3.
1.6.5
1.
2.
3.
1.6.6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.7 ( wind generator)
2
1.7.1 (Propeller)
2

50-150 50
Kw 2 Mw
 25

30
5
1.7.2. (Andrea type) 2
3 1.14

100 Kw

1.
2.

1.
2. 5
1.8

Fuel cell
Fuel cell
(Oxidation)
Fuel cell 1.15
n+
X= X =
ne = yn+ =
 26

: , 2533)

1.15 Fuel cell

( , 2533)
 27

Fuel cell
,

Generator Magneto hydrodynamic

,

fuel cell 1.15 X

X
Yn+ ( )

(electrolyte) fuel cell

1.16 fuel cell
fuel cell
 28

1. Hydrogen Fuel cell 200 c

KOH
2H2 + 4OH- 4H2O + 4e-
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-
2H2 + O2 2H2O

Hydrogen cell
Hydrogen gas

2. Hydrazine fuel cell 70 c

KOH
NH2NH2 + 4 OH- N2 + 4 H2O + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-
NH2NH2 + O2 N2 + 2H2O

Hydrazine Fuel cell Hydrogen fuel cell

3. Hydrocarbon fuel cell 150 c (500-700)c

(CO3-2
(Methane)

CH4 + 4CO3-2 2H2O + 5CO2 +8e-

2O2 + 4CO2 + 8e- 4CO3-2

CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

 29

1.9 Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD)

Generator Megnetohydrodynamic Generator
Generator
Generator Menetohynamic
Generator
1.17 Generator Magneohydrody

(Potassium ) 2000 3200

Magneto hydrodynamic

4
1.

2.
3.
4.

1.10
thermoelectric power generator, Nernst power
generator , ferromagnetic power generator thermophomovoltaic power generator

Thermoelectric Power Generator 3

1. Seebeck effect 2
1.18 V
V = z(Th Tc)
z Seebeck coefficient (50 400 uv/k)
 30

Th
Tc

Seebeck effect
,

pettier effect Seebeck affect

Q I
Q=
= pettier coefficient
I =
Thomson effect

Ph YI Th Tc
(1.5)
Ph
Y Thomson coefficient
I
TC
TC
 31

KW

Thermoelectric power generator

,

6.66

20%)

. 0.01 A ( angstrom = 10-10 )

. 5000 A
Photovaltaic
Photovaltaic . 1839
Photavoltaic
Silicon (S2) Cadmium
Sulfade 1.20
 32

1.20 photovoltaic cell

( , 2533)
 33

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 34

(Magnetic Theory and circuit)

2.1 (Magnetic circuit)

Equation)
=0
=
D
XH = J
t
B
X =
t
B (Magnetic flux density)
D
(Current displacement or Electric field flux density)
(Charge distribution)
H (Magnetic field intensity)
(Electric field intensity)
J (Current density)

D
(Quasi static form) 2.1
2.2
xH = J (2.1)

B
x = - (2.2)
t
 35

2.1

H dl = S
J da (2.3)

B
= da (2.4)
S t

2.3 2.4

SI (Standard
International) (Rationalize MKS)
(Tesla,T)
(Weber/ ,wb/ ) - (A T/m )

2.1
( , 2533)

2.1 lc
N i
2.3

Hdl = S
J da = Ni (2.5)
Hc
H c Ic = Ni
 36

Ni
Hc =
lc

Hc 2.5 2.1 2.3

Hc (Right-hand rule)

(Magnetic field)
B

B= H (2.6)

(Permeability) Wb/A-T-m
o 4 Wb/A-T-m
o

(Relative permeability) r

2.7

r (2.7)
0

2.6 2.7

B 0r H (2.8)

(Magnetic flu x , ) 2.9

= S
B da

B 2.8

= BA (2.10)
 37

A
2.1

2.2

2.2
( , 2533)

2.2
H dI = S
J da = Ni
lc
H c di
lx
J H x di = Ni
H clc + H x lx = Ni (2.11)

2.6 2.11

Bc Bx
Ni = lc lx (2.12)
c 0

lc lx
Ni = c ( ) c ( ) (2.13)
c Ac 0 Ax

V.E = 0
c x
 38

2.13
lc lx
Ni = ( ) ) (2.14)
c Ac 0 Ax

= ( c + x) (2.15)

(Magnetomotive force, mmf or

Magnetic potential) Ni - (A-T)

= H dl (2.16)

(Reluctance) A-T/Wb l/Hennty(H)

1
= (2.17)
A

(Permeance,P)
Wb/A-T (H)
1 A
= = (2.18)
A I

E = I ( R1 R2 ) (2.19)

( Electric analogous circuit )

 39

(mmf) (emf) E

1 I1
= R=
A A

µ= = (Resistivity)

E
H= =
I

B= H J
I
A A

- c - x =0
 40

= c + x = ( c + x ) (2.20)

c x

c x c

(Plunger)
( Leakage flux)
(Fringing)

( , 2533)
 41

l1 0.25 x10 2
1 = 28.05 x105 H 1

o A1 4 x10 7 x (3x10 2 / 2)2

l2 0.25 x10 2
2 = 28.05 x105 H 1

o A2 4 x10 7 x (3 0.025)(1) x10 4

r 1 2 = (28.05 + 2.08) x 105 = 3.013 x106 H 1

Ni 800 x3.5
= = 9.30 x10 4
Wb
T 3.013x106

2.5
( , 2533)
 42

( , 2533)

2.6

0 A1 4 10 7 (0.5 0.1)(1.0) 10 4
g1 1
11 0.1 10 2
8.31 10 8
H
g1 1 1 Ni 1 900 0.2 8.51 10 9
1.50 10 5
Wb
0 A2 4 10 7 (10 0.25)(1.0 0.25) 10 4
g1 e
12 0.25 10 2
7.85 10 2
H
g2 2 2 Ni 2 900 0.2 7.85 10 8
1.41 10 5
wb
T 1 2 (1.50 1.41) 10 5
2.91 10 5
Wb

RT R1 2 (8.31 7.85) 10 8
16.16 10 8
H
T T Ni T 900 0.2 16.16 10 8
2.91 10 5
Wb
2.5
0.25 900
 43

2.2 (Magnetic materials)

2.8
r

2
(Nonmanetic material) r 1
r 1 (Paramagnetic materials) r

1 (Diamagnetic materials)
r 1.0
2. (magnetic materials)
(Ferromagnetic
materials) (Iron) (Nickel) (Cobalt) (Alloys)

(Saturation Fruk density)

(Hysteresis characteristic) (Electrical conductivity) (Curie

temperature or Curie point)
2.2
 44

2.2

(Nonlinear)

(Manaetizing curve or B-H curve) (Hysteresis loop)

2.7
( , 2533)
 45

2.7 3
((Manaetizing force) H
B (Domain)
H B H B
H
B H B
B B
B (Intrinsic frux density,Bint)
2.21

B int B c H (2.21)

B 2.7 Bint 2.7

2.7

1 B
r n (2.22)
0 H

n (Retative amplitude permeability)

2.8
( , 2533)
 46

2.7

B 2.8 H Hm B
oa H Hm oa ab b
H H
B H
(Residual frux density)
(Retentivity)
H
(Coercivity force)
(Coercivity)

(Periodic
function) H B H
2.8 H
H
B H
2.8

(Nomal manetization curve or D.C. manetization curve) 2.9

2.9 M19 29
( , 2533)
 47

2.3 (Magnetic losses)

(Core loss)
(Magnetizzing loss) (Excitation loss)
2
1. (Hysteresis loss) 2.10 ( )
H H max B Br Bmax

Bmax

W1 HdB (2.23)
Br

W1 1241
2.10 ( )
H H max B Bmax Br
W2

Br

W2 HdB (2.24)
Bmax

2.24 Br Bmax
3243 2.10 ( )
2.23 2.24 H 0 Hmax 0
1231 H 1
H f
Ph

Ph f HdB W (2.24 )

2.24
(Empiricle equation)

Ph n
Kh fBmax (2.25)
 48

Kh
n (Steinmetz index) 1.5 2.5 n = 1.6

2.10 ( ) () ( )
( , 2533)

2. (Eddy current loss)

2.4
(Eddy current)
I e2 R Ie R
Ie R
(Laminated sheets )
0.3 -5 0.01 0.5

( Stacking factor )
Pe 2.26

2 2
r f 2 Bmax
2
Pe (2.26)
6
 49

V 2r 2
Pe (2.27)
12 N 2 A2

V
N
A
Pc

Pc Ph Pe (2.26)

() % () Mn-Zn

,
 50

M- % (Silicon)
,

Pa(A.C.excitation) (Apparent core loss)

-
- (Exciting
rms volt-ampere curve)
 51

- Pa-B
P- B M-19
,

M-19
B=1.5 sin 377t Wb/m2
gm/cm3
()
()
()
()
 52

( , 2533)

()
B d d
dl .da Bda
s
t dt s dt
N
d dB
e N NA
dt dt
4
200 0.94 1.5 377 cos377t
(39.4)2
275cos377t V

(6 6 8 8)
() lc 0.71 m
39.4

Bmax =1.5 Wb/m2 2.9 Hmax=22 x 102 A-T/m

I
22 102 0.71
I 7.8 A
200

() 2.13 Bmax =1.5 Wb/m2 Pa= 18 VA/lb

Vc 4 0.94 28 105.5(in3 )

Wc= x
 53

7.65( gm) 2.54(cm3 ) 2.2(lb)

Wc 105.5(in3 ) 29.1(lb)
1(cm3 ) 1(in3 ) 1000( gm)
VA 18(VA lb) 29.1(lb) 525(VA)
Pa 525
I max 2.7( A)
Vrms 275 0.707

() Bmax =1.5 Wb/m2 P=1.6 W/lb

(Inductance)

(Flux linkage)
(Self Inductance)
(Mutual
inductance)
( )
N
N Weber turn(Wb t ) (2.29)

1 , 2 , 3 ,... n N1 , N 2 , N3 ,...N n

N1 1 N2 2 N3 3 ,... N n n ;i n (2.30)

Ni i ;i n (2.31)

(2.32)
N1 N2 N 3 ... N n

(Self-inductance)
N
e
 54

d d
e N (2.33)
dt dt
(Inductor)
d
e L (2.34)
dt

L (Henry,H)

di d
L
dt dt
d
L (2.35)
di

(linear)

L
i

N N .BA A
L
Hl Bl
N2 N2 (2.37)
l
N N

di di dl
e L i (2.38)
dt dt dt

() ( )

() ( )

() ( )
 55

R1 =
W=
g=
=

,
A
() L N2
l
g
A W 9( R1 ) m2
2
l 4 10 7

N 2 2000 4000
2
4000 4 10 7 2.50 2.00 0.10 10 4

L
2 0.20 10 2
264
L 2.64
() 2
1.65 10 7
H
N2 4000
1 1 6.05 106
() 7
H 1

1.65 10
 56

2.2.4 (Mutual inductance)

2.18 ( ) 1
1 2
11 1 i1

21 2 i1 1
12 1 i2 2
22 2 i2

1 L11 11
(2.39)
i1

2 L22 22
(2.40)
i2

1 2 L12 12
(2.41)
i2

2 1 L21 21
(2.42)
i1

2.16 ( )
() ()
() ()
,
 57

2.16 ( ) 2.16 ( ) 1
i2 2
1

11
11
(2.43)
N1

2 1

21
21
(2.44)
N2

l1 11 21 (2.45)

2.1 2.16 ( )
2.16 ( ) N1

2.16 ( )

21
l y
N 2i2 (2.46)
1 2 2 1 2 2

11
2 l
N 2i2 (2.47)
1 2 2 1 2 2

2.37, 2.39, 2.43 2.47

N1 N12 ( )
L11 11
N12 2
2 l
N 2i2 (2.48)
i2 1 2 2 l 2 l

2.42, 2.44 2.4

N1 N 2 )
L21 21 l
(2.49)
i1 1 2 2 l 2 l
 58

2.16 ( ) 2

N2 N 22 ( )
L22 22
N 22 2
2 l
N 2i2 (2.50)
i2 1 2 1 l 2 l

N1 N 2 )
L12 12 l
(2.51)
i2 1 2 1 l 2 l

2.49 2.59 M

M L12 L21

2.16 ( ) l

(Magnetic coupling) kn
n 2.46
2.47

l
k1 21 2

11 2 2 l

l
k2 12 1
(2.54)
22 1 1 l
(Coefficient of coupling)

l
k2 k1k2 2
(2.55)
( 1 1 )( 2 1 )

1 4.46, 2.49, 2.50, 2.51,

2.52, 2.55

M L12 L21 k L11L22

 59

2.5 2.17 60

80.0 V 0.93 A 26.0 V

40.0 V 2.50 A
70.0 V

() Lss

() Lrr

() M
() k1 , k 2 k

2.17 2.5
( , 2533)

d
e N
dt

max sin 2 ft
 60

d max sin 2 ft
e N
dt

N2 f max cos 2 ft

N2 f max
Erms
2

Erms 4.44 fN max 4.44 f max

Erms
max (2.57)
4.44 f

max
Lmax
imax

E 80
max 0.300 Wb t
4.44 f 4.44 60

I max 2 I rms 2 0.93 1.32 A

0.300
L 0.227 H
1.32

() ()
40
L 0.485 H
2 2.5 4.44 60

() ( ) ( ) 2.42
26.0
Lrs 0.742 H
2 0.93 4.44 60

70.0
Lsr 0.743 H
2 2.50 4.44 60

M Lsr 0.0742 H

21
N2 N1 N1 E2
() 2.52 k1 21 21

11 11 N2 11 N 2 E1
N1
 61

400 26
0.65
200 80

2.54 k1
N 2 E1 200 70
ke 12
0.875
22 N1 E2 400 40

2.55 k k1k2 (0.65)(0.875) 0.754

() 2.56

M k Lss Lrr

0.754 (0.227)(0.0425)

0.741 H
 62

1.

