Module 2 Animal Production

AGRI-FISHERY ARTS, PART II
(INTRODUCTION TO AGRI-FISHERY ARTS PART 2)
MODULE 2 – ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK)

I. OVERVIEW:
Module 2 will discuss about Animal Production (Poultry and Livestock). The topics will
include the following: definition of terms commonly use in poultry and livestock production;
Scientific Names of Poultry and Livestock Animals in the Philippines; Breeds of Poultry and
Livestock Animals; Housing Management Practices; Feeds and Feeding Practices; and the
Common Diseases Affecting Farm Animals. In addition, it is expected that at the end of this
learning module, the students will be able to acquire basic knowledge in the production of poultry
and livestock animals.
II. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• understand the origin of domestication of animals;
• acquaint the common livestock and poultry terms;
• familiarize the scientific names of poultry species and period of incubation;
• familiarize the scientific names of domestic livestock animals;
• describe the common breeds of poultry and livestock animals in the Philippines;
• discuss the current situation and problems of poultry production in the Philippines. and,
• discuss the present problems encountered in the production of livestock animals in the
Philippines;
III. LEARNING PLAN:
Introduction:
Since the origin of modern humans, Homo sapiens, about 200,000 years ago, hunting of
wild animals and gathering of wild plants in nature were the primary subsistence strategies. Yet,
about 12,000 years ago, at the end of the most recent ice age and during the transition to the present
interglacial period, domestication of plants and animals began. This phenomenon occurred in at
most nine areas of the world: the Fertile Crescent, China, Mesoamerica, Andes/Amazonia, Eastern
United States, Sahel, tropical West Africa, Ethiopia, and New Guinea. From these handful
homelands of agriculture, a restricted number of domesticated species were progressively
introduced across the globe as farmers migrate to new regions. This is because the control of food
production conferred to farmers huge demographic, technological, political, and military
advantages over neighboring hunter-gatherers, allowing them to impose their lifestyle. The history
of the past millennia consists of tales of hunter-gatherer societies becoming driven out, infected,
conquered, or exterminated by farming societies in all areas across the world suitable for farming.
1/Module 2-Agri-Fishery Arts Part 2/Animal Production (Poultry and Livestock) II/Tina C. Dato/CAFNR, UEP
Globally, less than two-thirds of crop production (on a mass basis) are allocated to human
food, versus 35% to animal feed, and 3% for bioenergy or other industrial products. It is, however,
important to highlight that global food production relied in fine on a tiny fraction of wild species
domesticated in the past millennia, representing about 0.08% of known land plant species and
0.0002% of known land animal species. Only about 15 plant species and less than 10 animal
species supply more than 90% of worldwide agriculture production. Four crops (wheat, rice, corn,
and potato) account for more food production than all other crops combined. Inversely, hunting
and gathering have today become secondary (and most often recreational) activities that contribute
little to global food security, one significant exception being the consumption of wild meat in a
few regions, notably in Central Africa. This implies that even tough humans consumed diverse
food products across the globe; they mostly come from the same domesticated plant and animal
species. In the past decades, the standardization of food products has also strongly increased with
the spread of few multinational food companies, such as McDonald’s or Subway.
Agriculture is today responsible for the destruction or modification of nearly 40% of the
land surface. For instance, about 7 to 11 million km2 of forest have been lost in the past 300 years
due to land-use activities, primarily for agricultural expansion and timber extraction. Besides,
intensification of agriculture has also resulted in the degradation of water quality in numerous
freshwater and coastal ecosystems due to the global use of fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics.
Modern agriculture is thus generally considered to be the primary destructive force of biodiversity,
which has led to the sixth mass extinction. Some scientists even consider that truly wild nature
(pristine zones from human impacts) does no longer exist on Earth.
Origins of Domestication
The specific economic application of domesticated animals did not appear at once. Dogs
probably accompanied hunters and helped them hunt wild animals; they probably also guarded
human settlements and warned the inhabitants of possible danger. At the same time, they were
eaten by humans, which was probably their main importance during the first stages of
domestication. Sheep and goats were also eaten in the initial stages of domestication but later
became valuable for producing the commodities of milk and wool.
The principal aim of cattle breeding in ancient times was to obtain meat and skin and to
produce work animals, which greatly contributed to the development of agriculture. Cattle, at the
initial stages of domestication, produced a small amount of milk, sufficient only to rear their calves.
The development of high milk yield in cows with their breeding especially for milk production is
a later event in the history of domestication.
The first domesticated horses were also used for meat and skin. Later the horse played an
enormous role in the waging of war. Peoples inhabiting the Middle East in the 2nd millennium
BCE used horses in chariot battles. With time the horse began to be used as transportation. In the
1st millennium BCE carts appeared, and the horses were harnessed to them; other riding
equipment, including the saddle and the bit, seems to have appeared in later centuries.
The donkey and the camel were used only for load transport and as means of conveyance;
their unpalatability ruled out their use as a preferred food.
The first domesticated hens perhaps were used for sport. Cockfighting was instrumental in
bringing about the selection of these birds for larger size. Cocks later acquired religious
significance. In Zoroastrianism the cock was associated with protection of good against evil and
was a symbol of light. In ancient Greece it was also an object of sacrifice to gods. It is probable
that egg production of the first domesticated hens was no more than five to ten eggs a year; high
egg yield and improved meat qualities of hens developed at later stages of domestication.
Terminologies:
Animal production - is the technology applied to the keeping of animals for profit. Aside from the
products derived from the body of the animals, it supports the needs of the human populace
for a nutritious and safe food supply while helping also the farmers to be more productive
in sustaining their financial burdens in life.
Domestication, is the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic
and cultivated forms according to the interests of people.
- it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. The fundamental
distinction of domesticated animals and plants from their wild ancestors is that they are
created by human labor to meet specific requirements or whims and are adapted to the
conditions of continuous care and solicitude people maintain for them.
Breed - animals which have been developed by people over a period of time through selective
mating so that they have desirable characteristics such as size and disposition.
Wean - to separate a young animal from the milk of its mother and introduce the animal to its adult
diet.
Finish- the final production phase of livestock destined for meat in which the animal is fed (or
intensively grazed) optimized its growth and meat quality before slaughter.
Animal Slaughter – is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock. In
general, the animals would be killed for food; however, they might also be slaughtered for
other reasons such as being diseased and unsuitable for consumption.
Live Weight - the weight of the live animal.
Livestock – are animals kept or raised for use or pleasure especially farm animals kept for use and
profit.
- are farm animals, with the exception of poultry.
- In Western countries the category encompasses primarily cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses,
donkeys, and mules; other animals, such as buffalo, oxen, llamas, or camels, may
predominate in the agriculture of other areas.
Herd – is a grouping of a single species of livestock. There may be exceptions to the term’s usage
