11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Education
and Health 2
Quarter 4 – Module 4c-4d: Weeks 5-8
Organization and Management of Sports

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Physical Education and Health 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4c-4d: Organization and Management of Sports
Second Edition, 2022

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 You may have heard about tournaments that are organized for
different sports in your area. As Filipinos, we consider ourselves as sports
enthusiasts and played sports as one of our recreational activities. In the
past years, a fiesta celebration will never be complete without conducting
any sports tournament. We also look forward to the yearly sports
competitions held in our respective schools such as intramurals. Aside from
the fun and having a break from work and school life, sports events are also
a good opportunity to develop camaraderie and good relationship among
peers. But in this pandemic time, leagues and tournament enter a new
realm and follows certain new standards that become a challenge in the
sports world.
This module will help you understand better how organization and
management of sports competitions work. In the organization and
management of sports competition, we will take into consideration what type
of tournament is to be conducted, the equipment needed, the type of
activity, the officials needed, the finance/budget and health and safety of
the individuals. In this module, we will be discussing and learning all these
things so that we would be able to apply these once this pandemic will end
and sports competitions will be able to be conducted in our respective
places or schools.

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 What I Know

PRE- ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and understand the statements carefully. Choose the best
answer for each of the following questions. Write only the letter of the correct
answer in your notebook.

1. This is the process by which key personnel provide leadership so that an

organization can function efficiently and effectively in achieving the goals for
which it exists.
A. Controlling C. Planning
B. Management D. Staffing
2. This is the type of tournament that is also called as “knock-out” system.
A. Double elimination C. Round Robin
B. Ladder Tournament D. Single elimination
3. If there are 10 teams that would join in a tournament and you have a very
limited time to conduct the sports competition, what would be the best type of
tournament to be used?
A. Double elimination C. Round Robin
B. Ladder Tournament D. Single elimination
4. Which among the following is NOT a quality of a good leader?
A. Administrative mind C. Good Human relations
B. Awareness of work D. Unhealthy and unfit
5. It refers to a head-to-head competition where the two competitors compete to
first win most of the games allotted to win the "series".
A. Best of format C. Round Robin
B. Hybrid Style D. Single Elimination

What’s In

According to DeSensi, et. al. (2003), “Sport management involves any

combination of skills related to planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting,
leading, and evaluating within the context of an organization or department whose
primary product or service is related to sport or physical activity”.
Meanwhile Petronel (2013) defines, “Management as an art of leading an
enterprise by combining the resources it possesses (human, physical, financial,
informational) in order to attain the objectives in conditions of maximum output”. She
added that, “the management system ensures the exercise of the management
functions and relations within the organization, being defined as the totality of the
decisional, organizational, informational, motivational elements in the organization, by
means of which the totality of the management processes and relations are exercised,
in view of obtaining the highest efficiency possible”.

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Task 1: Name It!
Directions: Guess the particular word these picture clues are referring to. The words
are related to functions of Management. Write your answers in your PE and Health
Notebooks.

1.
+ =

https://bit.ly/3nv463K https://bit.ly/32VS8GM

- air - gun fire

2. + + =

https://bit.ly/3dWwSHe https://bit.ly/3gHbt6E-1 https://www.timeout.com

3.
+ =

https://bit.ly/3dYaTzH https://nbcnews.to/3aJjST6

- toys - cook

4.
+ =

https://bit.ly/3nu3Sd9 https://bit.ly/3aKCYsm

- back ride

+ + =
5.

https://bit.ly/3nEsX5f https://bit.ly/3tZOnft https://bit.ly/3dX9A3L

- fence

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 What’s New

According to https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/, “Sports management is an

occupation that requires excellence in leadership in order to perform the job
successfully. There are several aspects involved in being a good sports manager that
demand motivation, direction, organization, planning, patience, flexibility, vision,
energy, integrity, and people skills. These traits are absolutely essential in becoming
one of the best in the industry of sport management.”
Importance of Management:
1. Helps in assisting individuals to achieve their objectives or goals.
2. Gives guidelines in the collaborative work of people.
3. Helps the in assessing their development, efficiency and accomplishment of
goals.
4. Sees to it that the members within the group are cooperating and productive.

