Answers

CHAPTER 1 5. B Centrioles produce spindle fibres to help the movement of

chromosomes during cell division.
Paper 1 6. B Matured erythrocytes do not contain nucleus because it gives
more space for haemoglobin.
1. C Biology is the science of life and living things.
7. D –
2. A Biology is a branch of scientific knowledge and encompasses
8. C Pancreatic cells contain high amount of rough endoplasmic
manipulative techniques in science.
reticulum to produce digestive enzymes.
3. D –
9. A Lysosome contains digestive enzymes which also named as
4. A Biology curriculum enables students to understand living things hydrolytic enzymes to break down the macromolecules and
and sharpens students’ thinking. worn-out organelles.
5. D Biology is the science that covers only living things, and the 10. B Organelle P is rough endoplasmic reticulum which function to
relationship between all living things and the environment. transport protein which is synthesised by ribosome.
6. B Gregor Johann Mendel is the Father of Modern Genetics. 11. D Endurance training increases the number and size of
7. A Gynaecology is a medical practice that addresses the health of mitochondria.
the female reproductive system. 12. A –
8. D Kitchen apron is usually for cooking in the kitchen. 13. C –
9. A Face mask can help to protect the entire face of the researcher. 14. C –
10. B Materials with a pH value between 5 and 9 will not damage and 15. A –
corrode the laboratory sink.
16. D The nucleus has chromosomes that contain ribonucleic acid,

Chapter 1 – Chapter 2
11. A Category A is sharp wastes. Sharp waste is easy to break the while mitochondria and chloroplasts contain little amount of
thin containers. Therefore, it needs to be inserted into specially deoxyribonucleic acids.
prepared containers.
17. D Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports protein made by
12. A Microorganisms can only be destroyed at a temperature of 121°C ribosomes, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and
and a pressure of 15 psi for 20 minutes. transports lipids.
13. C Only harmless specimens can be dumped in the bin. 18. B Cytoplasm can help to fill the whole cell and to maintain the cell
14. C – shape.
15. B – 19. A Nucleolus is inside the nucleus and is used to synthesise DNA.
16. D A good biological drawing requires a label. 20. A Muscle cell needs large number of mitochondria to produce
energy for movement.
17. B –
21. C A is a nerve cell, B is a white blood cell and D is a sperm cell
18. A –
that are found in a multicellular organism. C is a Paramecium
19. C – which is a unicellular organism.
20. B – 22. B In freshwater, Amoeba sp. is hypertonic towards water. The water
10 × 10 from the surrounding undergoes osmosis into Amoeba sp. So,
21. D Magnification factor of drawing = = 10
10 Amoeba sp. requires contractile vacuoles to remove excess water
22. C The control set is a normal experimental set and does not carry from its body.
out changes to the material used in the experiment.
23. D P is cilium which helps to trap food and assist movement in
23. D Conclusions are made based on the situation observed. water.
24. A – 24. D Pseudopodia can be used for eating during phagocytosis as the
25. A – pseudopodia engulf the food.
26. B The steps of gathering relevant information, determining the 25. A As seawater is hypertonic towards the cytoplasm of Amoeba sp.,
apparatus and materials needed and identifying the variables the water will undergo osmosis to move out of the Amoeba sp.
involved are steps in planning the investigation. making it shrink.
27. C – 26. A Phagocytosis is the process involved in eating for Amoeba sp.
28. C – 27. B Both of them are made up of only one cell.
29. B – 28. C –
30. D – 29. C This is an adipose tissue. The adipose tissue helps to store fats.
30. A –
CHAPTER 2 31. D Sperm cells can be found in the male reproductive system and
red blood cells can be found in the circulatory system.
PAPER 1 32. B Mitochondrion is required in large amounts to provide enough
1. A Mitochondrion has an oval shape, and two layers of membrane, energy to cardiac muscle tissue to function.
which is smooth on the outside and folded on the inside. 33. A Trachea contains epithelial tissue with cilia to filter the dust
2. C P is the Golgi apparatus that processes, modifies and packages particles in inhaled air.
proteins but Q is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum that 34. A Heart contains cardiac muscle tissues, but skeletal muscle tissues
synthesizes lipid. are attached to bones.
3. D Ribosome is the site to synthesise protein in the cell. 35. C –
4. A P is cell wall of the plant cell. It allows substances to move 36. D Cartilage is a soft connective tissue to provide protection and
through it freely. support for the body.

1
 37. D Nervous tissue helps to receive stimuli, transmit nerve impulses
and give responses.
38. B Guard cells contains high amount of chloroplast to enable the
guard cells to carry out photosynthesis so that to control the
opening and closing of stoma.
39. C P is an organ. The brain is an example of an organ.
40. A P is an organ. The fruit is an example of an organ.
41. D –
42. B Integumentary system involves the skin, which protects the body
from physical injury, infection and dehydration.
43. A The heart is an organ that is made up of cardiac muscles.
44. C Shivering and contraction of erector muscles produce or
conserve heat in the body and maintain the body temperature.
45. A Kidneys are involved in osmoregulation process. Kidneys are the
organ in the excretory system.
CHAPTER 3
PAPER 1
1. A –
2. D The shape of plant cells is maintained by the cell wall.
3. C P is the hydrophilic head and Q is the hydrophobic tail.
4. D Cholesterol is a component of plasma membrane and can also be
Chapter 2 – Chapter 3
used to synthesise steroid.
5. A –
6. B –
7. A R is the hydrophilic head of phospholipid molecule which can
dissolve in water.
8. C The large cholesterol molecules prevent the movement of
phospholipid molecules.
9. C All the hydrophobic tails of the fatty acids will interact with each
other in the middle of the phospholipid bilayer.
10. A Phospholipid molecules contains hydrophobic area which is
made up of hydrophobic tails that does not allow the water-
soluble molecules to pass through.
11. B Carbon dioxide is a very small non-polar molecule that can
pass through the plasma membrane and fatty acids are non-
polar which can undergo simple diffusion through the plasma
membrane.
12. D Facilitated diffusion requires carrier protein to carry polar
molecules through the plasma membrane without usage of
energy.
13. A A membrane with microvilli increases the surface area for
diffusion to take place.
14. D Concentration gradient will exist when one of the solutions
has high solute concentration and the other has low solute
concentration at two sides of the plasma membrane.
15. A The soil has low solute concentration solution and root hair
cells have high solute concentration solution to enable the water
molecules to diffuse from soil to root hair cells through osmosis.
16. C Water molecules are small enough to diffuse from 0.5% sucrose
solution to 20% sucrose solution through the semi-permeable
membrane by osmosis. However, the sucrose molecules are too
large to pass through the semi-permeable membrane.
17. B The concentration gradient between 35% sucrose solution and
water is the steepest to enable more water molecules to diffuse
from water (Y) to 35% sucrose solution (X) to give the highest
position of level.
18. D Only simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion of molecules
move down the concentration gradient.
19. A In the condition where there is a lack of oxygen, cellular
respiration is unable to be carried out. Hence, no energy is
produced, and active transport cannot be carried out.