outside of cattle, horses, asses, swine, and rabbits.
Broiler - meat type chicken commonly grown up to 35-42 days and weighing 1.5-2.0 kgs
liveweight.
Class - refers to group of birds from a common geographical area such as, American, Asiatic,
English, Mediterranean, Continental, an all other standard breeds.
Breed - birds within a class that differ in body shape or size, skin color, number of toes or feathering
on their legs.
Variety - birds within a breed that differs in feather color or pattern, in the type of comb, or the
presence of a beard.
Strain - birds within varieties that are developed for specific traits such as egg production, egg
color, or meat production.
Processing Terms:
Charcuterie – the curing of meats for both preservation and enhanced flavors such as bacon,
prosciutto, salami, sausage and ham.
Offal – the non-muscle parts of an animal such as the kidney and intestines.
Carcass Weight – the weight of an animals after slaughter and removal of most internal organs,
head, and hide. On average, for feedlot steers and heifers, a beef carcass is about 63% of
the weight of the live animal.
POULTRY
The term poultry generally refers to domesticated birds that are kept or raised to satisfy the
needs of humas. The most common species of poultry are chicken, ducks, quails, turkeys and
pigeons. This species are raised mainly for their meat and eggs including birds of the order
Galliformes.
Globally, poultry are kept under a wide variety of production systems that range from those
with very rudimentary night shelters to those with fully automated, environmentally controlled
systems. In developing countries, the housing, management and feeding of indigenous poultry
stock in rural villages is for the most part basic. Poultry are kept in simple night shelters with very
limited management and disease prevention inputs. and minimal supplementary feeding using
household scraps and small amounts of grain. Because of natural selection and their capacity for
foraging, the birds are able to survive, grow and lay eggs in these environments, and so doing,
make a significant contribution to the food security and protein intake of human populations.
However, the normally low productivity of these genotypes means that it generally not cost-
effective to rear them under intensive management systems.
Common Species of Poultry, Scientific Names and Incubation Period
1. Chicken (Gallus domesticus).
- is a common domestic fowl. Chicken are raised for their flesh called “broiler” by meat
industry. They are typically confined to massive, windowless sheds that hold tens of
thousands of birds each.
Jungle Hen (Gallus gallus)
Domestic Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Incubation Period: 21 days
Egg weight: 58 grams
Common Terms:
• Broiler: is a meat chicken processes at the age of 7-12 weeks when it reaches 2½ to 3½
pound live weight.
• Fryer: is a meat chicken usually marketed at 12-20 weeks.
• Broody: a hen which has stopped laying eggs temporarily.
• Day-old chick: hatched out chick up to 24 hours.
• Grower: a young chick of 9th week of age of either sex.
• Brood: a group of chicks of same age raised in one batch.
• Layer: an egg laying female chicken up to one year after starting the laying of eggs.
• Capon: are male chicken that have been castrated and they are harvested at 4-8 months old.
They weigh 5-9 pounds and produce more white meat and have higher fat content than other
chickens.
• Chicks: is a newly hatched or a very young chicken.
• Cock: is a male chicken at least one year of age or older.
• Cockerel: is a male chicken less than one-year-old.
• Hen: is a female chicken at least one year of age.
• Pullet: is a female chicken less than one year of age.
- a young female that has yet to start laying eggs.
• Rooster: is a male chicken over one year of age.
2. Ducks: are any wild or domesticated swimming birds of the Family Anatidae, typically having
a broad, flat bill, short legs, and webbed feet.
Pekin (meat type) Anas plathyrynchos
Mallard (egg type) Cairina moschata
Muscovy
Incubation Period: Anas plathyrynchos - 28 days
Cairina moschata - 35-37 days
Egg Weight:
Anas plathyrynchos – 80-83 grams
Cairina moschata - 70 grams
Common Terms:
• Drake: is an adult male duck.
• Duck: can refer to a female of the duck family.
• Duckling: are baby ducks.
• Old drake: is a male duck over 1 year of age.
• Old duck: is a female duck over 1 year of age.
• Young drake: is a male duck under 1 year of age.
• Geese: are wild or domesticated water birds of the Family Anatidae and of the genera
Answer and Branta that typically have a shorter neck than a swan and a shorter, more
pointed bill than a duck.
• Gander: is a male goose over 1 year of age.
• Gosling: is a young goose up until feathers have replaced all of their down.
• Young gander: is a male goose under 1 year of age.
• Young goose: is a female goose under 1 year of age.
3. Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is a large North American bird that is widely domesticated for
food and comes in many varieties.
Egg Weight: 85 grams
Common Terms:
• Hen: is a female turkey over 1 year of age.
• Old hen: is a female turkey over 1 year of age.
• Old tom: is a male turkey over 1 year of age.
• Poult: is a young domestic (not wild) turkey.
• Tom: is a male turkey
• Young hen: is a female turkey under 1 year of age.
• Young tome: is a male turkey under 1 year of age.
4. Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Incubation Period: 16-18 days
5. Pigeon (Columba livia)
6. Geese (Cygnopsis cygnoides)
7. Swan (Olor columbianus)
8. Ostrich (Struthio australis/camelus)
9. Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
Indian Blue (Pavo cristatus)
Java Green (Pavo muticus)
Congo (Afropavo congensis)
10. Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
11. Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)
The Chicken: Classes, Breeds and Varieties
Chicken:
1. Egg-type
- the chicken under this type are generally medium to small in size and have the tendency
to lay white eggs. These chickens are active and neat in appearance, which make them
good layers.
- Examples: Leghorn, Anconas, Minorcas, Campinas, and Humburgs.
2. Meat-type
- the chickens under this type are large breed, slow in movement, quiet and gentle in
disposition. Generally poorer egg layers and generallg lay browned shelled eggs.
- The most popular breeds belonging to this type are: White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island
Red, and New Hampshire.
- Other breeds which are used in broiler production are the Arbor Acre, Peterson, Hubbard,
Pilch, Cobb, Dekalb, and Kimber
3. Dual-purpose (egg and meat)
- the breed belongs to this type of chicken are medium sized, good layers and the young are
fast growers. They are not as nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat
class.
- Examples: New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya,
Cantonese.
4. Fancy type
- breeds of this type have a beautiful plumage or form of having a rare unusual appearance.
Most of them are raise chiefly has ornamentals or pets by hobbyists, regardless of their
value as a source of food.
- Examples: Frizzle, Bantams, Long tailed
5. Fighting type
- these group of chicken was developed by national and international aficionados for game
purposes.
- Examples: Ruble, Hulsey, Claret, and Oasis
Ducks:
1. Egg type
The native duck
- the Pateros duck called itik by the tagalogs, is generally known as the native duck.
- feathers are black gray, some are brown and others are white mixed with black.
- it is similar to bibeng costa but lay comparatively larger eggs.
- it is a nonsetter but a good layer.
- it is raised chiefly for its eggs which are sold as balut, penoy, or itlog na maalat.
The Runner
- commonly called the Indian Runner.
- it is the only foreign egg breed of ducks in the country.
- originated in England and is termed as the “Leghorn” of the duck family because of its
great laying capacity.
- Three standard varieties of this breed: White Fawn, the White, and the Pencilled
- White Fawn and White – are the most popular varieties raised in the country today. They
are nonsetters but they lay good-sized, white-shelled eggs.
2. Meat type
Muscovy Duck, Pato Real, or Bibe
- originated from Brazil, is purposely bred and raised for its meat which has higher quality
than that of the average duck.
• Two standard varieties: the white and the dark
- the white variety has pure white plumage or feathers. It has pale orange legs and
a pinkish beak
- the dark variety has a black and white beak. Unlike the other ducks which lay
their eggs anywhere, the two varieties of Muscovy never scatter their eggs. They
prefer to stay on land and good flyers.
3. Dual purpose type

