3 Coordinate Geometry Notes 3ma3 8mar - Student

Year 3 Mathematics 3-Ma-3/3-Ma-6
Chapter 3: Coordinate Geometry

Name: _______________________________________ Class: ___________
Text book:
E4 Coordinate Geometry
E4.2 Distance between two points
E4.3 Mid-point of a line segment
E4.4 Gradient of a line segment
E4.5 Gradient of parallel and perpendicular lines
E4.6 Equation of a straight line as y = mx + c and ax + by = d (a, b and d integer)
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
(I) Vertical Lines and Horizontal Lines

Notation: Distance/Length of line AB can be simply written as AB.
A(−2, 6)•
( , )•
C(2, 3) D(9, 3)
( , )• • • • •
( , ) ( , )
B(−2, 1)•
x
Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines
For the line AB, fill in the coordinates of the two points. For the line CD, fill in the coordinates of the two points.
What do you notice about the coordinates of the points on What do you notice about the coordinates of the points on
AB? CD?
They have the same ___-coordinates. They have the same ___-coordinates.
I can find the distance/length of AB by taking the I can find the distance/length of CD by taking the
D_____________ of the ___-coordinates. D_____________ of the ___-coordinates.
Therefore, AB = _______ units Therefore, CD = _______ units
Two points form a V___________line if their Two points form a H___________line if their
___- coordinates are the same. ___- coordinates are the same.
Two points with the same ___- coordinates will form a Two points with the same ___- coordinates will form a
V___________line. H___________line.
Practice: Given P ( −4,8 ) , Q ( 3,14 ) , R ( 3, −3) and S ( −4, −2 ) , find the length of PS and QR.
1
barry.lim@acsinternational.edu.sg
(II) Slanted Lines

Find the distance AB, given A(3, 1) and B(6, 5).
For the slanted line AB, we can draw a right-angled triangle which has
a V__________ line, BC and a H______________ line, _____.
The distance of BC (vertical line) is the difference of the __-coordinates, which can be written as
BC = 5 − ___.
The distance of AC (horizontal line) is the difference of the __-coordinates, which can be written as
AC = ___ − 3.
Since ABC is a right-angled triangle and AB is the hypotenuse, we can use P___________ Theorem
to find the distance AB.
( BC ) + ( AC ) 5 − ___
2 2
AB =
(5 − ) +( − 3)
2 2
AB = A(3, 1) and B(6, 5).
= 42 + 32 ___ − 3
=5
Observations from above:
1. The 4 values inside the Pythagoras Theorem are from the coordinates of A and ____.
2. The order of taking the difference is important, that is, the
x-coordinate of ______ subtract the x-coordinate of ______ must be followed by the
y-coordinate of ______ subtract the y-coordinate of ______.
In general, if A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) , then for

 a vertical line, x1 = x2 and AB = y2 − y1 (if y2  y1 ).
 a horizontal line, y1 = y2 and (if x2  x1 ).
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
 a slanted line, AB = .
2
Example 1:
Calculate the distance between the following points, to 3 significant figures, where necessary.
(a) A(2, 4), B(2, −1) (b) P(1, 4), Q (6, 4)
(c) A(2, 1), B(5, 5) (d) A(3, 7), B(9, 15)
(e) A(–2, –5), B(4, –7) (f) A (–2, 3), B(2, –5)
3
Example 2:
The points A, B and C are (9, 8), (12, 4) and (4, −2) respectively.
(a) Calculate the length of the line segment
(i) AB (ii) BC.
(b) By using Pythagoras theorem, show that AB is perpendicular to BC. N04/II (modified)
Example 3:
P is the point (4, 0) and Q is the point (10, 4). Find PQ 2 .
4
Example 4:
Given that the distance between the points (0, a) and (2a, 5a) is 80 and a  0 , calculate the value of a.
Example 5:
Given that the points A(1, p), B(−1, 2) and C(2, 3), find the possible values of p if AB = 2BC.
5
MID-POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

Find the mid-point of AB, given A(1, 1) and B(3, 5).
From diagram, we see the mid-point of AB is ( , ).

