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12 Philosophers and One Idea You Need to Know

1. IMMANUEL KANT

Categorical Imperative:

An action is morally right if it can be considered a

universal law that applies to everyone, in all situations,
without any logical inconsistencies.
2. RENE DESCARTES

“I think, therefore I am”

You can doubt nearly everything in the world as not

being real: whether you’re awake/dreaming, math,
logic, etc.

But you can't doubt the act of doubting itself.

Doubting is a form of thinking, and in order to think,

you must exist.
3. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

Will to Power:

Nietzsche thought the “will to power" is the

fundamental driving force of humans: achievement,
ambition, and the striving to reach the highest possible
position in life.

He furthers the idea, saying all life on Earth is a will to

power.
4. SOCRATES

The Socratic Method:

Asking continual questions to systematically clarify

another person's ideas and expose any contradictions
in those ideas, thereby stimulating critical thinking and
illuminating ideas.

EX: Why? How? What? etc. (basically looking at all

angles).
5. DAVID HUME

Principle of Empiricism:

Hume asserts that all knowledge derives from sensory

experience.

He argued that we can't have a priori knowledge about

the way the world is; we can only experience it
through our senses and draw conclusions based on
those experiences.
6. JOHN LOCKE

Natural Rights:

Locke surmised that rights such as “life, liberty, and

property” are inherent to individuals, independent of
any government or system.

And the primary role of government is to protect these

rights and it can be overthrown if it fails to do so.
7. THOMAS AQUINAS

Thomism:

Aquinas asserts God is the supreme origin of

knowledge, and humans are capable of understanding
aspects about God through processes of rational
thought and divine revelation.

Also, there's an objective moral order we can discover

through reason.
8. SOREN KIERKEGAARD

Leap of Faith:

According to Kierkegaard, because there are no

objective proofs for God's existence, faith requires a
conscious leap into the unknown.

He argued certain truths, specifically those involving

religion/faith, are beyond human reason and logic.
9. MICHEL FOUCAULT

Power/Knowledge:

Knowledge and power are intimately bound together.

Those who control knowledge wield power, and the

nature of that power can shape what is known and
understood by individuals within a society.
10. JOHN STUART MILL

Principle of Utility:

It is the promotion of the greatest happiness for the

greatest number through utilitarian ethics and the
defense of individual liberty against societal
interference.

And actions are right insofar as they tend to promote

happiness.
11. ARISTOTLE

Teleology:

Aristotle believed that everything in nature has a

purpose or end (a 'telos'), including inanimate matter.

This is often encapsulated in his saying, "Nature does

nothing in vain."
12. PLATO

Theory of Forms:

This proposes the physical world, the world we

perceive through our senses, is not the real world, but
rather a world of appearances.

The real world consists of eternal, unchangeable

ideals or forms that are more real than the things we
perceive.
Some pretty hard hitting ideas.

It’s exciting to think of all the ideas that are yet to

come!
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