Peking duck
- this breed is a native of China.
- it is the most popular breed for the commercial production of “green ducks” or broiler, in
the case of chicken.
- it is raised for its meat and eggs.
- the pure Peking duck, grown for meat, produces the first quality table meat used in the
Chinese dish called “Peking duck”.
- lays larger eggs than the native and other ducks raised in the country today.
- it is easy to raise and is very resistant to pests and diseases.
- it has a long, broad body, full breasts, long neck, and creamy plumage.
- it has stout legs, shanks, and reddish toes.
- its skin and beak are pigmented yellow.
- all peking ducks are good layers, docile, and well adapted to Philippine climate.
Pigeons
- pigeon raising is a business enterprise which is part of the poultry industry. Maybe a hobby
or a vocation.
• as a hobby, you may begin with a male and female and provide them with a standard
pigeon house.
- among the breeds of pigeons that are highly recommended for squab production are: Native
or Park Pigeon,` White Runt, and White King.
- other breeds: Giant, Homer, Carneaux, Mandarin, and Hungarian.
- all these breeds are excellent breeders and their squabs have an average weight of 1.0 to
1.5 kg.
Geese
- the easiest to raise, building houses for these fowls is not necessary, they need only a shelter
or shade.
- they can be left to roam the backyard to forage for themselves.
- they can subsist primarily on grasses or any edible leaves.
- they produce not only eggs and meat but also feathers and quills which are used for writing
mattresses, and pillow cushions.
- today, backyard and semi-commercial production of geese has been developed.
- Examples of breeds recognized in the world: Toulouse, Embden, Chinese, African,
Egyptian, and Canadian or Wild Geese.
Quails
- locally known as Pugo, are small game birds found in temperature and tropical regions
throughout the world.
- it provides humans with eggs and meat.
- they are prolific and become more productive if reared in domestication.
- they begin to lay eggs 35 to 40 days after hatching.
- their eggs may be sold fresh, boiled as penoy or as balut.
- there are eight known breeds found in the Philippines recommended for backyard and
commercial production: the native or common pugo, popularly known as Chinese quail,
Japanese Taiwan, Japanese Seattle, Negro, White Tuxedo, Silver, Brown Cross No. 1 and
Brown Cross No. 2.
- these breeds are large and heavy and have been found to be great producers of eggs and
tasty meat.
Current Situation and Problems of Poultry Production in the Philippines:
Consumption of poultry products globally is on the rise. It is predicted that between 2013
and 2023 the industry will grow at a rate of 3.2% per year, with uptake set to increase faster than
pork and beef products. Changing consumer behaviors and attitudes have helped fuel the increase
in poultry consumption, alongside a growing population worldwide. A 2016 report — Poultry
Trends — highlighted that developing countries will account for 73 per cent of additional meat
output over the next decade, with poultry the main driver of additional gains due to its low
production costs relative to other meat. Chicken is a type of domesticated fowl, and one of the
most common and widespread
domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018. Humans keep chickens
primarily as a source of food consuming both their meat and eggs, and less commonly, as pets.
There are more chickens in the world than any other bird or domestic fowl.
(https://www.provisioneronline.com/articles)
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Food and

Agricultural Organization, the demand for all meat, including chicken, is expected to grow by
1.3% annually between 2018 and 2027. This compares to 1.9% annually from 2008 to 2017.
Income and population growth will continue to be the growth drivers. The aggregate chicken
demand is projected to increase from about 1.4 million MT in 2017 to 1.6 million MT in 2020 to
about 1.8 million MT by 2023. Growth drivers will come from a combination of income and
population growth. The low per capita meat consumption of 13kg for chicken presents
opportunities for further expansion with increasing purchasing power coupled with the country’s
targets to bring poverty incidence down to 14% in 2022 (from 21.6% or 21.8 million Filipinos
living below national poverty line in 2015). In comparison to other countries such as Thailand and
Japan, the high cost of production is a persistent issue in the Philippine broiler sector. Increased
competitiveness is constrained by the high cost of feed, resulting from trade policies preventing
corn to compete on a level playing field with feed wheat.
The low per capita meat consumption of 13kg for chicken presents opportunities for further
expansion with increasing purchasing power coupled with the country’s targets to bring poverty
incidence down to 14% in 2022 (from 21.6% or 21.8 million Filipinos living below national
poverty line in 2015).
In comparison to other countries such as Thailand and Japan, the high cost of production
is a persistent issue in the Philippine broiler sector. Increased competitiveness is constrained by
the high cost of feed, resulting from trade policies preventing corn to compete on a level playing
field with feed wheat. (poultryworld.net/Meat/Articles/2020/4)
LIVESTOCK
Domesticated livestock have played a pivotal role in the development of human

civilizations around the world and continues to be an integral part of human culture, society, and
the local and global economy. Domestic livestock has contributed to the rise of human societies
and civilizations by increasing the amount of food and nutrition available to people in four ways:
by providing sources of meat, milk, and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Throughout history
livestock have also provided leather, wool, other raw materials, and transport.
Livestock furnish high quality protein and energy foods, and function as part of integrated,
renewable systems of plant and animal agriculture. The digestive systems of ruminant animals
such as cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, and camels are specially adapted to convert plant materials
that humans cannot utilize into proteins of high biological availability to humans.
Terms relating to Livestock Animals:

• Bovine is a term relating to Cattle
• Caprine is a term relating to Goats
• Equine is a term relating to Horses, Mules, Zebra, and Asses.
• Ovine is a term relating to Sheep
• Porcine is a term relating to Swine
Cattle
Domesticated cattle are usually classified into two major groups, Zebu (Bos indicus) and
European (Bos taurus) cattle.
Scientific Name: Indian/Humped - Bos indicus

European/exotic - Bos tauros
Breeds of Cattle
1. Aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)
Origin: India thought to be the homeland of primitive cattle which later expanded to Eurasia
and North Africa.
2. Yak (Poephagus grunniens)
Origin: from mountains of Tibet
Some regions in middle Asia
South Siberia
3. Genus Bibos
(B. banteng) or Ban cattle
(B. frontalis) or gayal
Origin: from India, Malay Archipelago and Indochina, particularly Burma
Modern Cattle Family Bovine, genus Bos
1. Bos tauros
Origin: Europe such as Shorthorn or Jersey.
- without humps and therefore of temperate origins.
2. Bos indicus
Origin: Tropical origin such as the Brahman or Zebu of India or Afrikander of Africa.
- hump cattle
- adapted to tropical conditions (has survived through centuries exposure to inadequate
conditioned such as food supplies, insect pests, parasites/diseases and extreme weather
conditions).
3. Crosses of two, Sta. Gertrudes (5/8shorthorn, 4/8 Brahman) and Brangus (5/8 Brahman)
Characteristics of Zebu breeds as compared to temperate breeds:

- large hum over top of shoulder and neck
- large pendulous ears
- dewlap having large amounts of excess skin
- high developed sweat glands (perspire more freely)
- oily secretion from the sebaceous glands
Zebu breeds sometimes known as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of
domestic cattle originating in the Indian sub-continent.
- they are characterized by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes
drooping ears.
- They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the
tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type
of domestic cattle.
- they are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for
byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure.
There are 278 identifiable breeds worldwide

- 33 as beef breeds
- 18 as draft breeds
- 39 as meat-draft
- 54 meat dairy
- 21 dairy-draft
- 61 meat-dairy-draft
- 51 dairy breeds
Beef Production System in the Philippines

1. Ranching or Extensive System
a. Cow-calf operation
Aim: to produce stockers and feeders.
- the initial and most fundamental step in the beef enterprise is the production of
the calves and raising it to weaning age.
b. Purebred Program or Breeder Farm Operation
Aim: to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers
- highly specialized form of beef production.
2. Feedlot Fattening Operation
Objective: to add weight to the animal and increase its value.
Important to the livestock industry in the Philippines for three main reasons:
1. it provides the farmer with extra income.
2. it gives a year-round work and allow the use of cheap, plentiful farm by products such as
corn stovers, hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane top which might
otherwise be wasted.
3. it helps the urgent demand for high-protein foods in the Filipino diet.
Common Terms:
Beef – meat from cattle more than one year old.
Buck (or billy) – male goat of breeding age.
Bull – a male breeding cattle of any age.
Bull herd – the breeding males used for breeding the cows and heifers.
Calf – young cattle of either sex under 1 year of age.
Calving – act of giving birth in cows.
Cow – a mature female cattle that has given birth.
Hay – cut and dried forage for livestock feed.
Heifer – young female cattle usually under three years old and has not given birth.
Ox – is castrated bull that has been trained to work and is t least 4 years of age.
Steer – is a castrated male bovine or can be a future ox that is less 4 years old.
Veal – meat from cattle less than one year old.
Carabao
Common name: Carabao (Water Buffalo)

Carabull: Bulugan, Kalakian, Simaron, Toro, Torete,
Caraheifer/Caracow: Anayon, Babaye, Bakiya, Dulag, Gatasan, Kabaiyan
Types of carabao:
1. Swamp – for draft and meat purposes.
(Scientific Name: (Bubalus bubalis)
2. River - dairy
(Scientific Name: (Bubalus carabenensis)
Origin: It is believed to have been originated by the Chinese between 200 and 300 B.C. or for the
wild buffaloes in India.
Top three (3) Producing Regions are: Eastern Visayas, Western Visayas and Cagayan Valley.
Important uses:
The water buffalo or carabao remains important in the Philippine agriculture because:
1. it is an integral part of crop production system.
2. it provides major source of draft power.
3. it also provides additional income from the sale of meat, milk and live animals either for
slaughter or breeding purposes.
Breeds of Carabao in the Philippines (Buffalo Breeds):