A1 = 9(m2) 1 = 5(m) N = 50 A2
= 6(m2) 2 = 50(m) I = 1A

:
(1)
(2)
(3) (m.m.f.)
(4)
(air gap)

(µr) = 2000
(m.m.f)

( , 2542)
 63

3
(Direct Current Machine or D.C,Machine)

3.1
2
1
(Generator or Dynamo)
2
(Motor)
3.2

2
1. (Stator part)
2. (Rotor part)
3.2.1
(1) (Frame or York)

(Magnetic circuit)

3.1
( , 2546)
(2) (Pole-Shoes) (Laminated sheet steel)
3.2
(Screw)
 64

3.2
( , 2546)

(3) (Field coil or Field winding)

(Shunt field or Shunt winding)

(Series field or Series winding)

3.3

3.3
( , 2546)

(4) (Brushes and Bearing)

 65

2
3.4

3.4
( , 2546)

(5) (End plate)

3.2.2
(1) (Armature core)

3.5

3.5
( , 2546)

(2) (Armature or Armature winding)

(Lap) (Wave)
3.6
 66

3.6
( , 2546)

(3) (Commutator)
3.7

3.7
( , 2546)

3.8 3.9
 67

3.8
( , 2546)

3.9
( , 2546)

3.3 D.C armature windining

coil
turn 2

1. single layer winding

Coil side

2. Double layer winding

3.10
 68

leakage reactance

3.10
( , 2533)

3.10 4

3.11

3.11

, 2533)

3.11
2 lap
winding wave winding 3.12
 69

3.12

, 2533)

pole pitch
4 36 36/4=9

coil span

36/4
9 1
1+9=10

Back pitch

= 3.1
 70

Front pitch

Winding pitch Y
1
2 3.12

Y = - 3.2

Y = + 3.3

commutator pitch

= 3.4

= c m (3.5)

m 1 Simplex

3.4 3.5 Progressive

Retregressive
 71

3.3.1 (Simplex lap winding)

3.12 2

1.
3.13 Y = - = 2, =1

3.13

( , 2533)

2.
3.14 Y= - = -2 , = -1
 72

3.14

( , 2533)

3.1 winding diagram Sequence

diagram ) 4 24 24

= = 6

C = = = 24

= 2c = 48

= = 2

3.1 = K = + K = 13 11

= 13 1 1+
11 = 12 6 = 6-1 = 5
Fractional pitch coil

= 13
 73

3.2 = - Y = 13-2 = 11

= 13 , = 11 , Y = 2 =1

3.13 3.16 3.15 ( )

3.15

.1 2 1
2 1 4.6.8
10 1 2 1
Split winding

.2 4 40
120

= 2c = 2 120 = 240

= =6

3.1 = K = K = 59,61
 74

( , 2533)

= 59

1 1 1 + 59 = 60 10

" 3 " 2 " " 3 + 59 = 62 " 11

" 5 " 3 " " 5 + 59 = 64 " 11

3.15
 75

3.15

( , 2533)

= 61

1 1 1+ 61 = 62 11

" 3 " 2 " " 3 + 61 = 64 " 11

" 5 " 3 " " 5 + 61 = 66 " 11

= 61

4.3

- 1 = 3.6

3.3.2 Equalizer 3.16

4 3.1 Parallel path
4
 76

1.

2.

3.

Circulating current

360 e 2 =2

1. Equipotential pitch

= 3.7
 77

c =

P =

2. Phase pitch
tap

= 3.8

m=

3. number of tap

= = (3.9)

10 - 20
Symetrical

3.3 10
8 200

= = = 50

= = 10 = 40

= = = 5
 78

3.16

( , 2533)

3.3.3 Simplex wave winding

3.12 ( ) 2
2
1
3.12
( ) 2
1 p/2

Y = 3.10

Y = 3.11

= 3.12

= 3.13
 79

3.4 4
25 25 25

= = 6

= 2 c = 2 25 = 50

= = 2

= K = K = 12 K = 11,13

= 13 6 = 11

Y = = = 26

= Y- = 26-13 =13

= = = 13

= = = 13 , y = 26

3.26 ( ) .28 ( )

3.18 ( ) 4
3.4 2
2

3.12 3.13 =

1
 80

Dummy coil

( , 2533)

3.5 4 21 4

= 4x 21 = 84

C = = 42

= = = 21

C 1

C = 42 - 1 = 41
 81

= = 21

3.10 3.12 2 = Y

Y = 2x 21 = 42

3.1 = = = 20 = 19,21

3.5

= 21

3.3 = Y- = 42 - 21 = 21

= = = 21 Y = 42

3.3.4

1.
p I

2
 82

2.

3.

4.

5. Commutation
200
2 400
 83

6
35 35 35

2. 6 21 4
 84

(Direct Current Generator or D.C, Generator)

4.1 (Types of Generator)

2

1.
(Separately-excited generator)

2. (Self-excited
generator)

4.1.1

4.1

4.1
,

4.1.2

(Residual
magnetism or Residual flux)
 85

3
(1) (Shut generator or shut wound)

4.2
( , 2546)

(2) (Series generator or Series wound)

(Boosters)

4.3
( , 2546)

(3) (Compound generator or Compound wound)

 86

(Short shunt compound)

Long shunt compound) 4.4

4.4
( , 2546)

4.1 450A 230V

50 0.03

( , 2546)

= 450 A
(IL)
=230 V
Ia = IL+ Ish A
(Ish) = 230/50 A
Ish = 4.6 A
Ia = 450 + 4.6 A
=454.6 A
(Ia Ra)
= 454.6 × 0.03 V
 87

Ia Ra = 13.64 V
(Eg) = V + Ia R a V
= 230 + 13.64 V
= 243.64 V

4.2 50A
500V 0.05 0.03
250

1V

( , 2546)
(IL) = 50 A
=500 V
Ia = IL+ Ish A
/ Rsh

(Ish) Ishz
= 500/250 A
V

=2 A
Ia = 50 +2 A
= 52 A

= 52 × 0.05 V
(Ia Ra)
Ia Ra = 2.6 V
(Ia
= 52 × 0.03 V
Rse)
Ia Rse = 1.56 V
=1×2 V
 ญื๊$
88

=2 โ V
(Eg) = V + Ia Ra+ Ia Rse+
Eg = 500 + 1.56 + 2.6 +2
= 506.16 V

4.3 20 kW
250V 0.05 0.025 100

( , 2546)
(IL) = (20 × 103)/250 A
IL = 80 A
Ia = IL+ Ish A
(IL Rse) = 80 × 0.025 V
IL Rse =2 V
= 250 + 2 V
= 252 V
(Ish) = 252/100 A
Ish = 2.52 A
Ia = 80 + 2.52 A
= 82.52 A
(Ia
= 82.52 × 0.05 V
Ra)
Ia Ra = 4.13 V
(Eg) = V + Ia Ra + IL Rse V
= 250 + 4.13 + 2 V
 89

= 256.13 V

4.4
150A 230V
.

92 0.015 0.03 0.032

( , 2546)
(IL) = 150 A
Ia = IL+ Ish A
(Ish) = 30/92 A
Ish = 2.5 A
Ia = 150 + 2.5 A
= 152.5 A

= Rd//Rse)
= (0.03 ×0.015)//(0.015 + 0.03)
Rd//Rse = 0.01
= Ra + (Rd//Rse)
Ra + (Rd//Rse) = 0.032 + 0.01
= 0.042
= 152.5 × 0.042 V
 90

= 6.41 V
. (Eg)

=V+
= 230 + 6.41 V
= 236.41 V
.

= EgIa W
= 236.41 × 152.5 W
= 36052.53 W
= 36.05 kW

4.2

(Generated e.m.f. or e.m.f. Equation of a Generator)

= (Flux/pole in weber,wd)
Z = (Total number of armature conductor)
=
P = (No. of poles)
A = (No. of parallel paths in armeture)
N = (Aemature rotation in revolutions/minute, r.p.m.)
Eg =

= d /dt V N =1
1 d )= P
= N/60
1 (dt) = 60/N
= d /dt V
= PN/60 V
(Wave)
A =2
 91

= Z/2
/path = ( PN/60) × Z/2 V
= ZNP/120 V
(Lap)
A =P
= Z/P
/path = ( PN/60) × Z/P V
= ZN/60

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
A =2
=P

4.5 4 51 1
20
1500
7.0 mWb

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
= 7.0 mWb
= 0.007 wb
Z = 51 × 20
= 1020
A =2

N Eg = 1500

= (7 × 10-3×1020 × 1500/60)(4/2)
= 357 V
 92

4.6 8 960
20 mWb
500
.

. (A = P)

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
= (20 × 10-3 × 960 × 500/60)(8/8)
Eg = 160 V

. (A = 2)

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
= (20 × 10-3 × 960 × 500/60)(8/2)
= 640 V

4.7 8
778 500
12.5 250V 0.24
250
.

.
 93

,
.

(IL) = 150/12.5 A
= 20
Ia = IL+ Ish A
(Ish) = 250/250 A
Ia = 20 + 1 A
Ia = 21 A

(Eg) = V + Ia R a V
= 250 + (21 ×0.24)
= 255.04 V

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
255.04 = ( × 778 × 500/60)(8/2)
= 9.83 mWd

4.8 4
25 kW 500 V 0.03
0.04 200
1V
1200 0.02 Wb
 94

(IL) = (25 × 10-3)/500 A

= 50 A
Ia = IL+ Ish A
(Ish) = 500/200 A
= 2.5 A
Ia = 50 + 2.5 A
Ia = 52.5 A
(Ia Ra) = 52.5 ×0.03 V
Ia Ra =1.575 V
(Ia Rse) = 52.5 ×0.04 V
Ia Ra =2.1 V
2 =1×2 V
=2 V
(Eg) = V + Ia Ra+ Ia Rse+
= 250 + (21 ×0.24)
= 255.04 V

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
Z = (Eg × 60)(A/P)( × N)
= (505.68 ×60)(4/4)(0.02×1200)
Z = 1,264
= 1,264
 95

4.9 4
71.12 520
(Pole arc/Pole pich)
720 (Air gap) 1.6 Wb/m3

20.32

= D/4
= × 71.12/4
= 0.63 ×
= 0.63 × × 71.12/4
= 35.2
= 20.32

= ×
=35.2 × 20.32
= 715.3
= 715.3 × 10-4
=B×A Wb
=(715.3× 10-4) Wb
= 0.1145 Wb
Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
= (0.1145 ×520×720/60)(4/2)
= 1,428 V

4.10 2000
(Excited current) 2A 500
1,200 100V

Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
100 = ( ×500×1200/60)(P/P)
 96

= 10-2 Wb
Rm =NI/ A-T/Wb
=2,000×2/10-2
105 A-T/Wb

4.3 (Iron Loss in Armature)

1. (Hysteresis loss)

2. (Eddy current loss)

4.3.1 (Hysteresis loss,Wh)

P
N
(Magnetic reversal)
F = PN/120
(Volume) (Grade of iron)
(Bmax)
1.5 Wb/m2
(Steinmetz)
1.6
Wh = Bmax fV (J/sec or W)
V = (m3)
=

= 502 J/ m3
= 191 J/ m3
4.3.2 (Eddy current loss,We)
 97

(Solid iron core)

We = K( Bmax )2f2V
Bmax =
f =
t =
V =

(Low hysteresis coefficient)

(Special silicon steel)

4.4 (Total Loss in a D.C. Generator)

4.4.1

(1) = (Ia)2Ra ( EgIa)

Ra =
30-40
(2)

(Ish)2Rsh VIsh
(Ise)2Rse

Rse =
20-30
 98

(3)

4.4.2

(1) (Wh) = ( Bmax )1.6f

(2) (We) = ( Bmax )2f2

20-30

4.4.3

(1)

(2)

10-20

(stray losses)
 99

(Constant losses or Standing losses)

(Wc)

=
= (Ia)2Ra+Wc
= (IL+Ish)2Ra + Wc
(Ia)2Ra
(Variable losses)
=
Total loss = Variable losses + Constant losses (Wc)
4.5 (Power Stages in D.C Generator)

EgIa (W) VIL(W)

 100

4.6 (Efficiency, Eff. )

4.6.1 (Mechanical efficiency, m)

m =
m =
= (EgIa)/
4.6.2 (Electrical efficiency, e)

e =
= /
= VIL/(EgIa)
4.6.3 (Overall or
Commercial efficiency, c)

c = /
= /
= VIL/

c = m + e

95
(Condition for maximum efficiency)
= VIL
=
Power input = Power output/ Power input
= VIL +(Ia)2Ra+wc
= VIL +(IL+Ish)2Ra+wc

Ish

Ia= IL
= /
 101

= Power output/ Power input

= VIL/[ VIL+(Ia)2Ra+wc]
= 1/{1 + [(IL Ra/V) + (wc/VIL)]}

d[(IL Ra/V) + (wc/VIL)] =0

( Ra/V)-[ wc /V(IL) =0
(IL)2 Ra =Wc

=
Variable losses = Constant losses

(IL)2 Ra = Wc
IL = (WC / Ra )

4.5
,

4.11 10 kW 250V 6
1000 534
0.64 kW 1V
 102

(IL) = (10×103)/250 A
= 40 A
= (IL)2 Ra W
Ia = 40 A
=
Ra = (0.64 × 103)/402
Ra = 0.4
(Eg) =V + Ia Ra+
= 250 + (40×0.4) + 1
= 267 V
Eg = ( ZN/60) × P/A V
= (Eg× 60A)/(ZNP) V
= (267 × 60 × 6)/(534 × 1000 × 6)
= 0.03 Wb
=0.03 Wb

4.12 6
5 40A
100 100W 220V 88
0.05 62.89 kW

( , 2546)
 103

(V) = V
= 40×5 A
= 200 A
= (100/220)×100 A
= 220/88 A
= 2.5 A
+ +
= 200 + 45.45 +2.5 A
Ia = 247.95 A
= 245.45 × 220 W
= 53999 W
= 54 kW
= 62.89 kW
= /
=54/62.89
=0.8586
=85.86

4.13 195A 250V

0.02 50
950W
.

.
 104

( , 2546)
= 250/50 A
=5 A
Ia = IL+Ish A
= 195 + 5 A
= 200 A
.

(Eg) = V + IaRa V
= 250 + (200×0.2)
= 254 V
.

= (Ish)V W
= 5 × 250 W
= 1250 W
= (Ia)2Ra W
= (200) 2 × 0.02 W
= 800 W
= 1250 + 800 W
= 2050 W
.