What is It

In https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/, “sports managers must be leaders,

motivators, and organizers. They should be able to inspire people to work together to
reach shared goals and experience success as a team”. The website introduces the
different functions of leader in sport management:

• Planning. It is the designing or identifying the method to be used in managing

sports competitions.
• Motivating. It is stimulating the desire and willingness of everyone to work
harmoniously and effectively.
• Organizing. It is implementing the plan in a systematic way.
• Staffing or Tasking. It includes assigning tasks to willing and qualified
people.
• Leading. It is supervising all personnel involved in the program.
• Controlling. It is the measurement and correction of performance to make
sure that objectives and plans are accomplished.

The website added that, “aside from the different functions of a sports leader
given above, problem-solving, decision making, and critical thinking skills are also
necessary in the field of sport management. These are the qualities that contribute to
the success of the team or organization. Decisions are often made quickly and wisely,
therefore the information must be critically analyzed to avoid unpleasant situations”.
Furthermore, the website introduces some of the different sports committee to
properly deliver and cater all the needs of the organization.

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 • Finance and Resources - raises funds for the expenses of all the committees
and prepare statements of accounts at the end of the meet.
• Program and Invitation - prepares program of activities and invitations and
sends them all concerned in due time.
• Peace and Order – provides and maintains round-the-clock general order and
security in all the venues.
• Physical Facilities – prepares the necessary facilities and venues needed in
the sports events.
• Equipment – makes sure that the equipment for the sports events is available
and distributed before the competitions.
• Prizes and Awards – prepares medals trophies, plaques, certificates, awards
etc., to be given to the winners
• Technical Committee – investigates and decides on all protests, appeals, or
violations regarding the conduct of the games.

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

In https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/ , “As sports managers, one of the tasks is

organizing a sports tournament. In a sports tournament, it should have a good
scheduling of games to avoid confusion among the participants. The success of a
tournament depends on how well it is planned”.
The website introduces several factors to be considered in determining the
types of tournament to be used. Among them are the following:

• Facilities
• Availability of facilities and equipment
• Number of days for the tournament
• Officiating officials

There are different types of tournament depending on the available time, space
and the number of participating teams. Here are some of the different tournaments
used:
A. SINGLE ELIMINATION
According to John Byl (2014), in “a single
elimination, the greatest appeal of the single-elimination
tournament is its simplicity”. He explains that, “losers are
eliminated, and winners advance to the next round until
only one contestant remains the tournament champion.
The single-elimination tourney is valuable when the
number of entries is large, time is short, and the number https://bit.ly/3aHFq2A
of locations is limited. Of all the tournaments, this one
requires the fewest games (or matches); however, half the participants are eliminated
after one game, and only a quarter of the participants remain after the second round.
When more extensive participation is important and more locations and time are
available, a single-elimination tournament is probably not our best choice”.

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 He further explains and introduces the step-by-step process on how to
formulate and plot the single elimination:
Step 1. Find the Number of Games
The first thing a tournament manager should do is to determine the number
of games. The formula used in determining the number of games to be played in
single elimination type of a tournament is:
Formula:
G=N–1 where G – number of games
N – number of teams
Example:
N = 6 teams
G = 6 – 1 = 5 (number of games to be played)

Step 2. Find the number of byes and teams to play in the 1 st round
To avoid having an uneven number of teams to play in the second round of the
tournament, the number of byes in the first round must be determined first. A bye
entitles a team to advance to the next round without playing.
Formula:
Bye = P² - N where P² - Perfect Power of 2 (2,4,6,8…)
N - number of teams
Formula:
Teams to play in 1st Round = N - Bye

Note: If the number of teams (N) is NOT a Perfect Power, you must use the least
perfect power of 2 higher than N. However, if N is a perfect power, you must use
the same number.
Example: 6 – number of teams
8 – least power of 2 higher than N
Bye = 8 – 6
Bye = 2 (number of byes)
Teams to play in 1st round = 6 – 2
= 4 (teams to play in the 1st round)

Step 3. Diagramming/Plotting
E
G3
A
G1
B
G5 CHAMPION
C
G2
D
G4
F https://printerfriend.ly/brackets/6-teams/

The diagram shows six teams competing in a single elimination tournament.

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Task 2. Do this! Solve and Plot for a Single Elimination
A certain high school will conduct its annual sports intramurals. There are 10
participating teams in volleyball. You are given the chance to be the tournament
director. Solve and construct a diagram for a single elimination type of tournament.
Determine the number of rounds and byes in a tournament. Write your answers in your
notebook.

