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Full Chapter Application of Project Management Principles To The Management of Pharmaceutical R D Projects 1St Edition Thomas Catalano PDF
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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN PHARMACEUTIC AL
SCIENCE & DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Thomas Catalano
Application of Project
Management
Principles
to the Management
of Pharmaceutical
R&D Projects
SpringerBriefs in Pharmaceutical Science &
Drug Development
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Application of Project
Management Principles
to the Management
of Pharmaceutical R&D
Projects
Thomas Catalano
N/A
PharmChem Analytical Consultants
Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to my wife Jeanie
and my four daughters
Margaret, Linda, Jeanmarie, and Michelle
For their support during my writing endeavors
Preface
Within the last 30 years Project Management has become a major part of the com-
mercial business processes throughout the world. Project Management utilizes
sophisticated computer software to apply the system. In fact, Project Management
has become a discipline of its own, where universities are now giving bachelor’s and
master’s degrees in this subject. During my 10 years of consulting, I have come to
realize that small businesses, generic companies, start-ups and virtual companies do
not have the budget or the trained resources to apply the software. Therefore, they
neglect using the principles of Project Management in their business model, which
reduces their efficiency and increases their operating costs. I saw this as an oppor-
tunity to help these businesses take advantage of the benefits of using the Project
Management system in their business model. I decided to author a book titled
Application of Project Management Principles to the Management of Pharmaceutical
R&D Projects.
Within this book the Project Management Concepts is presented as a paper-based
system for completing all the critical activities needed for Project Management.
Focusing on a paper-based system will allow those businesses who don’t have
access to the software to still utilize the project management system. This will allow
these companies to take advantage of all the principles of Project Management and
gain all the advantages associated with the system.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
2 Total Quality Management (TQM)���������������������������������������������������������� 5
Total Quality Management (TQM)������������������������������������������������������������ 5
Project Management Components ������������������������������������������������������������ 6
Problem Statement ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7
Construction of the Problem Statement ���������������������������������������������������� 7
Project Team Dynamics ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
The Teams Leader Role Is as Follows �������������������������������������������������� 8
The Team Member Role Is as Follows�������������������������������������������������� 8
Brainstorming Process �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Rounds of Reasoning ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Clarifying Question�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Highest Level of Authority (HLA)�������������������������������������������������������� 9
Modes of Decision Making�������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Use of Consensus���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Scribe ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Facilitation �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Governance�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
3 Theory of Constraints (TOC)������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Theory of Constraints (TOC)�������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Observed Constraints ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
4 Project Management Process�������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Project Strategy������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18
Project Plan������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18
ix
x Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Abbreviations
AD Analytical Department
AL Analytical Lead
AMD Analytical Method Development
AMV Analytical Method Validation
CDA Confidentiality Agreement
CMC Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls
CofA Certificate of Analysis
DF Dosage Form
DP Drug Product
DS Drug Substance
GLP Good Laboratory Practices
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
HLA Highest Level of Authority
ICH International Council for Harmonisation
ID Identity, Identification
LOQ Limit of Quantitation
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NAC Nominal Analytical Concentration
OQ Operational Qualification
PC Process Chemistry
PH Phase
PR Project Research
PQ Performance Qualification
PSA Product Safety Assessment
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
%Rc Percent risk change between plans
%Rt Percent total risk of current plan
%RXL Percent risk evaluation of determined low risk plan
Ref. Std. Reference Standard
RFI Request for Information
xi
xii Abbreviations
xiii
List of Tables
Table 5.1 Calculate the risk evaluation using the following equations������������ 34
Table 6.1 Monitor execution of the plan���������������������������������������������������������� 46
Table 6.2 Computer software��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
Table 7.1 Financial spreadsheet����������������������������������������������������������������������� 54
xv
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 1
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
T. Catalano, Application of Project Management Principles to the Management
of Pharmaceutical R&D Projects, SpringerBriefs in Pharmaceutical Science &
Drug Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57527-4_1
2 1 Introduction
Processes
Experts
Pool of team
Representatives
Pool of Team
Leaders
Resources
Resources
Resources
Resources
Resources
Project Teams
Process Experts
Tox Stability Method Method Method Reference Specifications
Support Support Development Transfer Validation STD
Project Teams
software available and focusing on a paper- based system is that many small com-
panies, generic companies, start-ups and virtual companies do not have the budget
or the trained resources to apply the software. Therefore, they neglect using the
principles of Project Management in their business model, which reduces their effi-
ciency and increases their operating costs. This paper- based approach will allow
these companies to take advantage of all the principles of Project Management and
gain all the advantages associated with the system.