=950 W
= +
= 950 + 2050 W
 105

= 3000 W
= 195 × 250 W
= 48750 W
= +
= 48750 + 3,000 W
= 51750 W
= 51.75 W
=
= 51.75 kW
.

c = /
c = /
c = 48750/51750
= 0.942
c = 94.20
( m) = /
m = /
= (254 × 200)/51750)
= 0.9816
m =98.16

( e) = /
= VIL/(EgIa)
= (195×250)/(254×200)
= 48750/50800
e = 0.9587
e = 95.87

4.14 240V
100A 0.1
 106

0.02 0.025 100

1000W 500W

( , 2546)
= 240 × 100 W
= 24000 W
= Ra + Rse + Rin
= 0.1 +0.02 +0.025
= 0.145
= 240/100 A
Ish = 2.4 A
Ia = IL + Ish A
= 100 + 2.4 A
Ia = 102.4 A
= (Ia)2(Ra + Rse + Rin)
= (102.4)2(0.145)
= 1520.44 W
= (Ish)2 Rsh W
= (2.4)2×100 W
= 576 W
= 1520.44 + 576 W
= 2096.44 W
= 1000 W
= 500 W
=2096.44+1000+500
 107

= 3596.44 W
= 24000+3596.44 W
= 27596.44 W
= 24000/27596.44
= 0.8696
= 86.96

4.7 (Armature Reaction)

(Main pole)
2
1.

2.
(Cross-magnetic)

.
(N) (S) 2.6

(magnetic Neutral Axis = MNA)

(Geometrical
Neutral Axis = GNA)

0Fm 4.6
 108

4.6
( , 2546)

. 4.7

.
oFA GNA

4.7
( , 2546)

2
 109

0Fr 4.8
MNA GNA
(Distorted)
(Trailing pole tip)

4.8
( , 2546)

MNA

2
2

1.
(Demagnetizing Conductor)

2.
(Cross-magnetizing Conductor)

2
180°-2 4.9
 110

4.9
,

(Demagnetizing ampere tum per pole, A-Td/pole)

Z =
I = Path (A)
= Ia/2 (A)
= Ia/P (A)
m = GNA

1 2
= (2 m/360°)×Z
= (2 m/360°)×ZI
= ( m/360°)×ZI
A-Td/pole =ZI×( m/360°) A-T

Cross-
magnetizing ampere tum per pole, A-TC/pole)

= Z/P
 111

= Z×(2 m/360°)
= (Z/P) - Z × (2 m/360°)
= Z ×[(1/P) - (2 m/360°)]
= ZI ×[(1/P) - (2 m/360°)]
= ZI ×[(1/2P) - ( m/360°)]
A-TC/pole = ZI ×[(1/2P) - ( m/360°)] A-T

1.

(Number of extra field turn per pole)

= A-Td/Ish
= A-Td/Ia
= /
(mechanical) = (electrical)/Pair of pole
m = e/(p/2) 2 e/p

(Compensating ending) (Inter pole)

(Compensating ending)

= Z/P
= Z/2P

= (Z/2P)× /
= 0.7 × ZI/2P

= 0.7 × ZI/2P
= 0.7 ×
 112

(Inter pole or Commutating pole)

4.15 100kW 500V 6

600 10°

50

(IL) = 100×103/500 A
= 200 A
(Ish) = 500/50 A
= 10 A
(Ia) = 200+10 A
= 210 A
Path (I) = Ia/P
I = 210/6 A
= 35 A
Z = 600
m = 10°
A-Td/pole = ZI×( m/360°)
= 600×35×10°/360°
A-Td/pole = 583 A-T
= 583 A-T A-T

A-TC/pole = ZI ×[(1/2P) - ( m/360°)]

= 600×35×[(1/2×6) - (10°/360°)]
A-TC/pole = 1167 A-T
= 1167 A-T
4.16 50kW 250V 4
400 4 50
 113

(IL) = 50 × 103/250 A
= 200 A
(Ish) = 250/50 A
=5 A
(Ia) = 200+5 A
= 205 A
Path (I) = Ia/2
I = 205/2 A
= 102.5 A
Z = 400
= Z/A
= 400/2
= 200
m = 360°× /
= 360°×4/200
m = 7.2°
A-Td/pole = ZI×( m/360°)
= 400×102.5×7.2°/360°
A-Td/pole = 820 A-T
= 820 A-T
.

= A-Td/Ish
 114

= 820/5
= 164
= 164
4.17 1000A 400V 10
860
70

= (ZI/2P) × ( /
= 0.7 × ZI/2P
(Ia) = 1000 A
P = 10
I = Ia/P A
I = 1000/10 A
= 100 A
Z = 860

= 0.7 × 860 × 100/(2 × 10)

= 3010 A-T
= 3010 A-T

4.8 (Parallel Operation of Generator)

4.10
 115

4.10
( , 2546)

1
2
2
2 1
2
2 (Floating) 2
2
2 1
2 1
2
2
2

(0A)

(Equalizer)
4.11
 116

4.11
,

4.18 2
800A
1 240V 225V 500A
2 245V 225V 400A

I1 = 1
I2 = 2
V =

1 (I1Ra1)=

= 240 225 V
 117

I1Ra1 = 15 V
1 = 500 A
1
= 15/500
= 0.03
2
(I2Ra2) =

= 245 225 V
I1Ra1 = 20 V
1 = 400 A
2
= 20/400
= 0.05

Eg = V + IaRa
V = Eg- IaRa V
1 = 240 0.03I1 V (1)
2 = 245 0.05I2 (2)
(1) = (2)
240 0.03I1 = 245 0.05I2
5I2 3I1 = 500 (3)
I1 = (5I2-500)/3
= 800 A

I1+ I2 = 800 A
I1 = 800 - I2 (4)
(3)=(4)
(5I2-500)/3 = 800 - I2
(5I2/3)+ I2 = 800 + 500/3
8I2 = 2900
I2 = 362.5 A
 118

I2 (4)
I1 = 800 362.5 A
= 437.5 A
I1 (1)
V = 240-(0.03 × 437.5)
= 226.875 V
= 226.875 V

1
= VI1×10-3 kW
= 226.875 × 437.5 × 10-3
= 99.257 kW

= VI2×10-3 kW
= 226.875 × 362.5 × 10-3
= 82.242 kW

4.19 2
0.01 20
4000A 1 2 210 V 220V

.
 119

I1 = 1
I2 = 2
V =

I1+I2 = 4000 A
I = 4000 - I1 (1)
= V/20 A
Ia1= I1+ V/20 (2)
Ia2= I + V/20 (3)
IaRa= Eg - V V
Ia1Ra1= Eg1 - V V
V = Eg1 - Ia1 Ra1
V= 210 - Ia1 Ra1 (4)

V= Eg2 - Ia2 Ra2

V= 220 - Ia2 Ra2 (5)
(2) (4)
V= 210 (I1+ V/20) Ra1
V= 210 [(I1+ V/20)×0.01] (6)
(3) (5)
V= 220 (I2+ V/20) Ra2
V= 220 [(I2+ V/20)×0.01 (7)
 120

(6)= (7)
210 [(I2+ V/20)×0.01] = 220 [(I2+ V/20)×0.01]
210-220 = 0.01I1 + 0.0005V 0.01I2-0.0005V
-10 = 0.01I1 0.01I2
-I1+I2= 1000
I1= I2-1000 (8)
(8) (1)
I2 = 4000 (I2-100)
= 5000/2
I2= 2500 A
I2 (8)
I1= 4000-2500 A
= 1500 A
I1 (6)
V= 210 [(1,500 +V/20)×0.01]
V= 210 (15 + 0.01V/20)
V= 210 15 0.01V/20
20 .01
V= = 195
20
V= 20.01 V= 195×20
V= 195 20
20.01
V= 195 V
= 195 V
.

1
= VI1×10-3 kW
= 195 × 1500 × 10-3
= 292.5 kW

= VI2×10-3 kW
 121

= 195 × 2500 × 10-3

= 487.5 kW

4.20 5
0.1

250 kW 500V
4
.

( , 2546)
.

= 250 kW
= 250/5 kW
= 50 kW

= 50 ×103/500 A
= 100 A
= 500 V

= IaRa
IaRa = 100 × 0.1 V
 122

= 10 V
= 500+10 V
= 510 V
4
4
4
= 510 × 4/100 V
= 20.4 V

= 510 +20.4 V
= 530.4 V

I1 =

I2 = 4
V =

V = 530.4 0.1I1 (1)

V = 510 - 0.1I2 (2)
(RL) = 500/500
RL =1
= I1+4I2 A
V = (I1+4I2)RL
= (I1+4I2)×1 (3)
(1)=(2)
530.4-0.1I1 = 510 - 0.1I2
I1-I2 = 204 (4)
(2)=(3)
510-0.1I2 = I1+4I2
I1+4.1I2 = 510
I1 = 510 - 4I2 (5)
(5) (4)
 123

(510-4.1I2)-I2 = 204
5.1I2 = 306
I2 = 306/5.1
= 60 A
I2 (4)
I1 = 204+60
= 264 A
I1 (3)
V = 264+(4×60)
= 504 V
= 504 V
.

= VI1×10-3 kW
= 504 × 264 × 10-3
= 133.056 kW

= VI2×10-3 kW
= 504 × 60 × 10-3
= 30.24 kW

4.9 (Generator Characteristics)

3
1. (No-load saturation Characteristics)

(Open=circuit Characteristics, O.C.C)

2. (Internal or Total Characteristics)

 124

3. (External Characteristics)

1.

2.12

Eg = ( ZN/60)(P/A) V

Eg =K
K = ZP/60A
 125

4.12
( , 2546)

2.

4.13
( , 2546)

3.
 126

4.14
( , 2546)

4.15

(If = 0A)

4.15
( , 2546)
 127

4.10

P 4.16 P OA R
OA (Slope)
OL P
R

4.16
( , 2546)

OB OA OM
OL
OT

(Critical point)
(Critical resistance, RC)

(Critical speed ,NC)

4.17
 128

4.17
,

4.17
BC/AC = NC/N
NC = (BC/AC)N
BC =
AC =
N =
NC =

4.21
1000
(V) 52.5 107.5 155 196.5 231 256 275 287.5
(A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

800 30

800
800/1000

(V) 4 86 124 157.2 184.8 204.8 220 230

(A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 129

800

5A 30
= 5×30 V
= 150 V
150V 5A 30 OA
OA A OM 305V
1000
OA 800
ON 230V
= 230 V

4.22 1000

(V) 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.50

(A) 1 2 3 4

. 250V
1.25A

. 200 V

.
 130

= 1.25 A
= 230 V 1000
Eg1 = 230 V N1 = 1000
= 250 V = 1.25A
Eg2 = 250 V
N2/N1 = Eg2/Eg1
N2 = (250/230)×1000
= 1087 /
.

200V
= 1.00 A

4.23
300
(A) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
(V) 7.5 92 132 162 183 200 212

375
40

.
200V 375

.
200V
0.4
 131

375/300
(A) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
(V) 9.4 115 165 202.5 228.8 250 265
375

( , 2546)

OA 255V
6.4A 40
255V 6.4A

200V 3.9A
3.9A

= 200/3.9
= 51.28

= 51.28-40
= 11.28
 132

,
40 200V
= 200/40 A
=5 A
5A 228.8V
Eg = V + IaRa V
Ia = (Eg -V)/Ra
Ia = (228.8-200)/0.4
Ia = 72 A
= 72-5 A
= 67 A

4.24
400
(A) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(V) 110 155 186 212 230 246 260 271

.
400 34

.
220V
 133

. 34

. 34

. 225V

( , 2546)

400
34 OM = 255 V
= 255V
.

220V N
B OB OB B
5.4A
= 220/5.4
RC = 40.7
220V 40.7
.
 134

OC
150V
2.7A
= 150/2.7
RC = 55.56
.

D
OA OC E F
DE/DF = NC/N
DF = 122.5 V
DF = 200 V
DE DF
122.5/200 = NC/400
NC = (122.5/200)×400 V
= 245 V
.

P 225 V OA G
G K KG
H H HK = 240V
GK = 225 V
225V
34
= (GK/HK)×N
= (225/240)×400
225V = 375

4.25
1000 4 110V
(A) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(V) 5 50 85 102 112 116 120
144 45
 135

. 45

. /

( , 2546)
.

OA = 45
45 OM = 118V
= 118V
.

OT
B 110V
1A
= 110/1
RC = 110
 136

45 (OA) C D
CD/BD = NC/N
CD = 45 V
BD = 110 V
45/110 = NC/1000
NC = (45/110)×1000
= 409

Eg = ( ZN/60)(P/A)
=(Eg × 60A/ZNP)
= (5×60×4)/(144×1000×4)
= 2.08 ×10-3 Wb
= 2.08 mWb

4.11 (Voltage Reggulation)

=
Reggulation = (No-load Voltage Full-load Voltage)/ Full-load Voltage

240V
220V
 137

= 240 220 /220

= 0.091
= 9.1

2
1.

(Flat
compound)

4.18

2.

(Over compound)
4.18

3.

(Under
compound) 4.18
 138

4.18
( , 2546)

4.12

100V 250A
5.8A

6.3A
2000
= 2000× (6.3-5.8)
= 1000 A-T

250A
1000/250 = 4

Ish =

Nsh =
Nse =
Ise =
= (Ia)
= (IL)
 139

Ish Nsh

Ish Nsh Ise Nse

Nse ( Ish Nsh)/ Ise

4.19

4.19
,

Id Rd

Id Rd IseRse
Rd (IseRse)/Id

4.26 100A
220V 0.1 50
 140

0.06

.
0.14

( , 2546)
(IL) = 100 A
(ILRse)= 100 × 0.06 V
=6 V
(Ish) = (V+ ILRse)/Rsh
= (220+6)/50
= 4.52 A
Ia = Ish+ IL A
= 4.52 + 100 A
Ia = 104.52 A
(IaRa)
= 104.52 ×0.1 V
= 10.452 V
= 226 + 10.452 V
 141

= 236.452 V
.