It is also from: ( + )
( + ) 2
The mid-point of the __-coordinate of AC, that is, x =
2
A(1, 1) and B(3, 5).
( + )
The mid-point of the __-coordinate of BC, that is, y =
2 ( + )
Observation: 2
1. The mid-point is the average of the ___-coordinates and the ___-coordinates.
The mid-point, M, between two points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is
 x + x y + y2 
M=  1 2, 1 
 2 2 
6
Example 6:
Find the midpoint of the interval joining the following points.
(a) (0, 4) and (0, 8) (b) (1, 5) and (3, 7)
(c) (−1, 4) and (−3, −2) (d) (2, 7) and (6, 1)
(e) (5, 0) and (3, 0) (f) (−2, 6) and (2, 2)
Example 7:
The coordinates of the points A and B are (−7, 1) and (3, 6) respectively. Given that B is the midpoint of
the line AX, find the coordinates of X.
7
Diagonals of parallelograms i.e. rectangles, squares and rhombus, have diagonals bisecting one
another and sharing the same mid-point.
Example 8:
Show that A(2, −3), B(3, 0), C(0, 1) and D(−1, −2) are the vertices of a parallelogram.
8
GRADIENT OF A LINE SEGMENT
Recap: In Year 2, you learnt that:

Gradient of a line is the measure of steepness. It is the ratio of the rise over the run.
rise vertical change

rise Gradient = =
run horizontal change
run
The run is always from L_____ to R________ and will always be P_____________.
The rise is
P ___________ if going U____ from L______ to R ________ and
N___________ if going D_______ from L______ to R ________.
Summary:
1. H_________________ Line  Gradient is ___________.
2. V_________________ Line  Gradient is ___________.
3. Line going U______ from L_______to R_________  P___________ gradient
4. Line going D______ from L_______to R_________  N___________ gradient
TYPE (I) Finding gradient of the line, given diagram.
Example 9:
In each of the following diagrams, find the gradient, m, of the line, where possible.
(a) y (b) y
2
x x
0 0 5
(c) y (d) y
4
0 2 x
–1
x
0 6
9
Practice (Year 2):

Find the gradient of each of the following lines:
(a) (b)
Step 1: Choose two points on the line with coordinates that can be read easily.
Step 2: Then draw dotted lines to form the right-angled triangle.
Step 3: Find the vertical change (rise) and horizontal change (run).
rise
Step 4: Use Gradient = .
run
(a) ( 4 , )&( , 3 ) (b) ( , 14 )&( , 2 )
Vertical change (rise) = 3 − ____ Vertical change (negative rise) = 2 − ____
Horizontal change (run) = 8 − ____ Horizontal change (run) = ____ − 2

3 − 2 −
Gradient = = Gradient = =
8 − − 2
Activity: Compare the 4 values used to calculate the gradient with the coordinates of the points used.
(a) Point 1: ( , ) −
Gradient =
Point 2: ( , ) −
(rise)
(b) Point 1: ( , ) −
Gradient =
Point 2: ( , ) − (run)
The order of taking the difference is important!
The gradient, m, of a straight line joining two points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is
y2 − y1 y − y2
m= or m = 1
x2 − x1 x1 − x2
10
TYPE (II) Finding gradient of the line, given two points on the line.
y −y
Use the gradient formula m = 2 1 to find the gradient of the line passing through the following points.
x2 − x1
Example 10: Find the gradient of the line passing through the following points.
(a) (1, 5) and (2, −7) (b) (−1, −2) and (3, 4) (c) (−2, −3) and (4, −7)
(d) (2, 4) and (−1, 3) (e) (5, 4) and (−1, 5) (f) (6, −2) and (8, −3)
(g) (−3, 6) and (−5, −1) (h) (8, 10) and (5, 1) (i) (3, 4) and (8, 6)
Example 11:
4
The gradient of the line joining the points (7, k) and (k, 3) is . Calculate the value of k. N83/I
5
11
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
The equation of a straight line is the common relation between the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of any
point on the line.
There are different forms for the equation of a straight line.
y Using the gradient formula between two points,
• (x, y) −
Gradient of line, m =
−
(0, c) •
x
0
In the gradient-intercept form, the equation of the line is