B. DOUBLE ELIMINATION
According to Scott Kendrick (2019), “a double-elimination tournament is one of
the more complicated to understand tournament styles, but it's a great format for sports
that often consist of series games. A double-elimination tournament allows a team to
lose and still have a chance to win the tournament as a whole”.
Kendrick (2019), further explains and introduces the step by step process on
how to formulate and plot the double elimination:
Step 1: Find the number of Games

Formula: Example:
G = 2 (N – 1) N = 11

Where G – number of games G = 2 (11 – 1)

N – number of teams G = 2 (10) = 20 games

Step 2. Find the number of byes and teams to play in the 1 st round

Determine the number of byes using the formula for single elimination for byes
and distribute them for evenly in the upper and lower brackets. Then, find the number
of teams to play in the first round by subtracting the number of byes to the number of
teams.

Formula:
Bye = P² - N where P² - Perfect Power of 2
N - number of teams
Formula:
Teams to play in 1st Round = N – Bye

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Example: (8 teams) Note: If you notice, we use the same
Bye = P² - N number for P² to the number of
Bye = 8 – 8 teams for N is a perfect power.
Bye = 0

Teams to play in the 1st round = N – bye

=8–0
=8

Step 3. Diagramming/Plotting

A double-elimination tournament is broken into two sets of brackets, the

Winners Bracket and Losers Bracket (W and L brackets for short; also, sometimes
Upper Bracket and Lower Bracket respectively). After the first round, the winners
proceed into the W Bracket and the losers proceed into the L Bracket. The W Bracket
is conducted in the same manner as a single-elimination tournament, except of course
that the losers of each round “drop down” into the L Bracket.

https://www.baberuthleague.rg/media/11198/8team.pdf

Note: If winner 13 wins game 14, there shall be a playoff because winner 11 must be
beaten twice.
Task 3. Solve and Plot for Double Elimination
An invitational basketball tournament will be held in your barangay. Six
basketball teams signified their intention to join. You were assigned as tournament

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manager. Using double elimination type of tournament, compute and construct a
diagram for six participating teams. Write your answers in your notebook.

C. ROUND ROBIN
According to Arunachalam (2002), “In a Round Robin tournament every
team plays every other team. There is a systematic approach to scheduling a Round
Robin tournament. This method assumes that there are enough fields / pitches / courts
so that all the games in a round can be played simultaneously.”
Arunachalam (2002), further explains and introduces the formula to determine
the number of games to be played in the round robin type of tournament.
Step 1
Example:
Six teams competing in a round robin
N ( N−1)
G=
2
where G = number of games
N = number of teams
6 ( 6−1) 6( 5) 30
G= 2
= =
2 2

G = ฀฀฀฀

Step 2 Diagramming/Plotting
ROUND 1 ROUND 2 ROUND 3 ROUND 4 ROUND 5
A vs. D A vs. B A vs. C A vs. F A vs. E
B vs. E C vs. D F vs. B E vs. C E vs. F
C vs. F F vs. E E vs. D D vs. B B vs. C

a. With each letter representing a team, arrange the teams evenly in two vertical
columns. Pair the teams that are adjacent in each column. Thus, in the first
round of six teams, you will have Team A vs Team D, Team B vs Team E and
Team C vs Team F.
b. Rotate the letters counterclockwise in the two columns for the next round. Pair
the teams. Rotate the numbers again for each subsequent round.

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 c. All letter A are constant for even teams. However, if the number of
participating team is odd number, all the letters must turn counterclockwise.

Breaking Ties in a Round Robin Tournament

Oftentimes, in a single round robin and double round robin tournament, two
competing teams might have the same number of wins and losses. If this happens,
the tie should be broken to determine the placement of each team.
In https://www.printyourbrackets.com/, here are the steps in breaking ties:
1. In case of a tie between 2 teams, the standard procedure for a two-team tie
would be to use the head-to-head match. The team that beat the other team
should be declared the winner. If you are running a double round robin and the
two teams split the series, you should use the point differential between the two
matches. The team that won by the most points would be declared the winner.
2. If there is a triple time among teams:
a) Check the record of each team against the other teams that have tied. If
one team has a better record, they would be declared the winner. If there
is still at tie, move to step b.
b) Tally up the point differential in each match against the other tied teams.
The team that has the largest point differential should be declared the
winner. If there is still at tie, move to step c.
c) Use total points scored against the other tied teams. If there is still at tie,
use total points scored against all teams. If there is still a tie, move to
step d.
d) At this point, just pull out a coin and do it the old-fashioned way.
3. The “quotient system” can also be used in breaking a triple tie. A quotient,
simply put, is the difference between the total points scored by a team and
those scored by its opponents. If teams end up with identical win-loss records,
the one with the better quotient is ranked higher in the standings. (Dominic
Menor, 2016).