,
(IL) = 100 A
(Ish) = V/Rsh A
= 220/50 A
= 4.4 A
Ia = Ish+ IL A
= 4.4 + 100 A
Ia = 104.4 A

= Ia(Ra+Rse)
= 104.4 ×(0.1+0.06)
= 16.704 V
= 220 + 16.704 V
= 236.704 V

. 0.14

,
 142

= Ia(Rd×Rse)/(Rse+Rd)
= 104.4[(0.14×0.06)/(0.06+0.14)]
= 104.4(0.06×0.14)/0.2
Ia(Rd//Rse) = 4.385 V

= IseRse = IdRd
IseRse = 4.385 V
Ise = 4.385/Rse A
Ise = 4.385/0.06 A
= 73.08 A

= IseNse
= 73.08 × Nse
= 73.08Nse A-T
Nse =1
73.08 A-T
= 1.4.4Nse
= 73.08Nse

= (73.08Nse/1.4.4Nse)×100
= 70
4.27 6okW
1600 1.25A
125V 1.75A 150V

. 1

. 3 0.02
 143

( , 2546)
= Ish Nsh
= (1.75 1.25) × 1600
= 800 A-T
= (60 × 103)/150
= 400 A
=
Ise = 400 A
= 800/Ise
= 800/400
=2

150V 2
. 3

800 A-T
 144

1. 4 792
0.0121 Wb
240 V
751
2. 20 kW
230 V 0.1 0.05
115

243.25 V
3. 520 V
2000 0.013 Wb 1200
4 (Parallel paths)

4
4. 1000
0.02 Wb 200 V
1100
0.019 Wb
(209 v)
5. 8 50 kW
400 v 600 256
0.1 200
1v
(0.162 Wb)
6. 4 722
1000 500 v
 145

. .
( .41.56 mWb .20.78 mWb)
7. 4 1500
90 1 6 10 mWb
Path 100 A
(135 V)
8. 8 120 1
4 250 A
0.05 Wb
240 v 220 V

(600 440 kW)

9. 110 V 100
A 55 500 W
88 % 110 V
50%

(0.096 87.86 % 70.16 A )

10. 100 A
220 V 50
0.025 0.05
2V 1 Kw
.
.
.
.
[ .229.7 V .1.995 kW .33.5 . 88 %]
 146

11. 20 kW 440 V
87 % 0.4
240 0.25

725 w
12. 50 A
500 V 250
0.05
1
V
506.2 V 52 A
13. 110 V
0.06 0.04 25
200 55 W 110 V

.
.

[ .120.3 V 104.6 A .120.4 V 104.4 A]

14.
4 760 50 A
10
[250A-T]
 147

15. 25 KW 250 V 4 328

7.2
1886 A-T
16. 8 240 A
500 V 1408 160
4

1056 A-T 1586 A-T

17. 195 A
500 V 720
750 / 100
3 0.05

600 A-T 120

18. 4 320
400 A 0.68

5440 A-T
19. 2
200 A 0.05 0.1
425 V 440 V

423.3 V 33.3 A 14.1 kw 166.7 A 70.6 Kw

 148

20. 2
600 A 1 0.02
455 V 2 0.025
460 V

450.56 V 100 KW 170.2 KW

21. 2

1 2

(V) 400 360 420 370

0 80 0 70
(A)

2
2 100 A
378.8 V 57.7 A 42.3 A
22. 2
1 240 V
220 V 200 V 2 245
v 220 V 150 A 2
300 A

223.1 V 169 A 131 A

23. 2
0.02 2 2500 A
 149

560 V 560 V

530 V 795 KW 550 KW

24. 2
5000 A 0.03
60 600 V
640 V

1004 KW 1732 KW
25.
1000 /
A 2 3 4 5 6 7
V 102 150 188 215 232 245
37
0.04 100 A
1000 /
234 V
26. 850 /

A 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 5
V 10 60 120 199 232 248 258
50
240 V 1000 /
64.3
27.
700 /
A 10 20 40 80 120 160 200 240 260
V 0 0.1 0.24 0.5 0.77 1.2 1.92 3.43 5.2
 150

. 700 /
. 850 /
. 50
180 V 250 V
700 /
( . 160 . 194 . 70 10
28.
600 /
A 2 4 6 8 10
V 71 135 179 202 214
25 600/

.
.
230 V 0.2
209 V 96 A
29.
800 /

A 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

V 60 120 138 145 149 151 152
800 /
53 0.1

. 100 V
. 0.4
 151

( . 150 V . 388.12 A . 121.58 V

30.

V 40 80 100 110 115

A 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.06
0.875 A 500 A
1500

. 100 V

200 A
.
100 V 200 A
.
100 V 105 V
200 A
( . 66.7 41.7 .7 .9
 152

(Direct Current Motor or D.C. Motor)

5.1 Motor Principle )

5.1
( , 2546)

5.1
r A B

A A
B B
 153

A B

F = Bli
F = (N)
B = (Wb/m2
l = (m)
I = (A)

5.2 Back e.m.f. or Counter e.m.f. )

Electromagnetic induction)

Applied voltage )

Back e.m.f. or Counter e.m.f. ) Eb EC

5.2

แรง
เ นยว

5.2
( , 2546)

Ia = (V-Eb)/Ra A
Ra = ( )
ส์
สี่
ำ
 154

Eb = ZNP/60A V

Ia)
Ia
Torque)

5.3
V
Eb
V = Eb + IaRa
2

IaRa =
Ia
VIa = EbIa + (Ia)2Ra

Power VIa =
=
EbIa (Electrical equivalent of mechanical power developed in
armature, Pm)
(Ia)2Ra =

5.4 Condition for maximum Power,Pmax )

Pm= VIa-(Ia)2Ra
Ia =0
dPm/dIa = V-2IaRa = 0
V-2IaRa = 0

V = 2IaRa

IaRa = V/2
V = Eb+ IaRa
 155

Eb = V/2

5.5 Torque )
·แรง T = F×r ด
N-m
1
=
= F ×2 r ห วยRp
= F ×2 r × N/60
2 N/60 = (F × r) × 2 N/60
↳

F×r =
= (T)
P = T× (W)
5.5.1 Torque in armature ,Ta)
N/60
Ta -
= Ta×2 N/60 W (5.1)
EbIa W (5.2)
(5.1) (5.2)
Ta×2 N/60 = EbIa (5.3)
Eb = ( ZN/60)(P/A) V
Ta×2 N/60 = ( ZN/60)(P/A)× Ia
Ta = (1/2 )Z Ia(P/A) N-m
Ta = 0.159 Z Ia(P/A) N-m
= 0.0162 Z Ia(P/A) Kg-m
1 (Kg-wt) = 9.81 (N)

Ta Ia
1. Ia Ta Ia 2
2.
น่
บิ
 156

Ta Ia
(5.3)
Ta = (1/2 )(EbIa)/(N/60) N-m
= 0.159 EbIa/(N/60) N-m
T =0.0162 EbIa/(N/60) Kg-m

5.5.2 Shaft torque, Tsh)

5.3 ) Ta = (EbIa × 60)/2 n

Tsh)
Horse power ) Brake horse-power : B.H.P
)
(B.H.P) = (Tsh× 2 N/60)/746
T = 746 × B.H.P./( 2 N/60) N-m
= /( 2 N/60) N-m
Ta Tsh (Losses torque)
(Newton - metre)
= 0.159 ×
- (N-m)
= 0.0162 ×

!อ หา
- (Kg-m)

5.1 50 H.B.P. _
500 V
1000 90%
0.24 2 V 1.8 A

N-m
1.5

.
@
znte
 157

= B.H.P. × 746 W
= 50 × 746 W
= 37.300 W
( ) = /
= / W
= 37.300/0.9 W
Pir = 41,444.44 W
Pin V
= 41,444.44/500 A
= 82.88 A

•. e r e

Tsh = /( 2 N/60) N-m

Tsh = 37,300/[2 × (1,000/60)]
= 356.19 N-m

. 1.5

ทาน
น
ว

( , 2546)
(Ist) = 1.5 × 82.88 A
= 124.32 A

= 124.32 1.8 A
ที่
ขุ
ชี้
ตั
นั้
 158

= 122.52 A
R

Ia(R+Ra)+ =
122.52(R + 0.24) +2 = 500 ·

R = 3.825

5.2 220 V 40 A
800 0.2 0.1
0.5

Ta = EbIa/( 2 N/60) N-m

Eb = V Ia (Ra + Rse) V
= 220 40(0.2 + 0.1) V
Eb = 208 V
Ta = 208 × 40/2 (800/60) N-m
= 99.313 N-m

= -

= (Ia)2 (Ra + Rse) W

= (40)2(0.2+0.1) W
= 480 W

= 500 W
= 500 + 480 W
= 980 W
= VI W
= 220 × 40 W
= 8800 W
= 8800 980 W
 159

= 7820 W

V
A
mWb
W Pulley )

Tsh =F×r N-m

Tsh = /( 2 N/60)
= -
= VI W
= 200 × 45 W
= 9000 W
:

= 800 W

= (Ia)2 (Ra + Rse) W

= (45)2(0.5 + 0.3) W
= 1620 + 800 W
= 2420 W
= (9000 - 2420) W
= 6580 W
Eb = ( ZN/60)(P/A) V
Eb = V - Ia(Ra + Rse)
Eb = 200 45 (0.5 + 0.3)
= 164 V
N = (60Eb/ Z)(A/P)
= [60 × 164/(18 × 10-3×280×4)](4/4)
= 488
Tsh = 6580/(2 × 488/60)
 160

= 128.758 N-m
F = Tsh/r
R = 0.406/2
= 0.203
F = 128.758/0.203
= 634.28
1 = 9.81
F = 634.28/9.8
= 64.656

5.6 Speed of D.C. Motor )

Back e.mf.
Eb =V - IaRa
( ZN/60)(P/A) =V - IaRa
N =[(V - IaRa)/ ](A/ZP) (rps)
V - IaRa = Eb
N =(Eb/ )(A/ZP)
N =K(Eb/ )

( ) N Eb /

N1 = 1
Ia1 = 1
1 = 1
N2,Ia2, 2 = 2

N1 Eb1/ 1 Eb1 = V - Ia1Ra

N2 Eb2/ 2 Eb2 = V - Ia2Ra
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1) × ( 1/ 2)
Ia
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1) × (Ia1/Ia2)
 161

N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1) × ( 1/ 2)
1 = 2
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1)

Percent speed regulation)

Speed regulation
-

× เตอ
ความเ
วเมอ
ง
ง เป า อ โหลด
บ
Speed Regulation =[(N.L. speed F.L. speed)/F.L speed] × 100
=(dN/N) × 100

5.4 460 V 500

40 A
30 A
0.8

Eb1 = V Ia1(Ra + Rse) V

Eb1 = 460 40(0.8) V
= 428 V
Eb2 = 460 30(0.8) V
= 436 V
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1)×(Ia1/Ia2)
N2 = N1 × (Eb2/Eb1)×(Ia1/Ia2)
= 500 × (436/428)×(40/30)
กั
ต่
วิ่
ร็
ตั้
ล่
ร์
ร์
 162

N2 = 679
= 679
Ia
T Ia
T (Ia)2
T1 Ia = 40 A
T2 Ia = 30 A
N1 Ia = 40 A
N2 Ia = 30 A
T1 (40)2
T2 (30)2
T2/T1 =9/16 ·

= [(T1 T2)/T1] × 100

= [(16-9)/16]× 100
= (7/16) × 100
= 46.75

• V
5.5
400
50 kW
0.02
250

50
50 kW ( Input ) 250 V
1V

าย บ

,
รั
จ่
 163

~ DC
3
(IL) = (kW ×10 )/V A P: IV Ac
= 50 ×103/250 A P = VICOSA
IL = 200 A
Ia = IL + Lsh A
(Ish) = 250/50 A
=5 A
Ia = 200 + 5 A
= 205 A
Eg Eb1 = V + IaRa +
IaRa = 205 × 0.02 V
= 4.1 V
Eg Eb1 = 250 + 4.1 +2 V
= 256.1 V

400

= 256.1 V

=(kW ×103)/250
=(50×103)/250
I =200
(Ish) =250/50
Ish =5
Ia = I Ish
(Ia)
= 200-5
Ia = 195
Eb2 = V IaRa
= 250 (195 × 0.02) -2
Eb2 = 244.1
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1)( 1/ 2)
 164

1 = 2 Ish =
N2 = N1 × (Eb2/Eb1)
= 400 × (244.1/256.1)
= 381.2
= 381.2

V
A)
V)

A Divertor)

kW Output torque)

(I) = 180 A
(Rd)
= I × [Rd × Rse/(Rd + Rse])
 165

= 180 × [0.6 × 0.4/(0.6 + 0.4)]

= 180 × 0.24 V
Rd//Rse = 43.2 V

= 43.2/Rse A
= 432.2/0.4 A
= 108 A
(Curve) 500 It = 108A
365 V 365V
Eb1
Eb2 =V ( Rd//Rse) - IaRa
= 500 43.2 (180 × 0.2)
= 420.8

N2 = N1 × (Eb2/Eb1)
= 500(420.8/365)
180A = 576
EbIa W
= 420.8 × 180 W
= 75.744 W

=6 kW
= 6000 W
= 75744 6000 W
= 69744 W
(Tsh)
Tsh × 2 N/60 =
Tsh × 2 × (576/60) = 69744
Tsh = (69744/2 ) × (60/576)
= 1156.26 N-m
= 1156.26 N-m
 166

Character of D.C. Motor )

Character curve )

Ta/Ia Characteristic
Electrical characteristic )
N/Ia Characteristic
N/Ta Characteristic Mechanical
characteristic) Ta/Ia N/Ia

Ta Ia
N Eb/
Characteristic of series motor )
Ta/Ia Characteristic Ta
Ia
Ia Magetic saturation )

Ta Ia
Ta (Ia)2
Ia Ia Ta
Ia Ta/Ia Parabola )
Ia Ta/Ia
Straight line )
Tsh Ta
 167

( , 2546)

N/Ia characteristic )

N Eb/

Eb
Ia
5

( , 2546)
Ia
Ia
 168

Mechanical characteristic)

( , 2546)
Characteristic of shunt motor )
Ta/Ia characteristic )

Ta Ia

Origin )

( , 2546)
 169

N/Ia charateristic )
N Eb Eb

N- lode

T. Lode

( , 2546)

Eb Eb
-
Brush
position ) Actual speed curve )
Constant
speed )
3. N/Ta characteristic ) Ta/Ia
N/Ta 5.8
 170

.8
( , 2546)

Characteristic of compound motor )

Series field excitation )
Series flux )
Shunt flux )
Cumulative compound motor )

Differential compound motor )

.9 ( 5.9 (
1. Cumulative compound motor )

2. Differential compound motor )

N Eb/
 171

5.9
( , 2546)

5.8
1.
2.