20. B Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are passive transport,
and the solute will move down the concentration gradient.
2
21. C It is an active transport. The energy from ATP is required to
change the conformation of the carrier protein to transport the
sodium ions across the plasma membrane.
22. D Pond water contains low concentration of mineral ions. Hence,
the Nitella sp. sap cell needs active transport to transport the
mineral ions across its plasma membrane.
23. A Water molecules diffuse out from 10 % sucrose solution to the
water (P) though osmosis.
24. D Solution P should be more concentrated than 10% sucrose
solution, in order to cause osmosis of water to occur from 10%
sucrose solution to solution P.
25. A –
26. C 0.15% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic compared to
the human red blood cells. Hence, water from 0.15% sodium
chloride solution diffuses into the human red blood cells through
osmosis and cause the human red blood cells swell and burst.
The bursting process is known as haemolysis.
27. C –
28. D The onion cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution. The
water from the hypotonic solution diffuses into the onion cells
(hypertonic) through osmosis to cause the onion cells to become
turgid.
29. A Water molecules of the distilled water in the boiling tube diffuse
into the Visking tube by osmosis. At the same time, the sucrose
molecules are too big to pass through the Visking tube. Hence,
the sucrose solution in the Visking tube will gradually become
more dilute.
30. B The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of
osmosis to make the water level drop further from position P.
31. C Solution P is hypotonic to potato strip. Solution Q is isotonic to
potato strip. Solutions R and S are hypertonic to potato strip.
32. B Water molecules diffuse from water (hypotonic) to potato
(hypertonic) and from potato (hypotonic) to the concentrated
sucrose solution (hypertonic) by osmosis.
33. C The osmotic concentration of erythrocyte is the concentration
where no red blood cells will burst or shrink.
34. A At X, all the red blood cells burst and at Y, all the red blood cells
shrink.
35. D Osmosis of water can occur to the part without epidermis but
cannot occur to the part with epidermis.
36. B Adding water to the soil can dilute the salt solution in the soil
and turn it hypotonic to the root cells of the plant, so that the
water can diffuse into the root cells by osmosis.
37. A –
38. C Salt solution is hypertonic to potato slices. The water molecules
diffuse out of the potato slices (hypotonic) to the salt solution
(hypertonic) by osmosis.
39. C Soil water will become hypotonic when the plant is watered so
that the water from the soil diffuses into the plant and the plant
will be deplasmolysed.
40. D Unboiled strip of yam maintains the yam cells alive to carry out
transport across the plasma membrane. As the strip of yam is
placed in distilled water, the water molecules diffuse from the
water (hypotonic) to the strip of yam (hypertonic) to make the
strip becomes larger.
41. B In salt solution, the concentration gradient between the salt
solution and the Paramecium sp. becomes flatter. Hence, less
water diffuses into Paramecium sp. and the contractile vacuole
which carries out osmoregulation, contracts at a slower speed.
42. A –
43. A –
44. C The water molecules from the tap water (hypotonic) diffuse
into the cells of the leafy vegetables (hypertonic) to make the
vegetables cells undergo deplasmolysis.
45. D –
CHAPTER 4
PAPER 1
1. A –
2. A –
3. C Water has maximum density at 4 °C.
4. B Almost 70 % of body weight is composed of water.
5. D –
6. B Water molecule has the polarity to attract many other different
types of molecules.
7. D The maximum density of water at 4 °C makes the ice floats on
water to prevent heat lost from water and the water at the bottom
of ice does not freeze to keep the fishes alive.
8. A Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion of water
molecules to the walls of xylem vessels help the water molecules
to move up.
9. C Hydrolysis is the process to break down reactant (starch) to
products (maltose) using water.
10. A Lactose is a disaccharide.
11. C Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
12. C Cellulose is a polysaccharide and galactose is a monosaccharide.
13. A The formula of disaccharide is C12H22O11. Condensation
is the process of combining two monosaccharides to form a
disaccharide.
14. B –
15. D Glycogen is the carbohydrate that acts as energy storage in
animal cells.
16. A Potato contains starch which can be hydrolysed into glucose.
17. B Iodine solution is the reagent for the starch test.
18. D In alkaline pH, the amylase enzyme can perform well in the
hydrolysis of starch. Hence, the starch will be digested, and the
iodine solution will not change colour.
19. C –
20. A Glucose is a reducing sugar which can reduce the copper (II)
sulphate (blue colour) in Benedict’s solution into copper (I)
oxide (brick-red precipitate), but sucrose is a non-reducing
sugar which cannot reduce the copper (II) sulphate in Benedict’s
solution.
21. D –
22. A –
23. D Food X contains high amount of carbohydrates to supply energy
to the body, but food Y contains high amount of protein for
growth.
24. C The peptide bond is the chemical bond that binds two amino
acids together with a bond formed between the amino group
of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another through
condensation.
25. A Proteins can act as pH buffers by resisting changes in pH. This
is because proteins have the groups –NH and –COOH that can
either accept H+ or OH– ions from the solution. This maintains
the pH.
26. B The proteins are grouped based on levels of organization which
are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures.
27. B Amino acids are the monomers of the proteins. Essential amino
acids are the amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the
human body and only can be obtained through diet.
28. A Freezing conditions will deactivate the protein only, the
condition will not denature the protein molecule.
29. D Fibroin in silk is made up of the secondary structure of protein.
30. A There is haemoglobin in the human red blood cell. The
haemoglobin is classified into the quaternary structure of protein.
31. A –
32. C –
33. B Butter is a type of animal fat, which is a saturated fat.
34. B Saturated fat is usually animal fat, and they are solid at room
temperature.
35. D Cholesterol is the precursor to make steroid hormones.
36. C –
37. D –
38. B Triglycerides are formed by the condensation reaction of one
glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Fats and oils
are triglycerides. Saturated triglycerides are found in fats while
unsaturated triglycerides are found in oils.
39. A –
40. C –
41. C The deoxyribonucleic acid molecule consists of two-sugar
phosphate antiparallel strands that wind around each other,
which are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases.
Thymine base pairs with adenine base via two hydrogen bonds
and guanine base pairs with cytosine base by three hydrogen
bonds.
42. B Thymine, uracil and cytosine are pyrimidine bases.
43. B This is a ribonucleotide molecule with ribose pentose sugar and
a guanine which is a purine base.
44. A –
45. A –
Chapter 4 – Chapter 5
46. A Chromosome contains deoxyribonucleic acid.
47. D Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the same bases as ribonucleic
acid, except thymine is replacing the uracil.
48. B The nitrogenous bases of a ribonucleic acid are Adenine [A],
Uracil [U], Cytosine [C] and Guanine [G]. A always pairs with
U while C always pairs with G.
49. C The nitrogenous bases of a deoxyribonucleic acid are Adenine
[A], Thymine [T], Guanine [G] and Cytosine [C]. A always pairs
with T while G always pairs with C.
50. D If the percentage of adenine is 35%, then the percentage of
thymine also is 35% as they are in pairs. Hence, the total
percentage of guanine and cytosine will be 30% and the
percentage for cytosine only will be 15% as they are in pairs.