y = mx + c where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept of the line.
Example 12:
For each of the following equations,
(a) write down the gradient and the y-intercept,
(b) sketch the line.
(i) y = 2x − 1 (ii) y = −7x + 3
Example 13:
For each of the following, find the gradient and y-intercept What form do you use
(a) 3 y = 6 x + 12 (b) 3x − 2 y = 8 find the gradient and
y-intercept?
12
There are four different types of equations representing different lines:
y Equation of a slanted line with gradient m, with y-intercept, c.

3
Example: y = x−2, y = 2x + 3
4
Sketch:
x
0
y Equation of a slanted line with gradient m, passing through the origin

(0,0). The y-intercept, c is 0.
Example: y = 3x , y = −x
x
0 Sketch:
y Equation of a H___________line. ( y = 0 is the equation of the x-axis)*

y=b Example: y =2, y = −1.3
x Sketch:
0
y Equation of a V__________ line. ( x = 0 is the equation of the y-axis)*

x=a Example: x = 2.2 , x = −3
x
0 Sketch:
Be familiar with these two y = mx type of lines.
y
y=x
It is a straight line, going U___ from L______ to R________,
x ______ degrees to both x and y axis passing through the O________.
0
y y=−x
It is a straight line, going D______ from L______ to R________,
x ______ degrees to both x and y axis passing through the O________.
0
13
Practice:
Write down the gradient (m) and the y-intercept (c) for each of the following:
(a) y = 2x + 1 (b) y = 7x – 3
(c) y=x+5 (d) y = –2x + 3
1 1
(e) y= x−2 (f) y= x −1
2 4
1
(g) y = − x−4 (h) y = −x
2
What form do you use

find the gradient and
y-intercept?
Practice:
Write down the gradient (m) and the y-intercept (c) for each of the following:
(a) 3 y = 6 x + 12 (b) 5 y = −2 x + 7 (c) 9 + y = 6 x
(d) 8 y − 3x = 9 (e) y + 3x = 0 (f) 7 x − y = 14
(g) x + y = 1 (h) 3x − y = 8 (i) 3 y = 9 x − 18
(j) y + 2 x = 7 (k) 7 y = 8 x − 10 (l) − 3 y = 9 x
14
PARALLEL LINES
Two lines are parallel  Two lines have the same gradient.
What form do you use to