2.1
2.2

5.9
1.
2.

2.1
2.2 Coupling )
2.3
2.4

5.10 Losses and Efficiency of D.C. Motor )

 172

1. Copper losses or Cu. Losses)

2. Magnetic losses)
3. Mechanical losses)

IaRa = V/2 = Eb

Armature copper losses = Constant losses)

5.11 Power Stages in D.C. Motor)

B.H.P × 746
VI EbIa

C =
(Overall or Commercial efficiency)
(Electrical efficiency) e =
(Mechanical efficiency) m =
=
=

.7
1000 250 V
0.5 250
4A 250 V

⑤
 173

40 A 250 V
4%

1000
250V 1000
250V
V(
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1)( 1/ 2)
N1 =1000
Eb1 =250
40A
Eb2 = V (Iin-Ish)Ra
Ish = 250/250
=1
Eb2 = 250 - (40 -1)0.5
= 230.5
4
1 = 100
2 = 96
3 = 0.96
N2 =?
N2/1,000 = (230.5/250)×( 1/0.96 1)
N2 = (230.5/250)×( 1/0.96 1)×1000
N2 = 960
 174

= 960

1. =(Ia)2Ra W

2. (Wc)

2.1 (Shunt Cu. Losses)

2.2 (Magnetic losses)

2.3 (Mechanical losses)

• Crไ นม( = 250×4 W

= 1000
_
W
= (Ia)2Ra W
m
-

= 32 × 0.5 W
= 4.5 W
=
(WC) = 1000-4.5 W
= 995.5 W
40A
(Ia) = (40-1) A
= 39 A

= (39)2 × 0.5 W
= 760.5 W
=
= 760.5 + 995.5 W
= 1756 W
= 250 × 40 W
= 10000 W
= 8244 W
( ) =
฿ = 8244/10000
= 0.8244
175

( ) = 82.44
= 82.44

V
A

( , 2546)
.

= 50 × 746 W
= 37300 W
Ia = Iin Ish A

Ish = 460/270 A
= 1.7 A
Ia = 4-1.7 A
= 2.3 A
= (Ish)2Rsh W
= Ish × V W
= 1.7 × 460 W
 176

= 782 W
= (Ia)2Ra W
= (2.3)2 × 0.3 W
= 1.587 W
= Ia × V W
= 2.3 × 460 W
= 1058 W

1058W

Ia
= 460 × Ia
= (Ia)2 × 0.3

= 37300
= 37300 + 1,058 + [0.3(Ia)2]
=0
= ( b b 2 4ac) / 2a
= {460 [(460) 2 (4 0.3 38,358)]} /( 2 0.3)
= 88.5, 1,444.83
= 88.5 A
= 88.5 + 1.7 A
= 90.2 A
.

Eb1 = 460 (2.3 × 0.3)

= 459.3 V
Eb2 = 460 (88.5 × 0.3)
= 433.45 V
N2 = 11 × (433.45/459.3)
= 10.38
N2 = 10
 177

N2 = 10 × 60
= 600

=
(Ia)2Ra = (Constant loss)
(Ia)2 ×0.3 = 1058 + 782
(Ia)2×0.3 = 1840
Ia = (1840/0.3)1/2
Ia = 78.31 A

Speed control D.C. Motor)

N = (V - IaRa)(A/P)/Z
N = K(V - IaRa)
= KEb/

Flux / pole, or Flux

control )
Rheostatic control)
Voltage control)
Speed control of shunt motor )
Variation of flux
or flux control method ) N 1/

Ish(I1)
Shunt field rheostat ) If
If
If If
 178

( , 2546)

Rheostatic control method )

Controller resistance )

( , 2546)
 179

Ia1 = 1
Ia2 = 2
Ia1 = Ia2

N1,N2 =
V =
N1 = V Ia1Ra Eb1
=R
R1 = R + Ra
N2 = V Ia2Ra Eb2
N2/N1 = Eb2/ Eb1
= N0
= Ia0
N2/N0 = (V Ia2Ra)/( V Ia2Ra)
Ia0Ra << V Ia0Ra (Ia0Ra = 0)
N2 = N0(1 Ia2R1/V)
=0
0 = N0(1 Ia2R1/V)
Ia2 Ia = V/R1 (IM) = 0)

( , 2546)
 180

Rt

Divertor )

( , 2546)

Voltage control method )

Multiple voltage control )
Fixed exciting voltage )

Ward-leonard system )
Sensitive )
 181

5.14
( , 2546)

M1 M1
M1
- Motor-Generator
set. ) Prime mover )
M2 Generator,G)
G
M1 Field
regulator ) 0 M1
G ( Reversing switch,RS )

• .9 250 V
1000 5 A
0.2 250
50 A %

Ish = Vsh/Rsh A
= 250/250 A
Ish =1 A
Ia1 = Iin Ish A
=5 1 A
 182

Ia1 =4 A
Ia2 = Iin2 Ish A
= 50 1 A
Ia2 = 49 A
Eb1 = V Ia1Ra A
= 250 (4 ×0.2)
Eb1 = 249.2 V
Eb2 = V Ia2Ra V
Eb2 = 250 (49 × 0.2)
Eb2 = 240.2 V
N2/N1 = (Eb2/Eb1) × ( 1/ 2)

3
2 = 97 1

2 = 0.97 1
N2 = (240.2/249.2)×( 1/0.97 1)×1000
= 993.6
N2 994
= 994

5.10 250 V
0.5 250
600 20 A 600
800
Unsaturated)
 183

( , 2546)

N2/N1 =(Eb2/Eb1) × ( 1/ 2)
( )

IseNse = 800
Ise = 800/3 A
Id = IL-Ise A

Id = 400-800/3
= 400/3 A
IdRd = IseRse
(400/3)×Rd = (800/3)×0.02
Rd = 0.04

= (125-150)/150
= -0.1666
= -16.66
 184

5
1. 440 V
0.25 750
60A
(325 N-m)
2. 4 576
40 A 0.02 Wb

(73.33 N-m)
3. 0.025
80 450
400 V 120kW
120 kW 400 V

(435 )
4. 60 A
40 A
40 A 70 %
60 A

(46%)
5. 4 0.04 Wb
720 240 0.2
1V

. 60 A
. 120 A 2
480 V
( 972 1 055 )
 185

6. 4 65 1
6 20 mWb 0.15
250 V
60 A

(927 )
7. 500 V
0.5 200 25 kW
400
25 kW
500 V
(442 )
8. 900 400 V
25 A
230 V 15 A
0.8 230 V 75 %
400 V

( 595 )
9. 250 V
0.12 100

2 80 A

( 1.08 )
10. 20 kW 500 V
1000 0.1
500 1V
20 kW 500
V
 186

(976.1 )
11. 4 250 V 960
Wb
30 A 0.12
125 825 W

(85.5 N-m 75.3 N-m)

12. 4 250 V 496
22 mWb 810
W 0.19 0.14
50 A

( 173.5 N-m . 642 . 161.4 N-m)

13. 230 V 50 A
0.2 0.1

(Brush voltage )

( 215 V . 205 V . 500W . 13.74 10.25 kW)

14.
83.5 % 550 65 A
0.2 25 mWb
1200

( 21 )
 187

15. 5A
200 V 150 0.1
120 A
200 V
(89.8 %)
16.

12 440 V 1.1
2V 0.4
650 50
450 W
24 A
( 85 %)
17. 50 A
230 V 0.22
5%
2V

(13.75 )
18. 900
460 V 15 A
0.8 230 V 75
% 460 V

( 595 )
19. 460 V
28 A 1000
0.72 120 %
 188

( 23.33 A . 840 )
20. 240 V 400
0.1 60 A
900
1000

( 44.4 )
 189

(Starting D.C. motor)

1.
2.

Ia (V Eb ) / Ra (6.1)

Ia =
Eb =
V=
Ra =

Eb ( ZN / 60) x( P / A) 6.2)
ZP/60A = =K

Eb K N 6.3)
Ia (V K N ) / Ra (6.4)

Standstill) N=0
4)
 190

Ia V / Ra

Ra = 0.05
V = 220 V
I a = 220/0.05 = 4400 A

Ia

F = Bil
B = tesla)
i = A)
l = m)

Distortion)
High starting torque)

6.1 resistance starter)

( , 2546)
 191

Starter)
Tree point starter)
Four point starter)
6.1 Tree point starter)

3
L A F

L = Line (+)
A = Aemature
F = Field

1. Arm handle or Starting handle)

2. Starting Resistance)
3. Holding coil)
 192

OFF
1 2

ON)

OFF

6.2 (Four point starter)

4 P N F A
 193

P = Positive (+)
N = Negative (-)
F = File
A = Armature

( , 2546)

1. Arm handle or Starting handle)

2. Starting Resistance)
3. Holding coil)
4. Coil resistance)

6.5
( , 2546)
 194

OFF
3

2
3
Current protection resistance, R)

ON)

OFF

Reduced Voltage Starter or Voltage Control)

2
1
2
 195

6.6
( , 2546)

6.4 Automatic starter)

F1
F2
F3 Thermal overload)
S1 STOP
S2 ON
K1,K2,K3 Magnetic contactor)
M1
 196

6.7
( , 2546)

S2 K1
K1 F3

R1 , R2
K2
K3 K3 K2
K2 K2 R1
K3
K3 R2
S1 K1
K1
 197

6.5

I a1 V / Rt1
Rt1 R1 R2 R3 Ra
or I a1 V / ( R1 R2 R3 Ra )

Eb Eb1

I a = (V Eb1 ) / Rt1 1)
1 2
I a 2 = (V Eb1 ) / Rt 2 (6.2)
 198

I a 2 = (V Eb1 ) / ( Rt1 R1 )

Rt 2 = ( R2 R3 Ra )
(1)/(2)
I a / I a 2 = [(V Eb1 ) / Rt1 ]x[( Rt1 R1 ) / (V E b1 )]

I a / I a 2 = ( Rt1 R1 ) / Rt1

I a / I a 2 = Rt 2 / Rt1

I a = (V Eb 2 ) / Rt 2 (6.3)
·

2 3

I a 3 = (V Eb 2 ) / Rt 3

I a 3 = (V Eb 2 ) / ( Rt 2 R2 ) (6.4)

(3)/(4) I a / I a 3 = (V Eb 2 ) / Rt 2 x[( Rt 2 R2 ) / (V Eb 2 )]

I a / I a 3 = Rt 3 / Rt 2

I a = (V Eb3 ) / Rt 3 (6.5)

3 4

I a 4 = (V Eb3 ) / Rt 4
 199

I a 4 = (V Eb3 ) / ( Rt 3 R3 ) (6.6)

Rt 4 = Ra

(5)/(6) I a / I a 4 = (V Eb3 ) / Rt 3 x[( Rt 3 R3 ) / (V Eb3 )]

I a / I a 4 = Rt 4 / Rt 3

I a / I a 4 = Ra / Rt 3

I a / I a 2 = Rt 2 / Rt1

I a / I a 3 = Rt 3 / Rt 2

I a / I a 4 = Rt 4 / Rt 3 Ra / Rt 3

Ia =

I a1 , I a 2 , I a 3 , I a 4 =

= I st

I a / I st = Rt 2 / Rt1 Rt 3 / Rt 2 Ra / Rt 3 1/ K

I st / I a = Rt1 / Rt 2 Rt 2 / Rt 3 Rt 3 / Ra K

Rt1 = ( Rt 2 )2 / Rt3 K ( Rt 2 )

= K ( Rt 3 )2 / Ra K 2 ( Rt 3 )

Rt1 = K 3 Ra

Rt 2 = ( Rt 3 )2 / Ra K ( Rt 3 )
 200

Rt 2 = K 2 Ra

Rt 3 = KRa
n =
n-1 =

Rt1 = Ra xK n 1

Rt1
= Kn 1

Ra

( I st / I a )n 1
= Rt1 / Ra

Kn 1
= Rt1 / Ra

Kn 1
= V / I st Ra

K n = (V / I st Ra ) xI st / I a

= V / I a Ra

Rt1 = V / I st

Rt 2 = Rt1 / K

Rt 3 = Rt 2 / K Rt1 / K 2

Rt 4 = Rt 3 / K Rt1 / K 3

Rt 5 = Rt 4 / K Rt1 / K 4
 201

Rt 6 = Rt 5 / K Rt1 / K 5

%ก
แรง

☒
ก
6.1 10 HP 200 V
85 0.25
•.
1.5
.