CHAPTER 5
PAPER 1
1. A P is an anabolism reaction because it builds complex molecule
from simpler ones and Q is a catabolism reaction because it
breaks down complex molecules to simpler ones.
2. B Anabolism is the process to build up complex molecules in the
body.
3. A Anabolism reaction is the reaction that builds complex molecule
from simpler ones.
4. C Oxidation of glucose during cell respiration produces carbon
dioxide, water and energy.
5. D Metabolism is described as all chemical reactions that occur in
the body.
6. D The shape of substrate Y is not complimentary to the active site
of enzyme X. Hence, enzyme X is unable to hydrolyse substrate
Y.
7. C The enzymes in the human’s body will be denatured at 50 °C
because the temperature is higher than 37 °C. Hence, enzyme
activity will decrease.
8. A –
9. C –
10. A Arsenic is a respiratory poison which can destroy respiratory
enzymes and cause death.
11. B Amylase digests starch to maltose. Pepsin digests protein to
polypeptides. Lipase is to digest lipid to glycerol and fatty acids.
12. C –
3
 13. D Sucrase enzyme is used to digest sucrose to fructose and glucose.
14. A The shape of substrate must be complimentary to the active site
of the enzyme.
15. A The action of enzyme is specific due to its specific active site. At
the end of the enzyme action, the enzyme is not destroyed as it
is shown in the diagram. The action of an enzyme is irreversible
as it is shown in the arrowheads pointing forwards. The diagram
does not show any information about temperature.
16. D The extracellular enzyme is produced in the sequence of
deoxyribonucleic acid → rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi
apparatus → cell plasma membrane.
17. B X is a vesicle which transports the protein from rough
endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi
apparatus is responsible to modify protein. If structure X and the
Golgi apparatus cannot fuse together, the protein in X cannot be
modified.
18. A The enzyme shown in the graph is the trypsin enzyme. It digests
polypeptides to peptides in the duodenum.
19. C Enzyme C in the graph shows its optimum pH at around pH 8.5.
It is the same as the optimum pH of salivary amylase.
20. B The stomach secrets pepsin enzyme to digest protein to
polypeptides.
21. B An inhibitor will just decrease the rate of reaction of enzyme.
pH and time will not increase the rate of reaction. However,
by increasing the substrate concentration for any fixed enzyme
Chapter 5 – Chapter 6
concentration, the rate of reaction of enzyme can be increased.
22. C Statement I is wrong because even though substrate
concentration continues to increase at constant rate, the rate of
reaction has no increase. Statement III is wrong because even at
constant rate, reaction still occurs.
23. D At the condition where substrate concentration is the highest and
the enzyme is not denatured, the most oxygen will be released.
24. A A has the highest amount of substrate (albumin) and at optimum
temperature.
25. A Papaya leaves consist of papain enzyme that can break down the
connective tissues in the meat.
26. B Temperature 35°C is the optimum temperature for the enzyme
in unripe papaya slices to work best.
27. C Lipase enzyme can digest the lipid in the butter stain.
Temperature 35°C is the optimum temperature for enzyme to
work.
28. C Curry stains do not contain cellulose, which means the cellulose
enzyme is not required to remove the curry stain.
29. A Digestion needs digestive enzymes. If the body temperature
changes (not at optimum temperature), ingestion will occur.
30. A Lipase enzyme digests the lipid to glycerol and fatty acid. The
fatty acids are acidic molecules, therefore pH decreases.
CHAPTER 6
PAPER 1
1. A The number of chromosomes in the gamete is half the number
of chromosomes in the somatic cell of an organism.
2. D Homologous chromosomes have one set of the chromosome
from the father and the other set from the mother.
3. A –
4. B A somatic cell is a diploid cell. Which means, a haploid cell has
half the amount of genetic material compared to a somatic cell
(diploid cell).
5. B The pollen grain contains the male gamete of a plant. Hence, it
contains the haploid number of chromosomes.
6. C M phase is not included in the interphase. The interphase only
includes G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase in this correct order.
7. C –
4
8. B S phase needs 8 hours and G2 phase needs 6 hours. Hence, the
total time taken for S phase and G2 phase is 14 hours.
9. A R is G1 phase, S is S phase, P is G2 phase and Q is M phase.
The cell will actively produce and accumulate large amounts of
energy in G2 phase for M phase.
10. D –
11. D –
12. B Humans need meiosis to produce sperm and ovum. Human
zygote needs mitosis to grow.
13. B The nuclear membrane degenerates, spindle fibre starts to form,
and chromosomes are distributed in the cell during prophase.
Chromosomes are arranged at the equator and spindle fibres are
fully formed during metaphase. Chromosomes start to separate
and are pulled towards the poles by the shortening of the spindle
fibres during anaphase. The chromosomes reach the poles, the
spindle fibres disappear and the nuclear membrane reform during
telophase with the division of cytoplasm.
14. C Stage P is prophase and stage Q is anaphase. During prophase,
the chromosomes start to shorten and thicken while during
anaphase, the chromatids moved to the opposite poles of the cell.
15. A The cell starts to divide during telophase.
16. A A shows the reduction process of the number of chromosomes.
This stage only occurs in meiosis.
17. B The cell has two pairs of homologous chromosomes at the
prophase stage. The four pairs of chromatids separate equally
into half to form two cells.
18. D Tissue culture is a method to produce large amounts of offspring
with similar quality in a short amount of time.
19. C The newly formed cell will produce a lot of new organelles and
energy during G1 phase.
20. C –
21. B The correct sequence of mitosis is prophase (N)→ metaphase
(L)→ anaphase (M)→ telophase (K).
22. B The event is known as cytokinesis which occurs at the end of
telophase.
23. D –
24. C In cloning, the final appearance of offspring P will be
determined by the donor of the diploid cell which contains all
the chromosomes.
25. A –
26. A The phase after the phase shown in the diagram is prophase
II. During prophase II, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane
disintegrate.
27. B –
28. C If the spindle fibre cannot be formed, the homologous
chromosomes are unable to be separated and cause chromosomal
mutation.
29. A Meiosis is a cell division process that reduces the number of
chromosomes in a cell into half (haploid cell), so that the haploid
cells can be fertilised to form a diploid cell.
30. A The number of chromosomes of the male gamete is half the
number of chromosomes at metaphase I.
31. B The process shown is meiosis, which is important as it halves
the number of chromosomes of both gametes from parents
and fertilisation, which is important to maintain the number of
chromosomes in the offspring.
32. C Q is prophase I, S is telophase I, R is metaphase II, P is telophase
II.
33. C When the diploid primary oocyte (P) undergoes meiosis, it will
be reduced to form the first polar body (Q) and the secondary
oocyte (R) which are haploid.
34. D The diploid cell shown in the diagram has four chromosomes.
Anaphase I (answer D) show the separation of two homologous
pair of chromosomes to make the number of chromosomes
becomes half.
35. A During the formation of gamete, the homologous chromosomes
must be separated. During fertilisation, the gametes from
organism X and organism Y must combine to form a normal
zygote cell. Hence, the chromosomes of same source of
organism must not be present in the normal zygote cell.