compare the gradient?
Example 14:
State whether the following pair of lines are parallel or not.
(a) y = 2 x + 1 and y = 2 x + 8 (b) y = 3x − 1 and y = −5 x + 7
(c) x + y − 2 = 0 and x + y − 7 = 0 (d) x + 2 y = 6 and x + 2 y − 5 = 0
(e) 3x − 7 y + 8 = 0 and 3x − 7 y = 2 (f) y = 4 x + 3 and y − 4 x − 5 = 0
(g) x + 3 y + 9 = 0 and x + 3 y − 7 = 0 (h) 2 x + y = 6 and 3x − 7 y = 9
15
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Two lines are perpendicular  Product of their gradients is m1  m2 = −1
If m1  m2 = −1 ,
1
m2 = − What form do you
m1
use to compare the
gradient?
Example 15:
Show that the two lines x − 2 y + 7 = 0 and 2x + y − 16 = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
Example 16:
Find the gradient of a line that is perpendicular to:
2
(a) y = 3x + 1 , (b) y = −5 x + 2 , (c) y = x −8 ,
3
13 3 7
(d) y = − x + 8, (e) y = − x + 18 , (f) y = x−3,
4 5 4
(g) 2 y = −5 x + 1 (h) 3 y = 4 x − 2
16
Practice:
State whether the following pairs of lines are perpendicular.
(a) x − 3 y = 7 and 3x − y − 2 = 0 ______ (b) 5 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 5 y − 6 = 0 ______
(c) 2 x + 7 y = 8 and 3x − 4 y + 7 = 0 ______ (d) 8 x − 3 y = 2 and 3x + 8 y = 9 ______
(e) 5 x − 6 y = 15 and 6x − 5 y + 3 = 0 ______ (f) 2 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 5 = 0 ______
(g) 2 x − 9 y = 7 and 3x + 6 y = 8 ______ (h) x − 2 y = 6 and 2x + y = 7 ______
Practice:
State whether the following pairs of lines are parallel, perpendicular or neither.
(a) x − 2 y + 5 = 0 and 2x − 4 y − 8 = 0 ______ (b) 3x − y − 3 = 0 and 9x − 3 y + 1 = 0 ______
(c) x + 7 y = 0 and 2x − 9 y = 0 ______ (d) x + y − 7 = 0 and 3x − 3 y + 3 = 0 ______
(e) 3x − 4 y + 2 = 0 and 8x + 6 y − 3 = 0 ______ (f) 4 x − 8 y = 8 and 2x + 9 y = 6 ______
(g) x + 3 y − 2 = 0 and 2x + 6 y − 5 = 0 ______ (h) x − 5 y − 2 = 0 and 10x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ______
17
EQUATION OF A LINE
There are different forms for the equation of a straight line.

Gradient-intercept form:
y = mx + c
where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept of the line.
Point-gradient form:
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
where m is the gradient of the line and ( x1 , y1 ) is a point on the line.
General form:
ax + by + d = 0
where a, b and d are integers.
 Gradient-intercept form, y = mx + c , where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept of the line.
This form is useful to obtain the gradient, m and y-intercept, c of the straight line.
The equation of a line is usually presented in this form.
 General form, ax + by + d = 0 , where a, b and d are integers.

This form is another way to express the equation of a line.
It is given as an equation of a line or you will be asked to present your answer in this form.
Practice:
Write each of the following in its general form.
1
(a) 3 y = 9 x − 18 (b) y= x −1
4
 Point-gradient form, y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) where m is the gradient of the line and

( x1 , y1 ) is a point on the line.
The equation of a line is not presented in this form.
This form is usually used to find the equation of the line when the given point ( x1 , y1 )
on the line is NOT the y-intercept.
18
TO FIND THE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

To find the equation of a straight line, you will need:
• the gradient, m, of the line,
• one point ( x1 , y1 ) on the line.
Type 1: Find the equation of the line, given gradient m and y-intercept c.
Example 17:
Write down the equation of the line where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept of the line.
(a) m = −2,c = 1 (b) m = 7, c = −2
What form do
you use?
1
(c) m = −1, c = 4 (d) m= ,c = 3
2
4
(e) m = − ,c = 3 (f) m = −2, c = 9
3
Type 2: Find the equation of the line, given a diagram.

Example 18:
In each of the following diagrams, find the equation of the line.
(a) (b) What form do
y y you use?
2
x x
0 0 5
(c) y (d) y
4
0 2 x
–1
x
0 6
19
3. Find the equation of the line, given gradient m, and one point ( x1 , y1 ) , which the line
passes through.
Example 19:
Find the equation of the line if it passes through: Is the point the
1 y-intercept?
(a) the point (0, −2) and has gradient ,
2
yes
no
(b) the origin and has gradient 2, Use
Use
to get
(c) the point (3, 4) and has gradient 2,
(d) the point (1, 3) and has gradient −1.
20
4. Find equation of line, given 2 points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) that the line passes through.
Example 20:
Find the equation of the line if it passes through the points:
(a) (1, 2) and (3, 4), (b) (0, −2) and (−2, −6),
(c) (1, 3) and (2, 5), (d) (0, 0) and (2p, 3p).
21
5. Given gradient parallel/perpendicular to another line, and line passing through a