④ •.
(

=
, 2546)

746 x
= 746 x 10
= 7460
= /
= /
= 7460/0.85
= 8776.47 W
= VI
I = /V
= 8776.47/200
I = 43.88 A
 202

1.5
= 1.5 x I
= 1.5 x 43.88
( I St ) = 65.82 A
Rt = V / I St
= 200/65.82
= 3.04
Rt = R1 Ra
R1 = Rt Ra
= 3.04 0.25
R1 = 2.79
.
wu
2.79
1.5

Ia = 43.8 A
Eb = V I a Rt
= 200 (43.88 x 3.04)
= 66.6 V
 203

6
1. 25 440 V
1.2 85 %

1.5

( 1.92 1.30 0.86 0.59 )

2. 230 V 0.3

.
75 A
. 50 A

( 2.767 . 76.7 A )
3. 220 V 12 A
0.3 100
5 ( 5 Step ) 6
1.5

(6.57 3.12 1.48 0.7 0.33 )

4. 220 V 1500
30 A 15

300

( 2.97 22.5 A )
5. 250 V 1000
5A 0.3
 204

800 1 2

( 0.94 932 )
 205

(Transformer)

(Primary winding)
(Secondary winding)

( , 2546)
 206

, ,
I = (Magnetizing current)
=
m
(Mutual flux or Linkage flux)
=
V1
(Alternating voltage input)
= (Self induced E.m.f)
E1 = V1
(Back e.m.f or Counter e.m.f.)
E2 = (Mutual induced e.m.f.)
V2 = (Terminal voltage) (Secondary voltage)
(E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer)
N1 = (No. fo turns primary)
N2 = (No. fo turns secondary)
m = (Maximum flux in core in Weber)
= Bmax× A
= (Maximum flux in density in
Bmax
Weber per square metre, Wb/m2)
A = (Area of iron core in Square metre,m2)
= (Frequency of
f
Alternating current in Hertz, Hz)
 207

( , 2546)

1 =1 1
(1 Wb = 1 V-s)
(Zero) ( m )
(Cycle) f
= m / (1/4f)
= 4f m

(Induced e.m.f. Volts)

= 4f m

( ) (Sine wave)
(Form facter)
=
From factor = (R.M.S. Value)/(Average value)
= 0.707/0.636
= 1.11

= 1.11 × 4f m

= 4.44 f m
 208

E1 = 4.44 f mN1
= 4.44 fBmAN1 (7.1)

E2 = 4.44 f mN2
= 4.44 fBmN2 7.2)
(Ideal transformer)
V1 = E1
V2 = E2
V2

(Voltage Transformer Ratio,K)

E1 = 4.44 f N
m 1

E2 = 4.44 f mN2
E2/E1 = N2/N1 =K
N2>N1 K>1 (Step-up Transformer)
N2<N1 K<1 (Step-down
Transformer)

VA = VA
V1I1 = V2I2
I1/I2 = V2/V1 =K

Bm
(line/cm3)
50000-60000 (line/inch2)
= 10-8 Wb
 209

(Transformer No-load)
(Actual transformer)

(No-load current,I0)
(Power loss,W0)
W0 = V1I0Cos 0

Cos 0 = (Power factor)

I0
1. (Inphase) V1
(Iron loss component) Active component working component

I = I0Cos 0

2. (Function)
(Alternating flux)
(Magnetizing current or Magnetizing component, I ) I
(E)

I = I0sin 0

I0
 210

( , 2546)

I0 I
I
I0 = (I ) 2 (I ) 2 A
V
A W

I = I0 cos 0 A
W0 = V1I0 cos 0 W
I0 = 0.6 A
W0 = 400 W
V1 = 220 V
cos 0 = W0/(V1I0)
cos 0 = 400/(2200 × 0.6)
= 0.303
0 = cos-10.303
= 72.36°
I = 0.6 × 0.303 A
= 0.1818 A
I = I0sin 0 A
 211

= I0sin72.36° A
I = 0.6 × 0.953 A
= 0.5718 A

V (Open-circuit)
A (Lagging)

I = I0 cos 0 A
I0 = 0.5 A
cos 0 = 0.3
I = 0.5 × 0.3 A
= 0.15 A
I = (I 0 ) 2 (I ) 2 A
I = (0.5) 2 (0.15) 2
= 0.477 A
I = I0 sin 0 A
cos 0 = 0.3
0 = cos-10.3
= 72.54°
sin 0 = sin 72.54°
= 0.954
I = 0.5 × 0.954 A
= 0.477 A

(Transformer On-load)

(I2) (Magnitude) I2 V2
I2 V2
(Resistive Load, R) I2 V2 (Inductive load, L)
I2 V2 (Capacitive load, C)
 212

(Output)
N2I2, 2) 2 ( )
I0 (N2I2, 2)
2 (E1)

2 Load
component of primary current) I2
(N1 2, )
2 2 2

) 2 2 2 2

I2

( , 2546)

( , 2546)
 213

2 = 2
N1 2 = N2I2
2 = (N2/N1)×I2
= KI2

I0
2 2 KI2 I2
I0 2 I1

1. (Resistive load,R)

2. (Inductive Load,L)

3. (Capacitive load,C)

(K = 1),(V1 = E2) (K = 1),(V1 = E2)

 214

I0

( , 2546)

V
A A

Cos 2 = 0.8
2 = cos-1(0.8)
2 = 36.86°
cos 0 = 0.2
0 = cos-1(0.2)
0 = 78.46°
K = V2/V1
= 110/440
=¼
2 = KI2
= (1/4) × 120
= 30 A
 215

I0 =5 A
I0 2

= 78.46° - 36.86°
= 41.6°

I1 = (I '2 ) 2 (I 0 ) 2 (2 I ' 2 I 0 ) cos

I1 = (30) 2 (5) 2 (2 30 5) cos 41.6

I1 = 33.90 A

I1 = I0 2

I0 = 5 /-78.46° A
2 = 30 /-36.86° A
I1 = 5 /-78.46° + 30 /-36.86°
= 1 j4.89 + 23.99 j18.01
= 24.99 j22.9
= 33.9 /-42.51° A
 216

Hz
V
Wb/m2
.

. (Complex form)
(Secondary Voltage Vector)
A

E = 4.44f mN1 V
m = 220/(4.44×50×100)
= 9.91 × 10-3 Wb
A = m/Bm m2
= 9.91×10-3/1.2
= 8.26 × 10-3 m2
= 82.6 cm2

V1 = 220 V
V2 = KV1
= (200/100)×220
= 440 V

.
 217

I2 = 2
2 = cos-1(0.8)
I2 V2
I2 = 8(0.8-j0.6) A
= 6.4 j 4.8 A
= 8 /-36.86° A
I0
2)
2 = -(N2/N1)I2 A
= -2(6.4 j4.8)
= -12.8+j9.6 A
2 = 16 /143.13° A
I1 2 = 16 /143.13° A

(Transformer with winding resistance but no magnetic leakage)

(Actual transformer)

1. (V2)
(E2)

R2 =
V2 = E2 I2R2
2.
V1 I1R1

R1 =
E1 = V1 I1R1
 218

( , 2546)

(Equivalent Resistance)
R1 R2
(Equivalent circuit)

( , 2546)

(Transfer)

R2
2 = R2/K2
R1
1 = K2 R1
 219

(Equivalent secondary resistance as refer to primary winding)

1

(Equivalent primary resistance as refer to secondary winding)

2 1

(I2)2R2 = R2 2

I1 I0 << I1 0

(I2)2R2 = (I2)2 2
2 = (I2/I1)2R2
I2/I1 = 1/K
2 = R2/K2

R1 2 = R1 + R2/K2
(Equivalent or Effective
resistance of the transformer as refer to primary winding) R01
R01 = R1 2 = R1 + R2/K2

( , 2546)

(Equivalent of the transformer as refered to secondary)

R02 = R2 + R 1 = R2+ K2 R1
 220

( , 2546)
(Magnetic Leakage)

(Magnetic circuit)

(Leakage flux)

( , 2546)

L1 a b
L1 I1 L1

eL1
c d L2

I2 eL2
 221

(Inductive coil)

X1 = eL1/I1
X2 = eL2/I2
X1 = (Leakage reactance)
X2 = (Leakage reactance)

( , 2546)

(Transformer with
Resistance and Leakage Resistance)

( , 2546)
 222

(Primary impedance)
Z1 = ( R1 ) 2 ( x1 ) 2
(Secondary impedance)
Z2 = ( R2 ) 2 ( x2 ) 2

V1 = E1 + I1 (R1 + jX1)
E2 = E1 + I1Z1
= V2 + I2(R2 + jX2)

( , 2546)
 223

( , 2546)

2 = X2/K2
1 = K2X1
X01 = X1 2
= X1 + X2/K2
X02 = X2 1
= X2 + K2X1
Z01 = ( R01 ) 2 ( X 01 ) 2
Z02 = ( R02 ) 2 ( X 02 ) 2

KVA V R1 =3.45 R2 = 0.009

X1 = 5.2 X2 = 0.015
.

.
 224

I1 = 50000/4400
= 11.36 A

I2 = 50000/220
= 227.27 A
K = 220/4400
= 1/20

R01 = R1+(R2/K2)
= 3.45+[0.009/(1/20)2]
= 3.45+3.6
R01 = 7.05

R02 = R2+K2R1
= 0.009+(1/20)2×3.452
= 0.009+0.0086
R02 = 0.0176

R02 = K2R01
= (1/20)2×7.05
R02 = 0.0176

X01 =X1+(X2/K2)
= 5.2+[0.015/(1/20)2]
 225

X01 = 11.2
X02 = X2+(K2X1)
= 0.015+[(1/20)2×5.2]
X02 = 0.028

X02 = K2X01
= (1/20)2×11.2
X02 = 0.028

Z01 = ( R01 ) 2 ( X 01 ) 2
= (7.05) 2 (11.2) 2
Z01 = 13.23
Z02 = ( R02 ) 2 ( X 02 ) 2
= (0.0176 ) 2 (0.028) 2
Z02 = 0.0331

Z02 = K2Z01
= (1/20)2×13.23
Z02 = 0.0331

= (I1)2R1+(I2)2R2
= (11.36)2(3.45)+(227.27)2(0.009)
= 910 W

= (I2)2R2 W
= (227.27)2(0.0176)
 226

= 910 W

= (I1)2R1 W
= (11.36)2(7.05) W
= 910 W

:
R1 = 25 , X1 = 100 , R2 = 0.06 , X2 = 0.25
A (Leading flux) = 30°
200A V

V2 (Reference vector)
V2 = 500 /0° V
= 500+j0 V
I2 = 200(0.8-j0.6)
= 160 j120 A
= 200 /-36.86° A
Z2 = (0.06+j0.25)
= 0.257 /76.5°
Z1 = (25+j100)
= 103.07 /75.96°
E2 = V2 + I2Z2 V
= 500 /0° +(200 /-36.86°×0.275/76.5°)
= 500 /0° +51.4 /39.64° V
= (500+j0)+(39.58+j32.79) V
= 539.58+j32.79 V
E2 = 540.59/3.5° V
 227

= 3.5°

( , 2546)
E1 = E2/K V
= 19.5E2 V
E1 = 19.5(539.6+j32.8)
= 10522.2+j639.6 V
-E1 = -10522.2-j639.6
= 10541.62 /176.52° V
2 = -KI2 A
2 = (-160+j120)/19.5
= -8.21+j6.15 A
2 = 10.26 /143.16° A
I0 V2
= 3.5°+90°+30°
= 123.5°
I0 = 1.25 /123.5° A
= 1.25(cos123.5°+jsin123.5°)
= 1.25(-0.552+j0.834)
 228

I0 =-0.69 + j1.04 A
I1 2+I0 A
= (-8.21+j6.15)+(-0.69+j1.04)
= -8.9+j7.19 A
I1 = 11.44 /141.06° A
V1 = -E1+I1Z1 V
= 10541.62 /176.52° + (11.44 /141.06°×103.07 /75.96°
= 10541.62 /176.52° + 1179.12 /217.02°
= (-10522.2+j639.6)+(-941.43-j709.95)
= 11463.63-j1,349.55
V1 = 11542.79 /-173.28° V

V1 I1= 360° - 173.28° - 141.06°

= 45.66°
= cos 45.66° = 0.698

= V1I0cos 0
= V1I0sin30°
= 11542.79 × 1.25sin30°
= 11542.79 × 1.25×0.5
= 7214.24 W
R02 = R2 + K2R1
= 0.06+25/(19.5)2
= 0.1257

= (I2)2R02 W
= (200)2×0.1257 W
= 5028 W
= V2I2cos 2 W
= 500×200×0.8 W
= 80000 W
= 5028+7214.24 W
 229

= 12242.24 W
= 80000+12242.24 W
= 92242.24 W
=
= 80000/92242.24
= 0.8673
= 86.73

(Simplified Diagram)

(I0) (I0 - I1)

V2,V1, 2,I2 E2 I2R2 I2X2 V2
V1 I1R1 I1X1 E1

( , 2546)
 230

( , 2546)

V2 = KV1-I2(R02+jX02)
= KV1-I2Z02
V1 = (V2+I2Z02)/K

(Approximate voltage drop in a transformer)

V1 E1 E2 = KE1 =
KV1 V02 = V02 = KV1

(Unity)
 231

( , 2546)

= (I2R02cos I2X02sin )

(I2R02cos ± I2X02sin )

(I1R01cos ± I1X01sin )

= [(I2R02cos +I2X02sin )/V02]×100

= [(100×I2R02)/V02]cos ±[(100×I2X02)/V02] sin
= Vrcos ±VX sin
Vr = 100I2R02/V02
=
= 100I1R01/V01
VX = 100I2X02/V02
=
= 100I1X01/V1

(Equivalent Circuit of Transformer)

 232

( , 2546)

( , 2546)

(Pure-inductance, X0)
(Non- inductance resistance,R0)
I0 I0 I0 R0 I
X0 I V1 E1 I1Z1

E2/E1 = N2/N1 = K
 233

( , 2546)

( , 2546)
 234

( , 2546)

( , 2546)

I0
I1 = I2

I0
( , 2546)
 235

Z = Z1 2 L ) + (1/Zm)]}
= Z1 + {[ Zm 2 L)]/ [ Zm 2 L )]}
2 2 2

Zm = (Exciting circuit)

V1 = I1Z1 + I1 2 L ) + (1/Zm)]}
= I1Z1 + I1{[Zm 2 L)]/ [Zm( 2 L )]}

V Hz R1 = 0.286 2

= 0.319 R0 = 250 X1 = 0.73 2 = 0.73 X0 = 1250 (ZL) = 0.387 +

j0.29

,
K = 230/2300
= 1/10
ZL = 0.387+j0.29
L = ZL/K2
= (0.387+j0.29)/(1/10)2
= 38.7+j29
L = 48.4 /36.9°
2 = 0.319+j0.73
2 = 0.797 /66.39°
 236

2 L = (0.319+j0.73)+(38.7+j29)
= 39.02+j29.73
= 49.0 /37.3°
Ym = (1/R0)+(1/jX0)
= 0.004-j0.0008 mho (semen)
Zm = 1/Ym
= 1/(4.07×10-3 /-11.3°)
= 245 /11.3°
= 240+j48
I1 = (V1/Z1)+V1/{[Zm 2 L)]/[Zm 2 L )]}
Zm 2 L) = (240+j48)+(39.02+j29.73)

= 279.02+j77.73
= 289.64 /15.6°
Zm 2 L) = 245 /11.3° × 49.0 /37.3°

= 12005 /48.6°

I1 = 2,300/0° /{(0.286+j0.73)+[(12005/48.6°)/(289.64/15.6°)]}
= 2300/0° /[(0.286+j0.73)+(41.45/34°)]
= 2300/0° /[(0.286+j0.73)+(34.36 + j23.18)]
= 2300/0° (34.646+j23.91) A
= 2300/0° /42.1 /34.6° A
I1 = 54.63 /-34.6° A

2 = I1×{Zm 2 L)+Zm]} A
= 54.63/-34.6° × (245/11.3°/289.64/15.6°)