36. C Meiosis is required in gamete formation to produce haploid
cell. During the formation of zygote, fertilisation is required to
combine the male gamete and female gamete, so that the number
of chromosomes can be maintained to be the same as in the
parents.
37. B Meiosis is a sexual reproduction that will produce four daughter
cells with different genetic materials as synapsis of homologous
chromosomes occur to lead to crossing over of the non-sister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes. However, mitosis is
an asexual reproduction that will produce two daughter cells
with identical genetic materials as no synapsis of homologous
chromosomes with no crossing over of the non-sister chromatids
of homologous chromosomes.
38. B During the formation of gamete, homologous chromosomes must
be separated.
39. D At P, this is anaphase I where the homologous chromosomes
will separate into haploid. At Q, meiosis II which is similar to
mitosis, maintains the chromosomal number as haploid with the
separation of sister chromatids. At R, the chromosomal number
becomes diploid after fertilisation.
40. A –
41. A The karyotype shows Down’s syndrome with 47 chromosomes.
It is caused by the non-disjunction of chromosomes.
42. D –
43. A –
44. A –
45. C Mutation may be caused by disruption of DNA replication and
movement of chromosomes during the phases of cell division.
CHAPTER 7
PAPER 1
1. B Anabolism and homeostasis processes require energy from
cellular respiration to function.
2. B Glucose is the important organic substance that will be used in
cellular respiration.
3. D Cellular respiration is a process in the cell that oxidises glucose
to produce energy in the cell.
4. C Cellular respiration will use up glucose and cause dry mass of the
organism to decrease. When cellular respiration is carried out,
oxygen is needed.
5. A Carbon dioxide is only produced in aerobic respiration. Aerobic
respiration and lactic acid fermentation release energy.
6. B Yeast can carry out aerobic respiration when oxygen is present.
Yeast can also carry out anaerobic respiration when oxygen is
absent.
7. A –
8. A Stomach muscles need oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration
for digestion.
9. C 1 mole of glucose will react with 6 moles of oxygen.
10. B 1 mole of glucose needs 6 moles of oxygen to carry out aerobic
respiration.
11. D –
12. C A glucose molecule will be oxidised into carbon dioxide, water
and energy after complete oxidation (aerobic respiration).
13. A Glycolysis will be carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell to
become pyruvate.
14. C Oxygen is the reactant of aerobic respiration.
15. D Cyanide is an inhibitor of the enzyme in TCA cycle of aerobic
respiration. Hence, the TCA cycle is inhibited and only 2 ATPs
would be produced from glycolysis.
16. B Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration that occurs in
organisms where there is limited or no presence of oxygen.
17. A Alcohol fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that
occurs in the yeast.
18. D Glucose is broken down to ethanol, carbon dioxide and 210
kJ energy with the help of zymase enzyme in yeast during
anaerobic respiration (alcohol respiration).
19. A Temperature 37°C is the optimum temperature for yeast to carry
out alcohol fermentation using zymase enzyme.
20. C Lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells produces lactic acid and
energy as products. This means lactic acid will increase, while
body temperature also increases.
21. B The shaded area in the graph shows Cornelius’s oxygen intake.
The bold line shows the rate of oxygen needed. The non-shaded
area represents total oxygen needed to replace the losses.
22. C At the beginning of the experiment, there is no smell, low
temperature and clear mixture in the test tube. Limewater is also
clear. At the end of the experiment (after alcohol fermentation),
the smell of alcohol, higher temperature and clear mixture are
present in the conical flask. Limewater turns cloudy due to the
presence of carbon dioxide.
23. C During vigorous exercise, lactic acid fermentation is carried out
to produce more and more lactic acid. After vigorous exercise,
lactic acid is broken down.
24. A Breathing rapidly and deeply helps the body to gain extra oxygen
Chapter 6 – Chapter 8
to pay the oxygen debt.
25. A 1 glucose molecule produces 38 ATPs during aerobic respiration
while 1 glucose molecule produces 2 ATPs during anaerobic
respiration.
Hence,
Ratio = 38 : 2
= 19 : 1
26. B High concentration of lactic acid causes the muscle to become
fatigued and cramp up.
27. D Lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic respiration) does not produce
carbon dioxide.
28. D Tube X must be extended to the bottom level of the solution
because the air that is absorbed will go across the solution. Flask
P must contain potassium hydroxide to absorb carbon dioxide
that is absorbed.
29. A Aerobic respiration produces 38 ATPs, but anaerobic respiration
only produces 2 ATPs.
30. A Aerobic respiration completely oxidises glucose whereas
anaerobic respiration partially oxidises glucose.
CHAPTER 8
PAPER 1
1. A –
2. B The respiratory surface in the tracheal system is called the
tracheole. The tracheole is one cell thick, that enables efficient
gaseous exchange.
3. C Oxygen and carbon dioxide are simple molecules which can
diffuse through the plasma membrane. Hence, simple diffusion
is required to enable them to pass through the plasma membrane.
4. D Numerous gill filaments are needed to increase the respiratory
surface area for gaseous exchange.
5. A X is the gill, which is rich in blood capillaries for efficient
gaseous exchange.
6. B The counter-current flow of water and blood enable more oxygen
to be extracted from the water.
7. A The counter current flow exchange mechanism allows water and
blood to flow in opposite directions to maintain the concentration
gradient so that the oxygen can diffuse from the water to the
blood.
8. C Frog skin is very thin to enable the oxygen to diffuse through it
and enters into the blood capillaries beneath the skin.
5
 9. D Cockroach uses the tracheole to carry out gaseous exchange. Fish
uses their gills to exchange gases. Frog uses the alveolus to carry
out gaseous exchange.
10. C Grasshopper uses the tracheal system to carry out gaseous
exchange. The air enters the body through spiracles of the body.
Then, air passes through the trachea, tracheole and later diffuses
into the body cells directly.
11. C The lungs have a large number of alveoli to increase surface area
for the exchange of gases in the crocodile’s body.
12. D The lungs have a large number of alveoli to increase surface area
for gaseous exchange and the moist surface of alveoli makes the
diffusion of gases occur more efficiently.
13. B Air leaking from the punctured alveoli will cause gasping and
breathing difficulties to a person.
14. B The respiratory systems in fish, insects and humans have large
surface area to volume ratio, moist respiratory surface and thin
respiratory surface. The respiratory system of insects does not
have a network of blood capillaries on the respiratory surface
because gaseous exchange occurs directly between tracheoles
and body cells.
15. A The one-cell thick walls of alveoli enable the gases to diffuse
faster and more efficiently.
16. D The contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles help to
change the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity to enable
inhalation and exhalation.
Chapter 8 – Chapter 9
17. C –
18. B During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles contract
to move the ribcage upwards and outwards. The diaphragm
muscles contract and the air pressure in the thoracic cavity
decreases.
19. D The backbone will not move during inhalation and exhalation.
20. A –
21. A –
22. D Inhaled air enters the lungs to increase the volume of lungs.
23. C
24. B The high external air pressure pushes air into the lungs which
have low air pressure.