Task 4. Designing a Round Robin Tournament

Make a diagram of a single round robin tournament where there are eight teams
competing. Apply the rules on how to break a triple tie. Write your answer in your
notebook.

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 What’s More

HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES AND CONCERNS IN ORGANZING A SPORT

EVENT
Jonathan Finnoff (2020) explains that “although there are not yet any specific
scientific studies evaluating the risk of COVID-19 transmission in sport, it is logical that
certain sports will have a higher risk than others. Furthermore, since COVID-19 can
result in critical illness or death, consideration of the inherent risk associated with
different sports should be part of the planning process”.
He further proposes risk stratification scale for COVID-19 transmission in
sports:
A. High Risk: Sports that involve close, sustained contact between participants, lack
of significant protective barriers, and high probability that respiratory particles will
be transmitted between participants.
Examples: wrestling, boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, rugby
B. Moderately Risk: Sports that involve close, sustained contact, but with protective
equipment in place that may reduce the likelihood of respiratory particle
transmission between participants or intermittent close contact or group sports or
sports that use equipment that can’t be cleaned between participants
Examples: bobsleigh, doubles luge, multi-person rowing, multi-person
kayaking, multi-person canoeing, basketball, volleyball, baseball, soccer, water
polo, gymnastics (if equipment can’t be sufficiently cleaned between
competitors), hockey, table tennis, tennis, swimming relays, synchronized
diving, pole vault, high jump, long jump, artistic swimming, badminton, fencing,
cycling in a group, running in a group, triathlon, modern pentathlon, group
sailing, cross country skiing, biathlon, Nordic combined, short track
speedskating, speed skating in a group
C. Low Risk: Sports that can be done with social distancing or individually with no
sharing of equipment or the ability to clean the equipment between use by
competitors
Example: Archery, shooting, individual running events, individual cycling
events, individual swimming, individual canoeing, individual kayaking, individual
rowing, individual diving, equestrian dressage or eventing, golf, individual
sailing, skateboarding, sport climbing, trampoline, weightlifting, alpine skiing,
single luge, curling, freestyle skiing, individual speedskating, snowboarding, ski
jumping
He also explains that “high risk sports should be avoided until risk mitigation
measures can be performed that eliminate the risk of COVID-19 transmission between
competitors”.
Potential ways this could be accomplish include:
1. Determining that no competitors participating in the event has COVID-19 by:

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 a. Isolating each athlete for 14 days prior to the competition and ensuring they
don’t develop any signs or symptoms of COVID-19, or
b. Having two negative COVID-19 tests 24 hours apart within a few days of the
competition and ensuring the athletes are isolated from the time of the tests
until the competition.
He added that “moderate risk sports should be avoided until the risk of COVID-
19 between competitors can be eliminated (see above) or measures can be taken to
make the sport low risk such as switching group activities to individual activities (e.g.,
running, cycling, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, etc.)
Finally, he also explains that “low risk sports can be planned when public health
officials and government authorities will allow the competition and appropriate event
planning takes place.

What I Have Learned

I have learned that ________________ ________________ ______.

I have realized that ________________ _________________ _____.

I will apply _____________ _________________ _______________.

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 What I Can Do
Task 5: Tournament Proposal
Note: This activity is optional. Please refer to your weekly home learning plan or
seek guidance from your subject teacher.

Directions: Plan on how to organize a sports competition in your barangay.