point ( x1 , y1 ) .
Example 21:
Find the general form of the equation of the straight line passing through:
(a) the point (2, 5) and parallel to the line 3x − y + 7 = 0 .
(b) the origin and parallel to the line 4 x − 5 y + 6 = 0 .
(c) the point (−2, 3) and perpendicular to the line 2 x + y = 9 .
(d) the point (3, −4) and perpendicular to the line x − y + 5 = 0 .
22
Miscellaneous examples
Example 22:
A straight line passes through the point (1, 5) and has a gradient of 3.
(a) Find the equation of the line.
(b) Given that the line also passes through the point (h, 10 + h), find the value of h. J83/I
Example 23:
Find the equation of the line that has a gradient of 3 and passes through the midpoint of the interval
joining the points (3, 5) and (7, 7).
23
Example 24:
Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (1, 5) and (2, 7).
Show, by substitution, that the point (0, 3) lies on this line.
Example 25:
The point (p, 2p) lies on the straight line x + 4 y = 36 . Calculate the value of p.
24
INTERCEPTS
A point on the x-axis have coordinates in the form of ( , ) because the __-coordinate is ___.
A point on the y-axis have coordinates in the form of ( , ) because the __-coordinate is ___.
Given equation of the line, to find the x-intercept, substitute ________ into the equation of the line.
Given equation of the line, to find the y-intercept, substitute ________ into the equation of the line.
x y
Example 26: Given the line + = 1 , find the
3 2
(a) gradient,
(b) the coordinates of the point where it cuts the y-axis,
(c) the x-intercept.
25
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
Perpendicular Bisector
A
B
The perpendicular bisector is a straight line that is perpendicular and bisects the line AB.
To find the equation of the perpendicular bisector, we focus on these two main words:
Perpendicular – with the gradient of AB, I can find the gradient of the perpendicular bisector.
Bisects − cuts the line AB in the middle, passing through the M___________________ of AB.
Steps to find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB.

1. Find gradient, m, of AB.
1
2. Gradient of perpendicular bisector is − .
m
3. Find midpoint of AB ( x1 , y1 ) .
4. Use the gradient-point form to find the equation of the perpendicular bisector,
1
y − y1 = − ( x − x1 )
m
:
y = mx + c
Example 27:
The coordinates of two points P and Q are (4, 1) and (2, −3) respectively.
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. 2y = -x + 1
26
Example 28:
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining A(8, −4) and B(−4, 5).
5
Show that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB passes through the point (1, − ).
6
27
28

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Year 3 Mathematics 3-Ma-3/3-Ma-6

Chapter 3: Coordinate Geometry

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

(I) Vertical Lines and Horizontal Lines

Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines

(II) Slanted Lines

In general, if A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) , then for

(c) A(2, 1), B(5, 5) (d) A(3, 7), B(9, 15)

MID-POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

From diagram, we see the mid-point of AB is ( , ).

1. The mid-point is the average of the ___-coordinates and the ___-coordinates.

The mid-point, M, between two points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is

(c) (−1, 4) and (−3, −2) (d) (2, 7) and (6, 1)

(e) (5, 0) and (3, 0) (f) (−2, 6) and (2, 2)

GRADIENT OF A LINE SEGMENT

Recap: In Year 2, you learnt that:

rise vertical change

TYPE (I) Finding gradient of the line, given diagram.

Practice (Year 2):

Horizontal change (run) = 8 − ____ Horizontal change (run) = ____ − 2

The order of taking the difference is important!