25. C At part A, inhalation occurs which causes the air pressure in
the thoracic cavity to decrease. Hence, in part A, the external
intercostal muscle contracts and the diaphragm becomes flatten.
At part B, exhalation occurs which cause the air pressure in
the thoracic cavity to increase. Hence, in part B, the external
intercostal muscle relaxes and the diaphragm curves upwards.
26. B Carbon dioxide will combine with haemoglobin to form
carbaminohaemoglobin. Red blood cells will carry
carbaminohaemoglobin from the body cells to the lungs to be
eliminated.
27. D The respiratory membrane in mammals has a large surface area
with thin membrane. There are plenty of blood supply on the
membrane for efficient diffusion.
28. A The blood in blood vessel P is deoxygenated blood from the
heart and the blood in blood vessel Q has absorbed the oxygen
in the inhaled air to form oxygenated blood.
29. A Blood in X is oxygenated blood which has low partial pressure
of carbon dioxide. At Y, it is inhaled air which has low partial
pressure of carbon dioxide. Blood in Z is deoxygenated blood
which has high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
30. D The higher partial pressure of oxygen will make more oxygen
bind to the haemoglobin.
31. B Carbon dioxide can dissolve in blood plasma to form carbonic
acid, which releases hydrogen ions to make the pH of the blood
become less than pH 7.
32. C After she stopped exercising, her heartbeat returns to normal
after four minutes.
6
33. B The haemoglobin has a high affinity to combine with oxygen
molecules and the higher partial pressure of oxygen in inhaled
air cause the oxygen to combine with haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
10.75 – 8.5
34. A Percentage of oxygen in the exhaled air = × 100%
15.0
= 15.0%
35. A At high altitude, there is less oxygen in the air. Hence, the
skydiver needs to inhale more air with more oxygen into his
body.
36. A Heat from the cigarette smoke will make the water on the alveoli
dry up.
37. D Nicotine and tobacco tar are the carcinogens in cigarette smoke.
38. D –
39. C –
40. B Smoking contains nicotine which causes the constriction of
blood vessels. This makes it difficult for the blood to flow
through the blood vessels.
CHAPTER 9
PAPER 1
1. D D is the liver which produces bile and stores it in C which is the
gall bladder.
2. C W is the pancreas which secretes pancreatic amylase to digest
starch to maltose and X is the small intestine which secretes
maltase to digest maltose to glucose.
3. A –
4. B Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid which can kill the
microorganisms in food.
5. A Salivary gland secretes salivary amylase to digest starch and
gastric gland secretes pepsin to digest proteins. However, the
gall bladder functions to store bile and the liver functions to
produce bile which has no digestive enzyme.
6. A Churning of the stomach and chewing of the teeth are physical
digestion. Digestions using enzymes belong to chemical
digestion.
7. B Rennin enzyme coagulates milk.
8. C –
9. A Pancreas secretes trypsin enzyme to digest polypeptides to
peptides and stomach secretes pepsin enzyme to digest protein
to polypeptides.
10. D Some fibres are soluble in water.
11. D Duodenum receives pancreatic amylase and trypsin enzymes to
digest the starch in the rice and digest the protein in the steamed
fish.
12. C The optimum pH for trypsin enzyme to react is around pH 8.
13. B –
14. B The final product of digestion of starch is glucose.
15. A Pepsin enzyme needs acidic conditions to function well.
16. C Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteal of villi.
17. D Vitamin B complex is transported by facilitated diffusion.
18. A Lacteal only absorbs glycerol, fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D,
vitamin E and vitamin K.
19. A Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine to make the
absorption of nutrients become more efficient.
20. C The blood capillaries help to transport nutrients away from the
small intestine quickly.
21. B Numerous microvilli increase the surface area of small
intestine and the network of capillaries to absorb nutrients more
efficiently.
22. B –
23. C It provides more space for nutrients to be absorbed before
entering the colon.
24. C Vitamins are absorbed through simple diffusion.
25. D –
26. A –
27. C Assimilation occurs in the body cell to utilise glucose and
amino acid that are absorbed. Excess amino acid will undergo
deamination to form urea.
28. B Deamination of excess amino acid is an excretion process.
29. B Amino acids are important for growth of cells, repair of cells and
production of enzymes in body cells.
30. D Liver regulates the blood sugar level by converting glucose
to glycogen or glycogen to glucose. It also produces bile and
destroys old erythrocytes.
31. D Antibiotics can kill all kinds of microorganisms in the colon.
Lactobacillus is an example of good bacteria.
32. D –
33. A If the wall of anus is damaged, blood capillaries in the anal cells
are damaged, then the bleeding occurs.
34. A P has the highest amount of cellulose which can help in the
stimulation of peristalsis to overcome constipation.
35. C –
36. C White bread and eggs contain high amount of iron. Iron is
important to produce red blood cells.
37. B –
38. A Mass of water = 1.0 × 20
= 20 g
20 × 4.2 × (68 – 33)
Energy value =
0.8 × 1 000
= 3.675 kJg–1
39. B Percentage of ascorbic acid in fruit juice P = 1.5 × 0.1%
2.8
= 0.054%
Percentage of ascorbic acid in fruit juice Q = 1.5 × 0.1%
3.5
= 0.043%
Concentration of ascorbic acid in fruit juice P = 1.5 × 1 mg/ml
2.8
= 0.54 mg/ml
Concentration of ascorbic acid in fruit juice Q = 1.5 × 1 mg/ml
3.5
= 0.43 mg/ml
40. D The energy value of carbohydrates is 17 kJ/g.
41. B Tube P is bile duct. The bile duct secretes bile from gall bladder
to duodenum. If bile duct is blocked, the bile cannot be secreted
into duodenum. The emulsification of fat cannot be carried out.
So, the digestion of fat will be affected.
42. D Ileum is the final part of digestion for starch. Starch will be
digested into maltose in the duodenum by pancreatic amylase.
However, if the ileum is removed, the digestion of maltose will
not be completed, and the amount of maltose will remain in high
level.
43. C The menu is lack of vitamin D which can lead to rickets.
44. B –
45. A Menu P does not contain food with fat. Hence, she can digest
this food without any problem.
46. A Spinach contains high amounts of vitamin C to prevent scurvy.
47. B –
48. C –
49. D Junk food contains high amount of sugar, salt and fat which
contribute to obesity.
50. A Calcium and phosphorus are required to build strong bones and
teeth.
CHAPTER 10
PAPER 1
1. C Carbon dioxide is the waste product of cellular respiration.
2. D –
3. B –
4. C The gill lamellae increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
in fish.
5. A Cockroach has an opened circulatory system, where its
haemolymph flows out from its vessels to the haemocoel.
6. C –
7. A I is the vena cava and II is the pulmonary artery which carry
deoxygenated blood.
8. B P is the combination between carbon dioxide and haemoglobin
which occurs in body cells and Q is the dissociation of
carbaminohaemoglobin to become carbon dioxide and
haemoglobin which occurs in alveoli.