ิ
 237

= 54.63/-34.6° × 0.845/-4.3° A
2 = 46.16/-38.9° A
I0 = I1 2 L 2 L)+Zm]} A
= 54.63 /-34.6° × (49.0/37.3°/289.64/15.6°)
= 54.63 /-34.6° ×0.169/21.7° A
I0 = 9.23/-12.9° A

= cos 34.6° = 0.823

= V1I1cos 1 W
= 2300×54.63×0.832 W
= 104.54 kW
= (46.16)2×38.7 W
= 82.46 kW
= (46.16)2×0.319 W
= 679.71 W
= (54.63)2×0.286 W
= 853.55 W
= (9.23)2×240 W
= 20.446 kW
=
= 82.46/104.54
= 0.7888
= 78.88

2 2 L

= 46.16×48.4 V

= 2234.14 V
 238

(Transformer Test)

1. R01 R02

2. X01 X02

3. (Conductance, G0) R0

4. (Susceptance, B0) X0

(Open circuit test or No-load test)

(Open circuit test)
(No-load
test)
(I0) R0 X0

( , 2546)

(W0)
 239

W = V1I0cos 0

W0 = V1I0cos 0

Cos 0 = W0/V1I0
I = I0sin 0
I = I0cos 0
X0 = V1/I
R0 = V1/I

(Frequency)
(Maximum flux density)

1. (Hysteresis loss, W0)

= P(Bmax)1.6f
2. (Eddy current loss, we)

= Q(Bmax)2f2
P Q P Q

WI = Wn + We W
= P(Bmax)1.6f +Q(Bmax)2f2 W
V Hz
W
V Hz W

E = 4.44f mN V
= 4.44fBmAN V

f2
 240

(We)

f
(Wh)
f
Wh = Pf

f2

We = Qf2
P Q

= Pf + Qf2
(Wi)
Wi/f = P + Qf (1)

f=50 Hz Wi = 2500 W

f=25 Hz Wi = 850 W
2500/50 = P + 50Q (2)
850/25 = P + 25Q (3)
(3)
Q = 16/25
= 0.64
We = Qf2 W
= 0.64 (50)2 W
= 1600 W

= 1600 W

• V Hz
W W W
V Hz

(Wh) (Bmax)1.6f
 241

= P(Bmax) 1.6f (1)

(We) (Bmax)2f2
= Q(Bmax) 2f2 (2)
E = 4.44f mN
Bmax E/f
Bmax
Wh =P(E/f)1.6f W
=PE1.6f-0.6 W
We =Q(E/f)2f2 W
=QE2 W
E=1000V f=50Hz Wh= 650 W We = 350 W
650 = P(1000)1.6(50)0.6
P = 650(1000)-1.6(50)0.6
350 = Q(1000)-2
Q = 350(1000)-2
P Q
E=2000V f =100 Hz
Wh = 650(1000)-1.6(50)0.6(2000)1.6(100)-0.6
=650×2 W
=1300 W
We =350(100)-2(2000)2
=1400 W

Wi =1300+1400
=2700 W

(Short circuit test)

(Impedance test)

1. (Z01 Z02) (X01 X02)

(R01 R02)
 242

2.

3. Z01 Z02

( , 2546)

(Wsc)

(Vsc)

(Isc)
(Short circuit)
(Low voltage)

(Equivalent circuit short-circuit test)

- ( )
 243

I2R

( , 2546)

Vsc

Z01 = Vsc/I1
Z01 = Vsc/Isc
Wsc = (I1)2R01
R01 = Wsc/(I1)2
X01 = (Z 01 ) 2 ( R01 ) 2

,
 244

Hz
(Turn ratio)

.
A

N1/N2 = 6
K = 1/6
R01 = R1+(R2/K2)
= 0.90.03(6)2
= 1.98

X01 = X1+(X2/K2)
= 5+0.13(6)2
= 9.68

Z01 = ( R01 ) 2 ( X 01 ) 2
= (1.98) 2 (9.68) 2
Z01 = 9.88
I1 = KI2 A
 245

= 200(1/6) A
= 100/3 A

Vsc = I1Z01 V
= (100/3)9.88 V
= 329.3 V

cos = R01/Z01
= 1.98/9.88
= 0.2

V Hz

(O.C test) 200 V 0.7 A 70 W

(S.C test) 15 V 10 A 85 W
kW
V

W0 = V1I0 cos 0
 246

70 = 200 × 0.7 cos 0

cos 0 = 0.5
0 = cos-10.5
0 = 60°
sin 0 = sin60°
= 0.866
I = I0 cos 0 A
= 0.7×0.5 A
= 0.35 A

I = I0 sin 0 A
= 0.7×0.866 A
= 0.606 A

R0 = V1/I
= 200/0.35
= 571.4

X0 = V1/I
= 200/0.606
= 330

Z02 = Vsc/Isc
= Vsc/I2
= 15/10
= 1.5
K = 400/200
=2
Z01 = Z02/K2
 247

= 1.5/4
Z01 = 0.375

(Isc)2R02 = Wsc
(I2)2R02 = Wsc
R02 = Wsc/(I2)2
= 85/100
= 0.85
R01 = R02/K2
= 0.85/(2)2
= 0.21

X01 = ( R01 ) 2 ( X 01 ) 2
= (0.375) 2 (0.21) 2
= 0.31

kW kVA

= 5/0.8 kVA
I2 = 5000/(0.8×400) A
= 15.6 A
Z02 = 1.5
= 0.85
R02
X02 = (1.5) 2 (0.85) 2
= 1.24

= I2(R02cos 2+X02sin 2)
= 15.6{(0.85×0.8)+(1.24×0.6)}
= 22.21 V
V2 = 400-22.21 V
= 377.79 V
 248

(Regulation of Transformer)

(E2)
V02 =
= E2 = KE1 = KV1
V2 =

= V02 V2 การ เป ยบเ ยบ แรง น

V02
(Regulation down)
V2
(Regulation up)
= {(V02 V2)/V02} × 100
= {(V02 V2)/V02} × 100
= {(V02 V2)/V2} × 100
= {(V02 V2)/V2} × 100

( , 2546)
ดั
รี
ที
 249

( , 2546)

)
2

= E2/K = E1 = V1
)
2

= V2/K
= {(V1 )/V1} × 100
2

= {(I1R01cos + I1X01sin )/V1} ×100

= Vrcos + Vxsin
VR = (I1R01 × 100)/v1
VX = (I1X01 × 100)/v1

(Regulation)

= 1 V1)/V1} × 100
Regulation = 1 V1)/V1} × 100
1=
 "
250

ข. VC
kVA 450/120V 50Hz
O.C.test V1=120V I1=4.2A W1=80W V1,W1 I1

S.C.test V1=9.65V I1=22.2A W1=120W

. ½

ไปดมสนา
ลอง

= 4.2 A
K = V2/V1 /2 /ขา

= 120/450 :120/ 450

= 4/15 =
↑

15

I0 = 4.2(4/15) A
/
ชา
circurit= 1.12 A
>ว
02
ขนาด
นี
ชิ
 251

V1Io cos 0 = 80 ต ขณะOpen Circuit

cos 0 = 80/(450×1.12)
กระแส
0

= 0.159
0 = cos-1(0.159)
= 80.90°
sin 0 = sin 80.90°
= 0.987
I = I0cos 0 A
= 1.12×0.159 A
= 0.178 A
I = I0sin 0 A
= 1.12×0.987 A
= 1.11 A
R0 = 450/0.178
= 2528.09
X0 = 450/1.11
= 405.41

Civcuirt
ขณะ
อก
ข

Z01 = 9.65/22.2 อต Circurit

=ขณะ

= 0.435
I

พ
R01 = 120/(22.2)2
= 0.243

X01 = (0.435) 2 (0.243) 2 (0.435) - 0( .243)

= 0.361 =0.361

. -
วั
ช็
ช็
ต์
 252

= I1(R01cos +X01sin )
C) = ผฺ%&ำ
v1 แอบ
I1 10000/450 A
= 22.2 A
-
cos = 80
cos = 0.8
= cos-1(0.8)
= 36.86°
sin = sin36.86°
= 0.6
= 22.2(0.243×0.8+0.361×0.6)
= 9.2 V
= (9.2×100)/450
= 2.04

า,ะT%แแาT = 80 + 120 W
= 200 P: Vicos ก งไฟ าจ ง W
=
Poutput = 10000×0.8
µ แก
ม 80 %
W
= 8000 w out W
.

( ) =
out ลอ ด
= 8000/(8000+200)
out in
= 8000/8200

๏
= 0.9757
( ) = 97.57

•. 1/2

= 80 W
= (1/2)2×120 W
= 30 W
= 80+30 W
ริ
ร์
ำ
ลั
ฟ้
 หลอดไ Rp

หลอดไฟ &2

ดลม มอเตอ
พั
ร์
ส้
 253

= 110 W
½
= 5000 × 0.8 W
""
outlet + จอด
" = 4000 W
= 4000+110 W
= 4110 W
( ) =
( ) = 4000/4110
= 0.9734
( ) = 97.34

kVA V Hz
A W V

Z01 = 100/10
=10
R01 = 436/(10)2
= 4.36
X01 = (10) 2 (4.36) 2
=9
(I1)
= 100000/6600 A
= 500/33 A
I1R01 = (500×4.36)/33
= 66.06 V
I1R01 = (500×9)/33
= 136.36 V
1 = (V1 cos I1 R01 ) 2 (V1 sin I1 X 01 ) 2

1 = (6600 0.8 66.06) 2 (6600 0.6 136 .36) 2

 254

1 = 6734.89 V
6735 V

( , 2546)
(Percentage Resistance,
Reactance and Impedance)

1.

R = (I1R01/V1)×100
= [(I1)2R01/V1I1]×100
R = [(I2)2R02/V2I2]×100
=
 255

R = Full-load copper loss

R = Copper loss

2.

X = (I1X01/V1)×100
X = (I2X02/V2)×100

3.

Z = (I1Z01/V1)×100
Z = (I2Z02/V2)×100
Z = (% R) 2 (% X ) 2
R X R01,R02,X01,X02
R01 = {( R)×V1}/(100×I1)
= {( Cu.loss)×V1/(100×I1)

R02 = {( R)×V2}/(100×I2)
= {( Cu.loss)×V1/(100×I2)
X01 = {( X)×V1}/(100×I1)

X02 = {( X)×V2}/(100×I2)

V kVA

X = (% Z ) 2 (% R) 2

= (4) 2 (1.8) 2

X = 3.57
=
 256

I1 = 50000/3300 A
= 15.15 A
= 100

R = (R01I1/V1)×100
(R01I1/V1)×100 = 1.8
R01 = (1.8×3300)/(100×15.15)
= 3.91
X = (X01I1V1)×100
= 3.57
X01 = (3.57×3300)/(100×15.15)
= 7.75
Z01 = (4×3300)/(100×15.15)
= 8.71

,
Isc = V1/Z1 A
= 33/8.71 A
Isc = 378.87 A

(Efficiency of a Transformer)
=
=
Eff.( ) = Power output/( Power output + Power losses)
=
= -
 257

(Condition for maximum

efficiency of transformer)
(WC) = (I1)2R01 = (I2)2R02
(Wi) =
= Wh + W e = Wi
= V1I1cos 1
in
( ) = [(V1I1cos 1-loss)/V1I1cos 1]
out

=[V1I1 cos 1-(I1)2R01+Wi]V1I1 cos 1

การ ญเ ย หกห
ใน

( ) = 1-(I1R01/V1 cos 1)+(Wi/V1I1 cos 1)

I1
d /dI1 = 0-(R01/V1 cos 1)+(Wi/V1I1 cos 1)
d /dI1 = 0
0 = 0-(R01/V1 cos 1)+(Wi/V1I1 cos 1)

R01/V1cos 1 = Wi/V1(I1)2cos 1

Wi = (I1)2R01 (I2)2R02
=
(I2) = Wi / R02

1.

= kVA
2.
สู
สี
 258

Eff = (X × F.L. kVA × pf)/[(X × F.L. kVA × pf) +Wc + Wi]

X = kVA /kVA
Wi = (kW)
Wc = (kW)

• kW
kVA
kVA
kW

•
.

☒
kVA
= kVA
-

= 100 (1 / 1.5)
= 81.65 kVA
.

=1 kW
= 2×1 kW
=2 kW
= 81.65×1 kW
= 81.65 kW
( ) = 81.65/(81.65+2)
= 0.9761
= 97.61

.
 259

=2 kW
= 81.65×0.8 kW
= 65.32 kW
( ) = 65.32/(65.32+2)
= 0.9703
= 97.03

2
kVA 2300/230V 50Hz

W W
kVA

kVA

= 112 W
= 40 W
kVA
= 112×(1.25/5)2
=7 W
= 40+7 W
= 47 W
= 1.25×0.8 kW
= 1000 W
( ) = (1000/1047) ×100
= 95.51
kVA
kVA= 112×(2.5/5)2
= 28 W
= 40+28 W
= 68 W
= 2.5×0.8 kW
= 2000 W
 260

( ) = (2000/2068) ×100
= 96.71
kVA
kVA= 112×(3.75/5)2
= 63 W
= 40+63 W
= 103 W
= 3.75×0.8 kW
= 3000 W
( ) = (3000/3103) ×100
= 96.68
kVA
kVA = 112×(5/5)2
= 112 W
= 40+112 W
= 152 W
= 5×0.8 kW
= 4000 W
( ) = (4000/4152) ×100
= 96.34
kVA
kVA
=112×(6.25/5)2
= 175 W
= 40+175 W
= 215 W
= 6.25×0.8 kW
= 5000 W
( ) = (5000/5215) ×100
= 95.88
kVA
kVA=112×(7.5/5)2
 261

= 252 W
= 40+252 W
= 292 W
= 7.5×0.8 kW
= 6000 W
( ) = (6000/6292) ×100
= 95.36

kVA

( , 2546)

(All-day Efficiency, )
All-day
 262

All-day =
All-day = Output in Wh/input in Wh
All-day =

All-day = Output in kWh/input in kWh

•
kVA W
W
½

= 40 W

= 40 × 6
= 240 Wh
½
=(1/2)2 × 40
=10 W
½
=10×12
=120 Wh

=240+120
=360 Wh

=35×24
=840 Wh
 263

=360+840
=1200 Wh

= (5000×0.8) ×6
=24000 Wh

= (2500×0.5) ×12
=15000 Wh
= 24000+15000
=39000
=39000/(39000+1200)
=0.97
=97 *

;
kVA

- - ¼

- ½ -

= 5×1
=5 Wh
= 5/0.95
=5.263
· ทร ระ
ท ภาพ
Wh
out
=5236-5000 in-
=263 loss W
สิ
หุ
ธิ
ี้
 264

=
kVA
=
= 263/2
=131.5 W
¼
= (1/4)2 × 131.5
= 8.22 W
½
= (1/2)2 × 131.5
= 32.88 W

= 7× 8.22
= 57.54 Wh

= 5 × 32.88
= 164.4 Wh

= 2 × 131.5
= 263 Wh

= 57.54 + 164.4 263

= 484.95 Wh

= 24 × 131.5
= 3156 Wh

= 3156 + 484.94
= 3640.94
= 3.64094 kWh

= 5 × 1 ×2

!ชม เ อง
มื
พู่
 265

= 10 kWh

= 2.5×1×5
= 12.5 kWh

= (5/4) × 1 × 7
= 8.75 kWh

= 10 + 12.5 + 8.75
= 31.25 kWh
losS
= 31.25 + 3.64094
= 34.89094 kWh
( All-day)=
= 31.25/34.89094
= 0.8956
= 89.56 •
(Parallel Operation of Single phase Transformer)

เพราะ า
ห อแปลง ไ พอ
า โหลด
ขนาน

ห อการง
น
ลง

↳ห อแปลง ห อแปลง { ผก
า

( , 2546)
จ่
ค่
ลิ
ม่
สั่
รื
ม้
ม้
ม้
ว่
 266

(Shareload)

1.
(System) 220130

2.