1. Murrah
- is kept for dairy production. The physical characteristics of this animal is jet black in color,
sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Eyes are black, active and prominent
in females but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled i.e. cornea should not
have whiteness. Neck is long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Ears are
short, thin and alert. They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Average milk
production is 2200 liters in a lactation period of 310 days.
Origin: Punjab and Haryana states of India.
2. Nili Ravi
- means blue (blue water of Sutlej river in Punjab) is a breed of domestic buffalo which is
similar to the Murrah buffalo. It is mainly a dairy buffalo breed and used principally for
milk production. These animals are mostly black in color, but often have white markings
on the forehead, face, muzzle and lower parts of the legs (due to which it is also called
‘Panj Kalyan‘). Their horns are small and curly and have wall eyes. The females have a
larger and strong udder. Average body height of the mature males is around 135 cm for
males, and around 125 cm for females. Average live body weight of the mature Nili-Ravi
buffalo is around 700 kg for males and around 600 kg for females.
3. Philippine Carabao
- the Philippine Carabao is a swamp-type water buffalo. Ash-colored, horns are extended
outward to form a semicircular curvature. Two light gray chevrons. Body is relatively short
but wide and low-set. It is considered the national animal of the Philippines. This animal
has been the ideal ally of farmers in their farm works. It is recognized as a draft animal and
has a potential use for meat production, but has a low genetic potential for milk production.
The They are very hardy animals. They are well adapted to a hot and humid climate.
Average lifespan of the Carabao buffalo is between 18 and 20 years, and the females can
deliver one calf each year.
Breeding:
Breeding - is the mating and production of offspring by animals.
- Carabao can be bred throughout the year.
- Mating season usually takes place during the wet season.
- estrous cycle is 21 days
- weight at breeding – 250 to 300 kg
- estrous period (sexual receptivity) – 18 hours
- ovulation -15 hours after estrus
Signs of heat:
- the female stands still when mounted by a bull or another female (standing heat).
This is the best sign of estrus.
- swelling of the vulva and reddening of the vaginal epithelium.
- mucus discharges of varying viscosity from the vagina, it is towards the end of
estrus.
- mounting other animals in the herd.
- animals becomes restless and lack appetite.
(Not all these signs may be manifested by a carabao in estrus)
Mating system:
2 types:
1. natural mating
- mating of animals by natural means.
- 60% pregnancy rate
2. artificial insemination
- is the placing or depositing of semen in the female reproductive tract by artificial
means rather than by natural mating.
- 25% pregnancy rate
Parturition:
Parturition – is the act of giving birth to a young (calving farrowing, lambing or foaling).
Signs of Parturition:
• presence of milk in the mammary gland.
• swollen teats
• presence of thick mucus
Weaning:
Wean means to cease/stop milking; to physically separate young from the nursing dam.
• under smallholder operation, weaning is 8-12 mos.
• early weaning can also be done 4-5 mos.
• in commercial operation, weaning is done as early as 3-5 days after
calving and train the calf to drink milk from the pail.
Common Terms:
Carabao – Philippine Water Buffalo or Swamp Buffalo.
Cara – prefix connected to the sex, class and meat of carabao.
Carabeef – meat from carabaos more than one year old.
Carabull – breeding bull at any age.
Caracow – mature female that already given birth to a young.
Caraheifer – female carabao below 2 years of age and has not yet given birth.
Chevron – two diagonal stripes on the ventral side of the neck, one near the brisket
and the other near the jaw.
Draft animal – carabao used for work.
Estrous (“heat”) – period of sexual receptivity which allows the female to be mated.
Ovulation – the rupture of a ripe/matured follicle as a response to luteinizing hormone (LH) surge,
shedding or releasing the ovum.
Silent heat – estrous behavior of carabao wherein the animal is physiologically “in
heat” but does not show any visible signs.
Goat
Goats play an important role in food production systems in developing countries. Their
great popularity can be explained by their good adaptation to many different climates (ecological
adaptation) and the many uses for which they can be kept.
Goats are popularly known as the “poor man’s cow” because farmers who cannot afford to
buy a carabao or cow raise goats as source of fresh milk and meat. Goat’s meat is very nutritious
and delicious. Goat’s milk is also nutritious and it has been recommended by doctors as food for
babies because it is easy to digest.
Scientific Name: Capra hircus
Goat is also known as “biological herbicide” due to its browsing ability (browser). Diet is
about 40% grasses and 60% forbs (shrubs and herbs).
- capable of nibbling bark of trees
- mobile lips
- walk long distance in search for food
- selective in terms of feed preferences (eats young shoot first)
Goat production is one of the ideal farm enterprises if properly managed in the farm. In
study conducted by a government agency, it was observed that goats are multi-purpose ruminants
producing 58.4% milk, 35.6% meat, 4.3 hide and 1.7% fiber.
Breeds of Goat
There are many breeds of goat worldwide but the available breeds in the Philippines are:
1. Dual Purpose
Anglo-Nubian
- basically a tropical breed successfully adopted grow in the Western countries, distinguishing
features are drooping pendulous ears and a Roman Nose.
Boer Goat
- are intended to be raised for meat and they grow more rapidly than other goat breeds. They
have a light colored body and a distinction red head.
2. Dairy Breeds
Saanen
- originated in Switzerland, pure white to off-white in color and has the highest milk
production.
Toggenburg
- from Switzerland, smaller than the Nubian and Saanen, distinguishing feature are markings
on the face, legs and tails and erect ears.
Alpine
- also a European breed, color ranges from off-white to red to black.
La Mancha
- from Spain/Oregon, very distinctive ear types “gopher ears”, “elf Ear”
Common Terms:
Buck – is a male goat over 1 year of age.
Buckling – is a young male goat less than a year old.
Doe – is a female goat over 1 year of age.
Doeling – is a young female goat less than a year old.
Flock – is a group of goats. (The term maybe used in reference to other livestock).
Kid – is a baby goat of either sex.
Wether – is a castrated male goat (or sheep)
Sheep
Sheep is known as “biological lawn mower” (essentially grazers)

- flocking instinct – pecking order
- less selective of feed offered than goats
Scientific Name: Ovies aries
Uses:
- Sheep with its multi-facet utility for wool, meat, milk, skins and manure, form an important
component of rural economy particularly in the arid, semi-arid and mountainous areas of
the country. It provides a dependable source of income to the shepherds through sale of
wool and animals.
Breeds of Sheep
Barbados
- originated in Barbados Island with African Ancestry, adapted to wide range of
environment; high reproductive efficiency, hair type, sweet mutton, black colors
covers under pats completely extending up the neck and down the sides of the legs.
Priangan
- originated in Indonesia, primarily for ram fighting and meat, thin tailed, often lacks
external ears.
Shropshire
- originated in England, wool type, believed to be as one of the ancestors of the
Philippine sheep.
Suffolk
- originated in England , wool type, meat, dark colored faces and legs.
Merino
- originated in Spain, finest wool producer, the other ancestor of Philippine sheep.
Stock Selection:
Does
- selection could be based on the number of offspring’s weaned per year/doe, animal
mortality, length of production life, and incidence of major defects.
Bucks
- in the selection of breeder buck, consider the blood composition, constitution and
vigor, breeding quality and aggressiveness.
- it is recommended to have a minimum of two purebred or crossbreed bucks of different
breeds.
- Generally, buck male ratio is 1:35
Basic differences between goat and sheep