9. B Septum is the wall at the middle of the heart to separate
deoxygenated blood in the right heart and oxygenated blood in
the left heart.
10. B Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right
ventricle. It prevents the backflow of blood from the right
ventricle to the right atrium. Bicuspid valve is between the left
Chapter 9 – Chapter 10
atrium and the left ventricle to prevent the backflow of blood
from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
11. D Lymphocyte destroys pathogen by producing antibody.
12. C Pepsin is the digestive enzyme in the stomach and erepsin is the
digestive enzyme in the small intestine.
13. A There are three forms for carbon dioxide to be transported from
the body cells to the lungs, which are hydrogen carbonate ions,
carbaminohaemoglobin and dissolved carbon dioxide in blood
plasma.
14. D The pathway of pulmonary circulation is
Right ventricle (Q) → pulmonary artery (P) → pulmonary vein
(S) → left atrium (R)
15. D K is the capillary that contains a wall which is one-cell thick. L
is the vein which has thin and less muscular wall and M is artery
which has thick and muscular wall.
16. B –
17. A The vigorous exercises could damage the pacemaker or loosen
the wire in the heart.
18. C Cardiac muscles can release impulses to enable them to contract
themselves.
19. D The sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node give impulse to
initiate and coordinate the heartbeat.
20. C –
21. A In blood clotting mechanism, thrombokinase is used to convert
prothrombin to thrombin with the help of calcium and vitamin
K. The thrombin is then used to convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
22. A Calcium and vitamin K are required for thrombokinase to
activate the prothrombin to thrombin which can be used to
convert fibrinogen to fibrin (insoluble protein fibre) to cover the
wound for blood clotting. Haemophilia is a condition where a
person’s body lacks clotting factors.
23. D The blood pressure decreases due to the excessive loss of blood
from his body.
24. B Fibrin helps to form collagen fibres to trap platelets and
erythrocytes by forming scabs.
25. C Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting.
26. B Blood group O can donate to all the blood groups.
27. B If blood plasma contains antibody of anti-B, then the body
cannot receive blood group B and blood group AB which have
antigen B on the blood cells. This can cause agglutination of
blood in the body.
7
 28. A The blood cells do not contain any antigen. This means the blood
plasma has to have antibodies anti-A and anti-B.
29. C Patient with blood group B only can receive blood from blood
group B and blood group O. Hence, Cornelius either has blood
group B or blood group O.
30. D A universal recipient will have blood group AB. Mrs. Tan is
suffering from erythroblastosis fetalis. Hence, Mrs. Tan has
blood group AB-.
31. D –
32. A A beef burger contains high amount of fat which can lead to
coronary artery thrombosis.
33. C The blockage of coronary artery results in less blood flow to the
cardiac muscles and leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack).
34. D –
35. C –
36. A Lymph node produces lymphocytes to produce antibodies to
destroy pathogen.
37. D P is intercellular space and interstitial fluid is flowing in P. Q is
lymph capillary and lymph is flowing in Q.
38. B The valves in the lymphatic vessels and the contraction of
skeletal muscles ensure the flow of lymph in the lymphatic
system in one direction.
39. A Erythrocytes and plasma protein are too large to pass through
Chapter 10 – Chapter 11
blood capillaries.
40. C The plasma proteins and erythrocytes are too large to pass
through blood capillaries and they will not present in lymph.
41. B Erythrocytes, platelets, plasma proteins and leucocytes are
present in blood plasma, but erythrocytes, platelets and plasma
proteins are absent in the interstitial fluid. Less leucocytes are
present in the interstitial fluid.
42. B The blockage of lymph node causes the interstitial fluid to not
flow continuously in the lymphatic system.
43. A –
CHAPTER 11
PAPER 1
1. B –
2. A Non-specific defence mechanism is also known as innate defence
mechanism.
3. C Erythrocyte is the red blood cell which helps in the transportation
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood circulatory system.
Neutrophil carries out phagocytosis to engulf the pathogen.
Thrombocyte is a platelet that helps in blood clotting to prevent
the entry of pathogen. Lymphocyte produces antibody to destroy
pathogen.
4. D –
5. D Neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages are all generalized
leukocytes involved in non-specific defence mechanism,
but plasma cells are differentiated lymphocytes that release
antibodies into the bloodstream that are specific for a given
pathogen.
6. C Tears and breast milk contains lysozymes which can act as the
chemical barrier for the first line of defence in the human body.
7. B The specific defence mechanism response generally involves
T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, antigens, and antibodies.
8. C The increase of body temperature slows down the reproduction
rate of pathogens, Hence, it helps to limit the infection. Besides,
a fever also causes the immune system to make more white
blood cells to fight the infection.
9. D Basophils are the least common leukocyte found in the body, but
it plays a key role in the inflammatory response. They contain
histamine that can cause vasodilation.
8
10. A Phagocytosis is the second line of defence mechanism in
humans. Tears and blood clotting belong to the first line of
defence mechanism and memory cells are the third line of
defence mechanism in humans.
11. C –
12. D The body has many antibodies that will each recognize different
antigens. If an antibody binds to an antigen, the antibody will be
copied so that the body can quickly recognises the threat if it is
exposed to the antigen for a second time.
13. C Antibodies are proteins created by the immune system in order
to neutralize foreign objects.
14. B –
15. A Immunoglobins (antibodies) can be found in the blood plasma
and interstitial fluid to kill the pathogens.
16. B Antitoxin is the antibody that neutralise the toxin from the
pathogen.
17. C Antibody binds to antigen or pathogen so that it is easier for
phagocyte to recognize it.
18. A –
19. D –
20. B Vaccine is a substance that mimics the antigen on the pathogen
stimulates the immune system to produce antibody.
21. A Active acquired immunity stores the information from an initial
infection in preparation for reintroduction of the pathogen. It
does not immediately respond to the initial infection. Upon
reinfection or exposure to a pathogen, active acquired immunity
is better to detect the pathogen and defend the body.
22. B Mother supplies produced antibodies naturally to her foetus who
has no immunity in their body.
23. B The first exposure to pathogen enables the body to produce
memory B-cells. Memory B-cells can produce appropriate
antibodies faster during a second exposure to fight against the
same pathogen.
24. C –
25. C Antitetanus serum injection is suitable to be given to the hawker
because the hawker needs immediate neutralisation of the toxin
of the rusty iron nail.
26. D Injecting antiserum provides the immunity (artificial antibody)
directly to the body. Hence, it is a passive artificial immunity.
27. A Injection of vaccine stimulates the production of antibody. The
production of antibody can be boosted by the second injection
of vaccine.
28. B Active immunity is the types of immunity that can be obtained
from the production of antibodies by the body itself. The
examples are injection of vaccine and recovery from the disease.
29. B Antiserum contains antibody to fight against the disease. When
the antiserum is injected into the body, it enables the body to get
immediate immunity.
30. C Chicken pox infection provide natural active immunity to the
body to provide long term immunity to the body to prevent
repeated infections.
31. B The antibody in the antiserum is not produced by the body
itself. Hence, the concentration of the antibody will eventually
decrease as time passes.