3.

4. อง ห อแปลง ช ดเ ยว น
ต้
ดี
นิ
ม้
กั
 267

EA,EB

V2
IA IB

นหมา
I = IA+IB V2
กระแส ด
น,
แรง
=เ ยว

( , 2546)

ABC
Ia IB
(I)
I = IA+IB
IAZA = IBZB
IA/IB = ZB/ZA
dovider
IA = IZB/(ZA+ZB)
Groth
IB = IZA/(ZA+ZB)

(Equal voltage ratio)

EA = E B = E
ดั
สั่
ดี
 268

( , 2546)

↑
ไเาน
Eat !!! แกรม

** ( , 2546)
&
<

ZA,ZB =
=
IA,IB
givider
V2 =
I =
IAZA = IBZB
= IZAB Current
IAB = ZA,ZB (ZA//ZB)
= ZAZB/(ZA+ZB)
IA = I(ZAB/ZA)
= IZB/(ZA+ZB)
ท่
ม่
กั
 269

IB = I(ZAB/ZB)
= IZA/(ZA+ZB)
IAV2 = IV2[ZB/(ZA+ZB)]
IBV2 = IV2[ZA/(ZA+ZB)]
IV2×10-3 Q kVA
QA = Q[ZB/(ZA+ZB)] kVA
QB = Q[ZA/(ZA+ZB)] kVA

(0.5+j3) (0.6+j10)
kW

ZA = 0.5 + j3
= 3.04 /80.6°
ZB = 0.6+j10
= 10.02 /86.6°
ZA+ZB = 101+j13
= 13.05 /85.2° ↓จะกลาย
เลบ
น
มา

= 100 kW
kVA = 100/0.8 kVA
kVA = 125 kVA
cos = 0.8
= cos-10.8
= 36.9°
Q = 125 /-36.9° kVA
QA = Q[ZB/(ZA+ZB)]
QA = [125/-36.9°×10.02/86.6°]/13.05/85.2°
= 95.97 /-35.5° kVA

A
= 95.97×cos35.5°
ป็
 270

= 78.13 kW
QB = Q[ZA/(ZA+ZB)]
= [125/-36.9°×3.04/80.6°]/13.05/85.2°
= 29.12 /-41.5° kVA

B
= 29.12 × cos41.5°
= 21.81 kW
(Unequal voltage ratio)

(EA EB) IA IB

Ih

าง น
Fat

แรงสนตนค อม
โหลด ด

( , 2546)

EA,EB =
ZL =

output
4

3,
ห อแปลง input
ต่
ติ
ร่
ม้
กั
 271

IC = (EA-EB)/(ZA+ZB) (7.3)
EA = IAZA+V2
EB = IBZB+V2
กระแส
โหลด
V2 = IZL
&
FatIb
โหลด

= (IA+IB)/ZL Ve
EA = IAZA+(IA+IB)ZL (7.4)
EB = IBZB+(IA+IB)ZL (7.5)
EA-EB = IAZA- IBZB แดนซ
(7.6)
ม

IA = [(EA-EB)+IAZB]/ZA
IA
EB =IBZB+[{[(EA-EB)+IBZB]/ZA}+IB]ZL
IB =[EBZA-(EA-EB)ZL]/[ZAZB+ZL(ZA+ZB)] (7.7)

IA =[EAZB+(EA+EB)ZL]/[ZAZB+ZL(ZA+ZB)] 7.8)

ZA ZB ZL
IA = [EAZB/ZL(ZA+ZB)]-[(EA-EB)/(ZA+ZB)]
IB = [EBZA/ZL(ZA+ZB)]-[(EA-EB)/(ZA+ZB)]

IC

V kVA
V kVA

kVA

0 kVA
= (200×103)/440 ✓
= 455 A
kVA
3
= (350×10 )/480
= 730 A
พี
อิ
 272

(XA)
X = ( X) × V2/(100I2)
= (3.5×440)/(100×455) ✓
XA = 0.034
(XB)
= (3.5×480)/(100×730) ✓
XB = 0.023
V
(IC)
= 40/0.057
✓
= 704 A
704 A
= (455/704)×100

= 155

kVA

kVA
V
kVA
V

(IA)
= (100×103)/1000
IA = 100 A
R = ( R)×V/(100×I)
RA = ( RA)×VA/(100×IA)
= (2×1000)/(100×100)
 273

RA = 0.2
XA = ( XA)×VA/(100×IA)
= (8×1000)/(100×100)
XA = 0.8

(IB)
= (50×103)/1000
IB = 52.63 A
RB = ( RB)×VB/(100×IB)
= (2.5×950)/(100×52.63)
RB = 0.45
ZB = ( XB)×VB/(100×IB)
= (6×950)/(100×52.63)
XB = 10.08

Z = ( R A RB ) 2 ( X A X B )2
= (0.2 0.45) 2 (0.8 1.08) 2
= (0.65) 2 (1.88) 2
Z = 1.99
IC = (1000-950)/1.99
= 25.1 A

(Auto transformer)

(K)
 274

Stepdomn Step up

( , 2546)

AB N1 BC N2
I0
V2/V1 = N2/N1 = K
= I1/I2
CB I2
I1 I2 > I1

AC (N1 N2) I1
BC N2 (I2 I1)

= (N1 N2) I1 + N2 (I2 I1)

N1I1
N2I2

N1I1 N2I2

= [(N1-N2) I1+N2 (I2-I1)]/ [N1I1+N2I2]

=1 {(2N2/N1)/ [1+ (N2/N1) (I2/I1)]}
 275

N2/N1 =K
I2/I1 = 1/K

= 1 {2K/ [1+ (K/K)]}

= 1 (2K/2)
= 1- K

= (1 K) × ( )

V V A

,
K = V2/V1
= 400/500
= 0.8
= (1 0.8) ×1
= 0.2
= 20
= 0.8 × ( )
= 80
= 20
 276

(Conversion of2-winding Transformer Into Auto- transformer)

kVA V
(Additive polarity)
(Step up auto-
transformer)
(Subtractive polarity)
(Step down auto- transformer)

(Common terminal)

V2 = 2400 + 240
= 2640 V V1 = 2400 V kVA

แรง
ไ
น เส ม น

( , 2546)
ดั
กั
ม่
ริ
 277

(Step down auto- transformer)

V2 = 2400 240 = 2160 V

kVA V

. kVA

. kVA

. I1 IC I2
 278

. V

2 ขดลวด

,
.

I1 = (20 × 103)/2400
= 8.33 A

I1 = I1/K
= 8.33 × 10
= (8.3383.3 A

. kVA

V2I2 × 10-3 = 2640 ×83.3×10-3

= 200 kVA

. kVA

= (220/20) ×100
= 1100
. I1 IC
น
แรง
I1 = (220 × 103)/2400 A
ดั
 279

= 91.7 A
IC = I1 I2 A
= 91.7 83.3 A
= 8.4 A

. V

= 8.4 × 100/8.33
= 100.8
 280

1. V Hz

[ Wb/ ]
2. V Hz
Wb

(826 )
3. kVA v Hz

[ mWb A A]
4.

V Hz

[ Wb/ V]
·
5. kVA
V Hz
 281

[ V A A mWb]
6. A
V Hz

[ mWb W A]

·7. V
A
Hz

[ A W mWb]
8.
V W
A V
:
A

[ V V]
9.

A
 282

[ V]
10. V

V
A W

V A W

( = = = = )
11.
Hz Hz W W
Hz

[ W W]
12.

[ V]
13. kVA %
 283

[ kW kW %]
14. kWA
kW
kVA
(93.58 %)
15.
W W

[ % = W = W]
16.
% %

[ % % -0.92 %]
17. kVA V Hz
kW kW
kVA

[ kVA % %]
18. kVA V %
%
 284

( %)
19. V

( V kW)
20. kVA W
kW

kVA
kVA
[ % %]
21. kVA kW
kW

V
[ % % A]
22. kVA V Hz

W
( ) A V W
 285

[ % % kVA % %]
23. V
V
W

( A %)
24. kVA
kW kW

-
( %)
25. kVA % %

kVA
kVA
-
( kW kW %)
26. kVA %
 286

kW
kW

( %)
27.
A
V
( j)

( = A = A)
28. kVA

kVA % %
A
B
kVA
( kVA = kVA)
29. A

A V A kW
B V A kW

kVA
[ V A kVA
B kVA ]
 287

30. kVA kVA

V V
% %
kVA

( A A A)
 288

(Three-phase Transformer)

( , 2546)
 289

( , 2546)

(Three-phase Transformer Connection)

- (Star Star Connection)

- - (Wye Wye
Connection) Y-Y
 290

(Neutral)
(Shift)
-

VL = VP VL = VP
IL = IP IL = IP

( , 2546)

- (Delta- Delta Connection)

-

/
 291

VL = VP VL = VP
IL = IP IL = IP

-
( , 2546)
- (Star- Delta Connection)
- (Wye- Delta
Connection) Y-

/ K
30°
-

VL = VP VL = VP
IL = IP IL = IP
 292

-
( , 2546)
- (Delta - Star Connection)
- - (Delta - Wye
Connection) -Y

K
30°

VL = VP VL = VP
IL = IP IL = IP
 293

( , 2546)

(Open Delta Connection)

(V-V Connection)
V-V

(1)

(2)

(3) -

(Normal rating)
kVA kVA
kVA kVA kVA
20kVA kVA
 294

= kVA = kVA
=

KVA = VLIL = 3VPIP

KVA = VPIP
kVA kVA =( VPIP)/( 3VPIP)
=
=

Hz
V V

A
 295

= 22000 V
= 400 V
= V2/V1

VP VP
= (400/ )/22000
= 400/22000
K = 1/55
=5 A
= (5/ )/K A
= (5/ )(1/55 )
= 275 A
= 275 A
= VLILcos W
= × 400 × 275 × 0.8
= 152.4 103 W
= 152.4 kW

kVA V

.
 296

V
A 17kW
V A 15kW

= 400 V
=175 A
= 100 A
.

Z01 = 400/100
=4
I2R01 = Wsc
= 17000/3 W
(100)2R01 = 17000/3
R01 = 17000/(3 × 10000)
= 0.567
R = (I1R01/V1)× 100
= [(100 × 0.567)/6600]×100
= 0.86

X01 = (Z 01 ) 2 ( R01 ) 2
= (4) 2 (0.567 ) 2
= 3.96
X = (I1X01/V1)× 100
= [(100 × 3.96)/6600]×100
 297

=6

= 17 + 15 kW
= 32 kW

= 2000 × 0.8 kW
= 16000 kW
= 1600/1632
= 098
= 98

= V1cos - VXsin
= (0.86 × 0.8)-(6×0.6)
= - 0.0291
= - 2.91
kVA kV -
kW kW

kW
kW

(I2)
= (5000 × 10-3)/( × 33000)
= 87.5 A

=7 (33/ ) 7 19 kV
= 1330 A
 298

Z02 = 1330/87.5
= 15.3

=
= 50 - 15 kW
= 35 kW

= 35000/3 W

= I2R02
R02 = /I2
= (35000/3)/ (87.5)2
R02 = 1.53

X02 = ( Z 02 ) 2 ( R02 ) 2
X02 = (15.3) 2 (1.53) 2
= 15.23
kW
I2 = (3200 × 10 )/ ( × 33 × 103 × 0.8)
3

= 70 A

= I2 (R01cos + X02sin )
= 70 [(1.53 × 0.8)+(15.25 × 0.6)]
= 725 V

=
= 725/(33 × 103/ )
= 0.038
= 38
 299

= (6.6 × 103) + [(3.8/100)(6.6 × 103)]

= 6850.8 V

kW
V
V

= × VL × IL × cos
150 × 103 = × 1,000 × IL × 0.866
IL = 100 A
= 100 A

= 100/ A
= 57.7 A
(K)
= 1000/2000
= 1/2

= 57.7 × K
= 57.5/2
= 28.85 A
 300

I
= ×VL×I×cos
150 × 103 = ×1000×I×0.866
I =100 A
= 100 A

= 100 A

= 100 × K
= 100 × 1/2
= 50 A

= 0.75
 301

V kW
:1

[ 476 V A A A]
V
V
kW

.
.
.
[IL = Ip =126.3 A Ip = 73 A Ip = 75.8 A]
kV
A

[VL = 952.63 V IL = 173.21A]

4. V
kW
 302

KVA

[ = A = 303 A
A A kVA]
kVA
V kVA

[ kVA]
 303

Energy conversion
Electric machinery A.E.Fitzgerald , Charles Kingsley, Jr. , Stephen D. Umans
http://www.yp.co.th/ - - - - - --hydroelectricity.html