Remember to follow safety health protocols to stop the spread of the virus. Follow the
guidelines below:
a. Introduction/overview
- Write and Introduction/overview on the content of your
tournament proposal. This may include the type of sports that will
be played, etc.
b. Playing Venue
- Take a picture and write a short narrative on the Playing Venue.
c. Tournament Rules
- Craft rules and regulations in the conduct of the game. Rules of
all sporting events may also be included in this part. Your
tournament can either be invitational or not.
d. Proposed Budget Allocation.
- Create a budget proposal for the conduct of the tournament. This
includes budget for the equipment, prizes, trophies, food, and
others.
e. Proposed Number of Teams and Type of Tournament
- Compute and draft the diagram of at least two types of the
tournament to be used in your proposal. This could either be single
elimination, double elimination, or round robin.
f. Tournament Schedule
- Out from your crafted diagram, create the proposed schedule of the
games using the following format:

Game Time Teams to Venue Date

Number Play
Ex.
1 7:00 pm – 8:00 pm Team A vs Team Macias Sports June 13, 2022
B Complex

g. Recommendation
- Write your recommendations to your barangay officials for the
conduct of the game. This may include some improvements and
findings on the venue, health protocols and others.

Note: Use short bond paper and folder for the tournament proposal. Don’t forget to include
the title page with the name of your barangay and your name.

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 Assessment
I. Multiple Choice: Read the statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer
for each of the following questions. Write your answers in your PE and Health
notebook.
1. A format where once you lose you are eliminated.
A. Double Elimination C. Round Robin
B. Ladder Tournament D. Single Elimination
2. How many wins would a team need to win in a best of 7 game series?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 7
3. A format that a team must be beaten twice in order to be eliminated
A. Double Elimination C. Round Robin
B. Ladder Tournament D. Single Elimination
4. A system that all playoff contenders play each other an equal number of times,
usually once or twice in a group.
A. Double Elimination C. Round Robin
B. Ladder Tournament D. Single Elimination
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of a manager?
A. Awarding C. Leading
B. Controlling D. Organizing
II. Essay: Answer the following:
1. If you were assigned as a sports manager, how would you ensure the success
of this competition?
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. How can we minimize cheating and abuses in sports?
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Do you believe that victory should be the ultimate goal of any sports
competition? Why do you think so?
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Additional Activities

Task 6: The Tournament

Note: This activity is optional. Please refer to your weekly home learning plan or
seek guidance from your subject teacher.

Instructions: Design a poster of your proposed tournament. Make sure to include

reminders on the safety and health concerns of the individuals. Lastly, make it
appealing and colorful.

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 Answer Key

Controlling 5.
Leading 4. Answers may vary.
Staffing 3.
Organizing 2. II.
Planning 1. A 5.
Task 1 C 4.
A 3.
A 5. C 2.
D 4.
D 3.
D 1.
D 2.
B 1. Post-Test

Pre-Test

References
Byl, John. n.d. Human Kinetics. Accessed May 4, 2021.
https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/understanding-tournaments-and-leagues.

Coo, Cristián, and et.al. 2021. Science Direct. Accessed May 4, 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321005713.
et.al, Vivian R. Lugue. 2016. Our World of MAPEH. Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.

Finnoff, Jonathan. 2020. ACSM. April 28. Accessed May 4, 2021. chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.
acsm.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fcovid-19-reopening-resources%2Fusopc-sports-
event-planning-considerations---
v3.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D22e4a748_2&clen=228578&chunk=true.

Kendrick, Scott. 2019. Live About. April 18. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://www.liveabout.com/how-
does-a-double-elimination-tournament-work-
320037#:~:text=A%20double%2Delimination%20tournament%20is%20broken%20into%20t
wo%20sets%20of,make%20it%20to%20the%20championship.

Menor, Dominic. 2016. ABS CBN. December 30. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://news.abs-
cbn.com/sports/12/29/16/pba-teams-jockeying-for-playoff-position-need-to-win-and-win-
big.
2020. Ohio University. November 13. Accessed May 4, 2021.
https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/effective-leadership-of-sports-
programs/#:~:text=The%20Ohio%20University%20online%20Master's,a%20pioneer%20in%2
0sports%20education.
2014. Physical Education & Health Learner’s Material 10. Pasig City: Department of Education.

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n.d. printyourbrackets. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://www.printyourbrackets.com/tiebreaker-in-
round-robin-tournaments.html.

n.d. shapeamerica.org. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://www.shapeamerica.org/career/fields/sport-

management.aspx.

Y, Arunachalam. 2019. nrich.maths. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://nrich.maths.org/1443.

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