32. D Antiserum is needed to be injected into the body to neutralise
the venom of the snake. Hence, the body needs artificial passive
immunity to counter the venom of the snake.
33. A Rabies needs antiserum which is artificial passive immunity.
34. C Vaccination contains weakened or dead pathogen to stimulate the
lymphocytes of the baby to produce antibodies against certain
pathogen that causes disease. Vaccination is an artificial active
immunity that enables the baby’s body to have a long term of
immunity.
35. A Booster dose will stimulate the body to produce more antibodies
to enable the body to reach above the immunity level.
36. D An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body’s immune system
attacks and destroys healthy body tissues by mistake.
37. D Human Immunodeficiency Virus destroys the T-lymphocytes in
the immune system to weaken the immune system.
38. B –
39. A –
40. C HIV is an RNA-containing virus.
CHAPTER 12
PAPER 1
1. C Response is how an organism reacts towards the stimuli.
2. B –
3. A Blood pressure is one of the stimuli from internal environment.
4. B The receptors for sound are sound receptors.
5. D Receptors receive the stimulus (doorbell ringing) and convert
it into nerve impulses. The sensory neurone transmits the
nerve impulses to the spinal cord and later to the brain for
interpretation. After interpretation, the brain gives out an order
in form of the nerve impulses to the effectors through the spinal
cord and motor neurone.
6. C C is the cerebellum which controls and coordinates movement
and balance of the body.
7. A Cerebrum controls voluntary actions such as reading, listening
and thinking.
8. B X is the cerebrum which controls the human thinking
9. C –
10. D Nervous system helps to analyse the information that is detected
by the body and give out appropriate response towards the
stimulus.
11. A Hypothalamus is the centre to detect and regulate body
temperature. If hypothalamus is damaged, it is unable to detect
and regulate body temperature.
12. A Right hemisphere of brain controls the left side of the body and
left hemisphere of brain controls the right side of the body.
13. D X is the ganglion which is located at the dorsal root of spinal
cord. Its function is to place the cell body of sensory neurone.
14. B Pituitary gland can secrete many types of hormones to control
the other glands in the body.
15. C –
16. A Axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
17. A –
18. C P is the axon terminal which contains synapse to ensure the
nerve impulses only flow in one direction.
19. D P is a synaptic vesicle which stores neurotransmitters.
20. B The neurone is motor neurone. It is responsible to carry signals
away from the central nervous system in order to initiate an
action.
21. D –
22. C –
23. B The synapse transmits nerve impulses in only one direction.
24. B –
25. A Node of Ranvier is a special part of the axon which is
not covered by myelin sheath to speed up nerve impulse
transmission.
26. D Peristalsis and constriction of blood vessel are involuntary
actions which do not involve thoughts and cannot be controlled
consciously.
27. A –
28. C Raising a hand is a voluntary action which uses voluntary
muscles.
29. C Voluntary muscles are also known as skeletal muscles which are
attached to the bones.
30. B Corpus callosum is present in the cerebral cortex. It is about
10 cm long. Reflex actions are controlled by corpus callosum.
31. D Reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls the reflux. It includes
a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse in between.
32. A Reflex action is an involuntary response to the stimulus. Reflex
action is the simplest form of response in higher level animals.
33. D Smooth muscles are involved in involuntary action.
34. C R is an effector which can carry out response towards the
stimulus.
35. B –
36. A –
37. C Parkinson’s disease is the result of the loss of dopamine-
producing brain cells. Dopamine is a chemical messenger
responsible for transmitting signals within the brain. Parkinson’s
disease occurs when certain nerve cells, or neurons, die or
become impaired. Normally, these neurons produce dopamine.
38. A –
39. D –
40. B –
41. B When facing an emergency situation, the human body will
secrete adrenaline to increase the rate of heartbeat and increase
the blood glucose level to help humans face and solve the
emergency situation.
Chapter 11 – Chapter 13
42. A Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by gonadotrophic
cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise
in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and development of
corpus luteum.
43. B –
44. C –
45. D Testosterone is the hormone produced in testes of a male.
46. C The progesterone level decreases drastically, which shows that
this woman had a miscarriage.
47. D Insulin converts glucose to glycogen, glucagon converts
glycogen to glucose and thyroxin speeds up the metabolic rate
of the cells.
48. A At cold area, the body will increase the secretion of adrenaline
to increase the metabolic rate to keep the body active to remain
the body temperature.
49. B In a fearful situation, the body will increase the adrenaline
secretion to increase the rate of respiration.
50. D Aldosterone stimulates the absorption of water in the kidneys.
51. A Seafood contains iodine which can help in the treatment of
goitre.
52. B Menopause is caused by the decrease level of female’s
hormones.
53. C Insulin is needed to convert excess blood glucose to glycogen. If
the insulin is absent or not enough, the blood glucose is unable
to be converted to glycogen. Hence, excess glucose will be
removed into urine.
54. D Growth hormone is needed for growth.
55. B Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus.
CHAPTER 13
PAPER 1
1. A Homeostasis is a process that helps in regulating physical and
chemical factors of internal environment to maintain the factors
within a normal range.
2. C Homeostasis is a process that helps in regulating physical and
chemical factors of internal environment to maintain the factors
within a normal range so that the organisms can function well.
3. D Insulin is secreted by the pancreas to convert excess glucose to
glycogen and glucagon is secreted by the pancreas to convert
glycogen to glucose.
9
 4. D Consumption of too much salty food will cause the pituitary
gland to produce more ADH to reabsorb more water back
into the body so that it will produce less than normal and
concentrated urine.
5. B Body hair is used to trap heat on the skin surface. Without body
hair, heat will be lost easily to the environment and makes the
body to feel cold.
6. C The oats can be digested into glucose and absorbed into the
blood to cause the increase of blood glucose.
7. D The increase of breathing rate causes the intercostal muscles to
work faster and take in more oxygen to return the oxygen level
in the body to normal.
8. A The brain contains baroreceptors to detect blood pressure
stimulus and the muscles of the heart is pumping the blood to
increase blood pressure.
9. A P is sweat gland which secretes sweat to lose heat from the body
to make the body temperature back to normal.
10. B Negative feedback mechanism is used to maintain the normal
range of the factors in the body.
11. D Non-shivering thermogenesis is a strategy by which body
temperature can be increased. All the other strategies listed
decreases body temperature.
12. A Urea is a waste product formed in the liver and excreted in the
urine.
Chapter 13 – Chapter 14
13. C Negative feedback mechanism is used in the homeostasis of
maintaining oxygen levels.
14. B Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose
level in the human body.
15. D The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus is used to
regulate body temperature.
16. C Kidneys are not a digestive organ. Hence, it does not regulate the
digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.
17. A –
18. C The kidney contains medulla and cortex as the two major parts
in it.
19. B The perirenal fat capsule cushions the kidney and helps in
attaching the kidney to the posterior body wall.
20. B Nephron is the basic functional unit of kidney.
21. B Blood will enter the glomerulus through afferent arteriole.
22. A The heart provides blood pressure for the blood to be pushed into
the glomerular capsule.