The gradient, m, of a straight line joining two points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) is

EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

y Using the gradient formula between two points,

In the gradient-intercept form, the equation of the line is

There are four different types of equations representing different lines:

y Equation of a slanted line with gradient m, with y-intercept, c.

y Equation of a slanted line with gradient m, passing through the origin

y Equation of a H___________line. ( y = 0 is the equation of the x-axis)*

y Equation of a V__________ line. ( x = 0 is the equation of the y-axis)*

Be familiar with these two y = mx type of lines.

(c) y=x+5 (d) y = –2x + 3

What form do you use

(d) 8 y − 3x = 9 (e) y + 3x = 0 (f) 7 x − y = 14

(g) x + y = 1 (h) 3x − y = 8 (i) 3 y = 9 x − 18

(j) y + 2 x = 7 (k) 7 y = 8 x − 10 (l) − 3 y = 9 x

What form do you use to

(c) x + y − 2 = 0 and x + y − 7 = 0 (d) x + 2 y = 6 and x + 2 y − 5 = 0

(e) 3x − 7 y + 8 = 0 and 3x − 7 y = 2 (f) y = 4 x + 3 and y − 4 x − 5 = 0

(g) x + 3 y + 9 = 0 and x + 3 y − 7 = 0 (h) 2 x + y = 6 and 3x − 7 y = 9

Two lines are perpendicular  Product of their gradients is m1  m2 = −1

(c) 2 x + 7 y = 8 and 3x − 4 y + 7 = 0 ______ (d) 8 x − 3 y = 2 and 3x + 8 y = 9 ______

(e) 5 x − 6 y = 15 and 6x − 5 y + 3 = 0 ______ (f) 2 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 5 = 0 ______

(g) 2 x − 9 y = 7 and 3x + 6 y = 8 ______ (h) x − 2 y = 6 and 2x + y = 7 ______

(c) x + 7 y = 0 and 2x − 9 y = 0 ______ (d) x + y − 7 = 0 and 3x − 3 y + 3 = 0 ______

(e) 3x − 4 y + 2 = 0 and 8x + 6 y − 3 = 0 ______ (f) 4 x − 8 y = 8 and 2x + 9 y = 6 ______

(g) x + 3 y − 2 = 0 and 2x + 6 y − 5 = 0 ______ (h) x − 5 y − 2 = 0 and 10x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ______

There are different forms for the equation of a straight line.

 General form, ax + by + d = 0 , where a, b and d are integers.

 Point-gradient form, y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) where m is the gradient of the line and

TO FIND THE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Type 2: Find the equation of the line, given a diagram.

(d) the point (1, 3) and has gradient −1.

5. Given gradient parallel/perpendicular to another line, and line passing through a

(b) the origin and parallel to the line 4 x − 5 y + 6 = 0 .

(c) the point (−2, 3) and perpendicular to the line 2 x + y = 9 .

(d) the point (3, −4) and perpendicular to the line x − y + 5 = 0 .

Steps to find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB.

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1. The mid-point is the average of the _-coordinates and the _-coordinates.

Horizontal change (run) = 8 − Horizontal change (run) = − 2

(c) 2 x + 7 y = 8 and 3x − 4 y + 7 = 0 (d) 8 x − 3 y = 2 and 3x + 8 y = 9

(e) 5 x − 6 y = 15 and 6x − 5 y + 3 = 0 (f) 2 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 5 = 0

(g) 2 x − 9 y = 7 and 3x + 6 y = 8 (h) x − 2 y = 6 and 2x + y = 7

(c) x + 7 y = 0 and 2x − 9 y = 0 (d) x + y − 7 = 0 and 3x − 3 y + 3 = 0

(e) 3x − 4 y + 2 = 0 and 8x + 6 y − 3 = 0 (f) 4 x − 8 y = 8 and 2x + 9 y = 6

(g) x + 3 y − 2 = 0 and 2x + 6 y − 5 = 0 (h) x − 5 y − 2 = 0 and 10x + 2 y + 3 = 0