Goat Sheep
Scientific Name Capra hircus Ovies aries
Chromosome number 60 54
Sounds made Maaa Baaa
Tail posture/carriage Upward Downward
Feeding behavior Partly browser Downward
Social behavior individualistic Flocking instinct
Long hair growth Beard Mane
Skin covering Mostly hair Mostly wool
Presence of horns Naturally horned Naturally polled
Presence of scent glands in Base of horn; Between hooves
males Beneath tail
Growth behavior of horn Narrower; upright; Curl loops at sides of
Less curved head
Breeding Characteristics
Bos tauros Capra hircus Ovis aries
Age at puberty (months) 8 5-6 7-8
Age at 1st breeding 15 8-10 12
(months)
Estrus Cycle (days) 18-24 18-24 15-19
Estrus duration 18 24-72 24-72
Post-partum estrus (days) 40-60 60 17
Gestation period (days) 283 150 150
Signs of Estrous:
Estrus (heat) - a regularly recurrent state of sexual receptivity during which the female of
most mammals will accept the male and is capable of conceiving
The most common are:
- allowing themselves to be mounted
- mounting other animals
- mucous discharge from vulva, swollen vulva.
- frequent urination, nervousness and lack of appetite
Gestation period:
- the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and
birth. Once the doe is successfully bred during heat period, she is expected to
deliver after five months.
Age at first breeding

- although female goats become sexually mature at five to six months, they are
not supposed to be bred until they reach 8 to 12 months while breeder buck is
allowed to breed at 10 to 12 months of age.
Male to Female Ratio:

- on the average, 25 females are allowed to be bred with a single one-year old
buck.
Meat Terms:
Chevon – meat from goats
Mutton – meat from sheep
Ram – male sheep of any age for breeding purposes.
Ewe – female sheep of any age.
Lamb – young sheep of either sex below one year of age.
Wether sheep – male sheep which was castrated while young preferably between one to
three weeks of age.
Doe – female goat of any age.
Whether goat – male goat castrated before the secondary sex characters have developed.
kid – young goat of either sex below one year of age.
Billy goat or buck – male goat of any age.
Fleece – wool covering the sheep.
Pelt – wool and skin of a sheep.
Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) often called swine, hog or simply pig.
Success in the swine industry depends partly on a broad knowledge of the breeds of hogs
used in production. Knowing the different breeds and their characteristics is important in making
decisions about which breed to use in breeding programs.
A breed refers to a stock of animals or plants within a species having a distinctive

appearance and typically having been developed by deliberate selection.
The following are the breeds of swine common in the Philippines including its origin and
general characteristics:
1. The Philippine Native Swine
- indigenous animals belong to a large undefined population of individuals without
any uniform traits usually ascribed to a breed.
- the local pig or Philippine Native pig belongs to this category are small and lack of
animal symmetry of standard breeds.
General Characteristics:
small and late maturing
mostly solid black and white
have small ears, sway back and with weak pastern
Scientific Name:
Luzon Warty Pig Palawan - Sus philippinensis
Bearded Pig - Sus barbatus
There are five strains of native pigs in the Philippines

1. Kaman
- found in Batangas result in breeding between the native pig and the Duroc Jersey.
2. Black Diani
- a cross between tha native pig in Batangas and the Berkshire pig.
3. Black Ilocus Strain
- a cross between the native pig and the Berkshire or Poland China.
4. Koronadal Strain of Cotabato
- is an intermediate breed between the lard and bacon types.
- the size is satisfactory, the head is fairly long, and the snout is pointed and long.
5. Berkjala Strains
- was developed in 1916 at the University of Los Baños following a systematic upgrading
activity.
- It is a cross between the Berkshire and the native pig Jalajala, Rizal.
- the Berkshire was selected for crossbreeding among other temperate breeds of swine
tested in the Philippines because it was proven to adapt well to local conditions.
- developed for meat quality, good nursing ability, and fast breeding
- it has medium sized body and is solid black in color.
Standard Breeds/Purebreeds:
Two Types: 1) lard type 2) bacon type
1. The lard type

- this type has a greater percentage of fat than that of the bacon type. Most of
the hogs produced in the Philippines are of the lard type. Most commonly lard
type raised are:
Berkshire
Origin: South Central England, principally in the countries of Berkshire and Wiltshire
Characteristics:
- this breed has a blackbody and head with white patches in the nose, legs and
tail.
- in general, this breed is very prolific.
- it has weak legs because of its long pastern.
- the distinct characteristics of this breed is the short, upturned nose, dished
face, and erect but slightly inclined forward ears
Disadvantage:
- the breed has a small litter size at birth and at weaning, late maturing, thick
backfat and the black skin.
Landrace
Origin: First Landrace swine was developed in Denmark.
Characteristics:
- has a solid white color.
- drooping ears, and a deep long body with slightly arched black. It is known as
the longest breed of swine (16 to 17 ribs).
- known for its prolificacy and excellent in litter size and mothering ability under
Philippine condition
- it performs well under confinement.
- this breed will experience difficulty in leanness if it is exposed to full feeding
of high energy diets.
Large White
Origin: is a British breed of domestic pig. It derived from the old Yorkshire breed from the
country of Yorkshire, in Northern England.
Characteristics:
- is one of those breeds of swine introduced to the Philippines.
- it has a solid white color, erect ears, and deep long body with slightly arched
back.
- - they not only farrow or raise large litters but are great milkers.
- good performer under confinement.
- excellent foragers and compare favorably with those of any other breed in
economy of gains.
Disadvantage:
- some individuals in this herd are relatively short and with big belly and they tend
to develop carcasses with excess back fat.
Poland China
Origin: South Western Ohio in the fertile area known as the Miami Valley. It is also known as
the “Hot Type” of “big type Poland China.”
Characteristics:
- this hog is black except for a small patch of white usually found on the feet, nose,
and end of the tail. These markings are often referred to as the “six white points.”
Hampshire
Origin: Southern England. The first Hampshire Swine Record was organized in Boone country,
Kentucky, just across the Ohio River from Cincinnati.
Characteristics:
- this breed is the easiest to identify.
- it is black with a white belt around the body in the region of the shoulders and
may have white markings on the legs and at the end of the tail.
- it has erect ears, quite long and nearly straight face, and a somewhat pointed
nose.
- it has a humped head which is jet black.
- this breed is the leanest breed present in the country.
- Disadvantages:
- low litter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering ability
- and late maturing.
- being black is also an objection because it is associated with thick backfat and
with difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughter.
Duroc Jersey
Origin: Eastern United States and in Corn Belt.
Characteristics:
- solid red in color, specifically cherry red.
- the Duroc Jersey originated from a combination of two types of red hogs that
existed in New York and New Jersey from 1800 to 1850 one known as the
“Duroc” and the other the “Jersey Red.”
- the sows are prolific and are good mothers.
- they produce pigs that are superior in growth rate and in feed conversion, and
their performance under rugged conditions is better than any of the white breeds.
Pietrain
Origin: Pietrain, Belgium, the village from which the breed takes its name, was the birthplace of
the breed.
Characteristics:
- this breed may be appropriately called the “muscle” pigs because it is well
known for its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin and shoulder.
- the backfat is very thin.
- the motherly ability is well within acceptable level.
Disadvantage:
- because of relatively well-muscled ham, the number one problem of this breed
is usually weakness of the hind legs which do not develop as fast as the ham
muscle.
- this breed is also known for being a slow grower and being highly susceptible to
stress.
2. The bacon type
- hogs of the bacon type are not commonly raised in the country. Among the pigs that belong
to this type are:
Yorkshire
- this breed is considered one of the most superior breed in litter size and mothering ability.
It performs well under confinement and produces well in crosses. The Yorkshire is pure
white and has a medium-length face with considerable dish.
Tamworth
- this breed is red in color. It has a fairly long, narrow, straight face.
List of other purebreds:

- spotted
- limousine
- chester white
- hereford
- tamworth
- large black
- chinese taihu pigs
- funjiang
- meishan
- janxiang blackerhualan
Meishan
- perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in the world.
- known for its wrinkled face and skin.
- large litter size of 15-16 pigs.
Signs of Estrous (useful in heat detection):

1. frequent mounting
2. restless activity
3. swelling of the vulva
4. discharges from the vulva
5. frequent urination
6. occasional loud grunting
7. stands still with ears erect when mounted, or when pressed at the rump
Best time to breed or inseminate in females in heat (time in relation to duration of heat):
Sow: Last half of estrus

Gilts: 2nd day of estrus
Gestation period ranges from 110 to 120 days; 114 is the average. During this period, the sow
should be individually confined to prevent fighting with other sows and to restrict her activity and
feed consumption.
Common Terms:
Farrow – to give birth to young pigs.
Farrowing – refers to the act of giving birth in swine.
Fertility – the capacity to reproduce successfully (both male and female).
Gestation – pregnancy, lasting about 114 days in swine.
Gilt – young females that have not yet produced a litter.
Herd – a group of pigs.
Hogs – refers to a domestic swine of either sex especially weighing more than 50
kilograms.
Infertility – refers to temporary loss of fertility.
Lactation – the period of milk secretion.
Litter – a group of pigs belonging to one gestating.
Litter Size – refers to the number of pigs born in one farrowing
Parturition – the process or act of giving birth to young.
Porker – market pig between 30 kg (66 lb) and about 54 kg (119 lb.) dressed weight.
Prolificacy – the number of live offspring per parturition.
Puberty – time at which first estrus occurs in females, usually at 6 mos. of age, but depends
on breed, environment and season of the year. Puberty is more gradual in boars progressing
over 5 to 18 mos. of age from onset to full maturity.
Sow – an adult female usually kept for breeding and has farrowed at least once.
Sterility – is permanent loss of fertility.
Wean – to cease/stop milking.
Horse isa domesticated large single hoofed mammal with a short-haired coat, long mane, and
a long tail used for riding, pulling or carrying loads.
Horse, (Equus caballus), a hoofed herbivorous mammal of the family Equidae. It

comprises a single species, Equus caballus, whose numerous varieties are called breeds. Before
the advent of mechanized vehicles, the horse was widely used as a draft animal, and riding on
horseback was one of the chief means of transportation.
Common Terms:
Colt – is a male horse under 3 years of age.
Filly – is a female horse under 3 years of age.
Foal – is a young equine under 1 year of age.
Gelding – is a castrated male horse.
Mare – is a female horse after 4th birthday.
Stallion – is an intact male horse.
Rabbit is a mammal of the family Leporidae or the domesticated Old World species
Oryctolagus cuniculus.
In the Philippines, rabbits have mostly been nurtured as pets and not as meat sources. This
may be one of the main reasons why many Filipinos still do not welcome the idea of consuming
rabbits. With the escalating prices of pork and chicken products, it might be time to consider
alternative meat sources such as rabbit meat.
The Department of Agriculture (DA) also sees rabbit meat as a potential replacement for
pork as they are also a good source of protein. It is believed that rabbits were brought to the
Philippines after World War II to address the food scarcity caused by the war. Along the way,
many have forgotten this idea and considered rabbits as household pets instead.
Aside from raising rabbits for meat or selling them as breeders, pets, and live animals for
other uses, rabbit raisers can also take advantage of their byproducts like their manure as
fertilizer, wool, paws and tails for key chains, and many more. Some rabbit farms in the
Philippines also offer training and seminars on rabbit farming, something that other raisers can
also do to earn more profit. Through workshops and seminars, anyone can learn the proper
housing and equipment for the rabbits and even how to prepare and cook their meat in different
ways.
It may look like that the rabbit industry still has a long way to go before the mainstream
acceptance of rabbit meat, but with the collective efforts of private rabbit raisers, organizations
like the Association of Rabbit Meat Producers, Inc. (ARaMP), and the government, it’s only a
matter of time when it will be recognized as a major livestock animal in the country.
(https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/18/a-basic-guide-to-raising-rabbits-for-food/)
Many breeds of rabbits are produced commercially in other country. Rabbits are classified
according to their weight or hair. The weight categories are small (3 to 4 pounds), medium (9
to 12 pounds), and large (14 to 16 pounds). Some of the most popular breeds are listed in the
following table.
Breeds Size Use Mature Weight (lbs)