23. C Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption and tubular secretion in sequence.
24. D Amino acids and glucose are transported through active transport
by transport protein and expenditure of energy.
25. D Accumulation of sodium and chloride ions help to move water
molecules in the nephron.
26. B The urine flows from distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct
and later to renal pelvis.
27. C Antidiuretic hormone determines the rate of reabsorption of
water from the collecting duct by changing the permeability of
its wall to water.
28. D Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephron,
the secretion of potassium from the blood and the reabsorption
of sodium ions from the distal convoluted tubules.
29. C The bile and haemoglobin molecules eliminated into urine make
the urine to be yellowish.
30. C The peristalsis in muscles of ureter helps in the flow of urine in
the ureters.
31. B The renal system helps in regulating blood solute concentration,
blood pressure and blood pH.
32. D The large molecular weight protein is big in size. Therefore,
it is unable to pass through the glomerulus. Hence, the large
molecular weight protein is absent in the glomerular filtrate.
10
33. B The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but
impermeable to water. This causes the urine to become diluted.
34. C –
35. B Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon. Hence, if the patient’s
pancreas is damaged and has to be removed, he needs to take
injection of insulin and glucagon to control his blood glucose
level.
36. C Before the haemodialysis process, the body accumulates high
amount of urea as the patient is facing kidney failure.
37. A Addison’s disease is an autoimmune disease caused by the
inadequate secretion of aldosterone.
38. A –
39. D Glucose has zero rate of urinary excretion to prevent presence of
glucose in the urine.
40. C Drink enough water every day and less intake of salt in daily
meal can help to prevent kidney stones in the human’s body.
CHAPTER 14
PAPER 1
1. A –
2. C –
3. B Vertebrates contain bones or cartilages, which are known as
endoskeleton.
4. A Exoskeleton can be made up of chitin or lime and it is used to
protect internal organs.
5. D –
6. C The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs
and sternum. K is the rib bone, L is humerus, M is the radius and
ulna, and N is the lumbar vertebra.
7. C –
8. B –
9. D The pectoral girdle is made up of the clavicle and scapula.
10. C The correct arrangement from top to bottom: cervical vertebra
(L), thoracic vertebra (N), lumbar vertebra (K) and sacrum (M).
11. C The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column and rib
cage. C is the rib cage.
12. B Vertebra X is a thoracic vertebra.
13. A Structure P is the centrum. The lumbar vertebra has a big
centrum to bear the weight of the body.
14. D The connective tissue that connects the two bones is called the
ligament.
15. D –
16. A Cranial bones are joined together by the suture joint, which is an
immovable joint.
17. B The hinge joint allows movement of bones in one plane.
18. C X is the part which contains synovial fluid which helps to reduce
friction between the bones.
19. C Odontoid process only presents in axis vertebra.
20. D The fusion of the vertebrae and the large size of the sacrum
forms an ideal base that allows it to support the weight of the
entire body.
21. D When L (biceps muscle) contracts, K (triceps muscle) relaxes.
This causes M (radius) and N (ulna) to be pulled upwards.
22. A Y is quadriceps femoris which contracts and X is biceps femoris
which relaxes to make the leg straightened.
23. C P is tendon which connects the muscle to bone.
24. B Bird Y has reduced major pectoralis muscles which are weak.
This makes the downward movement of the wings weaker.
25. B Muscle X is the pectoralis minor muscle that will contract to
move the wings upwards and forwards.
26. A When the circular muscle contracts and the longitudinal muscle
relaxes, the earthworm becomes thinner and longer.
27. D –
28. B –
29. B Pectoral fins are used for balancing, braking and controlling the
pitch of fish, allowing it to swim upward and downward.
30. C Yawing and rolling are assisted by the paired dorsal and ventral
fins.
31. C –
32. A The lack of oestrogen causes the thinning of the bones and
calcium absorption is prevented.
33. C The part of the knee damaged by osteoarthritis is removed and
replaced with an artificial joint made from metal and plastic.
34. D –
35. B –
CHAPTER 15
PAPER 1
1. A –
2. C P is the scrotum that helps to hold and protect the testis.
3. D –
4. B Q is the ovary that secretes female sex hormones, such as
oestrogen and progesterone.
5. C Gametogenesis is the process of producing gametes through
meiosis. So, variation will exist in the new generation. In
addition, the number of chromosomes will be reduced to haploid
and when fertilisation occurs, the number of chromosomes will
become diploid.
6. D Fertilisation between secondary oocyte and sperm occurs in the
Fallopian tube.
7. C Primary spermatocytes will undergo meiosis to produce haploid
secondary spermatocytes.
8. B Secondary spermatocytes are haploid. Secondary spermatocytes
undergo growth to become sperm. Primary spermatocytes are
diploid.
9. A For sperm to fertilise, it needs to have a haploid nucleus to
combine with the haploid nucleus of the ovum. In addition,
it needs a tail to swim towards the secondary oocyte. It also
needs a lot of mitochondria to produce a lot of energy for its
movement.
10. B One primordium germ cell will undergo the process of meiosis
in spermatogenesis to produce four spermatozoa.
11. C Cell X is Sertoli cell that will supply nutrients to spermatozoa to
grow into sperm.
12. D –
13. D –
14. D –
15. B In infancy, all primary oocytes are formed in the body and are
all in dormant state.
16. A Spermatogenesis and oogenesis produce haploid gametes. In
addition, spermatogenesis produces four sperms, but oogenesis
produces one ovum and three polar bodies.
17. A –
18. C –
19. D Hormone X is oestrogen and hormone Y is progesterone.
The oestrogen and progesterone stimulate the thickening of
the uterine wall and keep the uterine wall thick for embryo
attachment.
20. D Structure D is corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone in the
female body.
21. B Day 14th is the day of ovulation. Mature secondary oocytes will
be released into the Fallopian tube for fertilisation to take place.
22. A Progesterone is needed to maintain the thickness of the uterine
wall so that the embryo or foetus can attach to it.
23. A –
24. C –
25. C –
26. D –
27. A A is the fallopian tube in which the sperm meets secondary
Chapter 14 – Chapter 15
oocyte to carry out fertilisation.
28. C During pregnancy, the placenta secretes progesterone to maintain
the thickness of the uterine wall.
29. B The umbilical vein will carry substances, such as glucose and
antibodies from the placenta to the foetal body.
30. A Structure A is the amnion which can protect the foetus from
physical shock.
31. B Identical twins are formed from fertilisation between one sperm
and one ovum, which will share the same placenta and form
similar individuals.
32. C –
33. D Identical twins are unlikely to produce two children of different
sexes.
34. A –
35. A –
36. C The luteinizing hormone is a hormone that aids in ovulation.
37. D Irregular menstrual cycle will affect the ovulation process. Thus,
a mature ovum cannot be produced with an indefinite period.
38. B Using birth control pills can prevent Kumaran’s wife’s body
to carry out ovulation. Thus, no mature ovum is produced, and
pregnancy can be prevented.
39. A –
40. A –
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