Angora medium wool; meat 9-12
American Chinchilla medium fur 9-12
Californian medium meat 8-11
Champagne d'Argent medium meat 9-12
Checkered Giants large fur 11+
Dutch small lab 3-6
English Spot medium meat; lab 9-13
Flemish Giants large meat 13+
Himalayan small lab 2-6
New Zealand medium meat 9-12
Polish small lab 3-4
Rex medium fur 8-11
Silver Martens medium fur 6-10
Breeding
Medium-weight breeds (9 to 12 pounds) are able to start breeding at 6 to 7 months of age,

with males maturing one month later than females. Because outward signs of heat are not
always evident in mature does, you should follow a strict breeding schedule. One buck can
service about 10 does but no more than two to three times a week. Place the female in the
buck's cage for breeding. Never bring the buck to the doe's cage because she will fight to
protect her territory. Mating should occur immediately, and the doe should then be returned to
her cage.
The average gestation period lasts 31 to 32 days.
Common Terms:
Buck – is a male rabbit.
Doe – is a female rabbit.
Fryer or “younger rabbit” is a rabbit that is 2 months old and weighs 3 ¾ lbs. to 4 ½ lbs.
Kit – is a baby rabbit.
Rabbitry – is where owners keep their herd of rabbits in separate cages.
Stewer – or “mature rabbit” is a rabbit 3 months of age or older averaging 6 pounds or more.
Warren – is where owners keep their herd of rabbits as a group in a large cage or enclosure.
Problems in Livestock Production:
Swine Meat: Pork production dropping about 10 percent in 2020 as African Swine Fever
(ASF) continues to spread throughout the country, both in Luzon and more recently in Mindanao.
The Philippine Department of Agriculture has announced that as of March 10, about two percent
(237,000 pigs) of the country’s total 12.8 million hogs have been culled. However, other industry
experts have mentioned that up to 30 percent of hogs may be affected by the disease. Although
lower than the previous year due to reduced supply, pork demand is seen to normalize from the
drop in late 2019. Consumers initially had concerns about the safety of pork during the initial
spread of the disease, but demand has since recovered.
Chicken Meat: Broiler production is forecast to surge by 10 percent in 2020, as broiler

raisers continue to ramp up production to augment the decline in pork production from ASF. Post
lowered chicken meat imports due to possible delays in shipments and supply disruptions from the
spread of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Industry reports that there are ample stocks of imported
and local chicken in cold storage facilities due to some slowdown in demand related to COVID-
19, particularly by the fastfood chains and quick service restaurants. On March 16, 2020, the
Philippines confirmed a positive case of H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on a
quail farm in Nueva Ecija. Philippine industry does not expect this HPAI case to have a significant
impact on the broiler sector.
Beef: Beef production to increase marginally in 2020 due to attractive prices. Farm gate
prices have increased by P15-20/kg (in the last quarter of 2019) and an increase in slaughter (even
at a lower weight/age) has been observed due to strong demand for beef. However, limited
pasturelands and a lack of new breeding animals will be a constraint on further growth. Moreover,
the delays in trade caused by increased COVID-19 restrictions will also place more pressure on
local beef prices, as over half of the beef supply is imported. (https://apps.fas.usda.gov/)
IV. REFERENCES:
Book:
Frank Flanders, et al. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. 9th Edition. Copyright
2015.
E. Agbisit, et al. Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production. Animal and Dairy
Sciences Cluster, UPLB College, Laguna. Copyright 2014.
Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta. Handbook of Poultry Science and technology, Volume 1.
Copyright 2010.
Handbook in Poultry Raising, LDC Technical Bulletin No. 5. Livestock Development
Council, Department of Agriculture.
Lecture Notes in Animal Science 2. Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production.
Institute of Animal Science, UPLB, Laguna. Copyright 2003
Carl E. Balila. Ultimate Learning Guide to Agriculture and Fishery Arts. Copyright 2019
Published Module:
Aljohn S. Bituin, et al. Agri-Fishery Arts Learning Module Part 1. Batangas State University,
Balayan Campus, Caloocan, Balayan, Batangas. Date Retrieved 02/15,2022.
Online Sources:
https://agriculturegoods.com/why-is-agriculture-important/
http://eagri.org/eagri50/AGRO101/lec01.pdf
https://grayson.agrilife.org/4hlivestock/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/baronreznik/14618269355
https://blog.ucbmsh.org
https://stock.adobe.com
https://stock.adobe.com
https://hortsciences.com
https://biology884893988.wordpress.com/sexual-reproduction-in-plants/
https://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-asexual-reproduction-in-plants/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67565
https://www.britannica.com/science/domestication
https://www.britannica.com/science/domestication
https://www.merriam-webster.com/
https://www.encyclopedia.com/
https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/18/a-basic-guide-to-raising-rabbits-for-food/)
https://extension.psu.edu/rabbit-production

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AGRI-FISHERY ARTS, PART II

(INTRODUCTION TO AGRI-FISHERY ARTS PART 2)

MODULE 2 – ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK)

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

III. LEARNING PLAN:

The Chicken: Classes, Breeds and Varieties

3. Dual purpose type

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Food and

Domesticated livestock have played a pivotal role in the development of human

Terms relating to Livestock Animals:

Scientific Name: Indian/Humped - Bos indicus

Characteristics of Zebu breeds as compared to temperate breeds:

There are 278 identifiable breeds worldwide

Beef Production System in the Philippines

Common name: Carabao (Water Buffalo)

Breeds of Carabao in the Philippines (Buffalo Breeds):

Scientific Name: Capra hircus

Sheep is known as “biological lawn mower” (essentially grazers)

Scientific Name: Ovies aries

Basic differences between goat and sheep

Age at first breeding

Male to Female Ratio:

A breed refers to a stock of animals or plants within a species having a distinctive

1. The Philippine Native Swine

There are five strains of native pigs in the Philippines

Two Types: 1) lard type 2) bacon type

1. The lard type

List of other purebreds:

Signs of Estrous (useful in heat detection):

Sow: Last half of estrus

Horse, (Equus caballus), a hoofed herbivorous mammal of the family Equidae. It

Breeds Size Use Mature Weight (lbs)

Medium-weight breeds (9 to 12 pounds) are able to start breeding at 6 to 7 months of age,

The average gestation period lasts 31 to 32 days.

Problems in Livestock Production:

Chicken Meat: Broiler production is forecast to surge by 10 percent in 2020, as broiler

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