Chapter 2
Total Quality Management (TQM)
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 5
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
T. Catalano, Application of Project Management Principles to the Management
of Pharmaceutical R&D Projects, SpringerBriefs in Pharmaceutical Science &
Drug Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57527-4_2
6 2 Total Quality Management (TQM)
Problem Statement
Problem statements are constructed by making proper inquires at the project begin-
ning, examples:
• Are training needs required?
• What is the state of information flow between stakeholders?
• Is essential project information distributed in a timely manner, allowing for the
implementation of activities in a timely manner?
• Is there input from the proper stakeholders on setting cost and estimation of
timeline for project activities?
• Are there Documented Project Plans available to identify all essential activities,
timing, resource commitment and cost etc.?
• Are all contractual agreements reviewed and finalized before the project
implementation?
• Has a “Risk Assessment Process” been introduced to evaluate the probability of
success due to the initial plan or changes made to the plan
The problem statement is constructed by utilizing input from the inquiries made.
These inputs are formatted in a Fish Bone diagram shown below in Fig. 2.1. The
problem statement should be simple and direct. An example of a problem statement
construction for an analytical group function is shown below.
Training Documented
Required Project Plans not
available Analytical group is not meeting
designated timelines. Therefore,
Project not meeting contracted
deadline.
Information Has no input
Risk assessment
not given at on project
process not utilized
project start cost, timing
& resources
There are several team dynamics which should be followed for a team to become a
fully functional team. They are:
• Roles and responsibilities of the team leader and members
• Utilization of a brainstorming process
• Rounds of Reasoning
• Clarifying Questions
• Highest Level of Authority (HLA)
• Modes of decision making
• Use of Consensus
• Scribe
• Facilitation
• Governance
Brainstorming Process
The Brainstorming process allows each team member to contribute by making sug-
gestions on activities, issues, solutions etc. in an orderly fashion. The process
involves going around the table allow each team member to give their suggestions.
Project Team Dynamics 9
There are no counter arguments allowed from other team members, only clarifying
questions could be asked. The Scribe will capture all of the suggestions on flip
charts. After several rounds and there appears to be no further suggestions the team
leader will end the brainstorming session and move on to a Rounds of Reasoning.
Rounds of Reasoning
Clarifying Question
These are questions which are directed towards asking for a better understanding of
the issue. Clarifying questions should not be used to pass judgment or disagreement
with the issue.
The HLA is generally part of the management team such as; Director, Associate
Director, Section Head, etc.
Use of Consensus
The consensus process requires 100% support among the team members; it is not a
majority rule scenario like taking a vote. Consensus can still be reached even though
members of the team may not fully agree with the decision, but are willing to sup-
port the team decision. Consensus is generally better than a voting process because
you have the agreement that all team members are willing to support the team
decision.
Scribe
The scribe role is to capture important information on to Flip charts, so the informa-
tion can be placed into minutes or reports. The flip charts are generally kept as the
original reference until the activity is finalized. The scribe role is usually shared
among the team member based on a schedule. The scribe is still part of the team and
should contribute as a team member while acting as the scribe.
Facilitation
The facilitator role is as an overseer of the team process and to help the team to stay
on track by making them adhere to the process. The facilitator is not a team member
and does not contribute to the agenda. The facilitator has expertise on all team
dynamics and total quality management processes.
Governance [3]
Governance is the review of the project by the function management. The depart-
ment management and the project team make a presentation at the function project
team meeting. The function management responds to the presentation with ques-
tions and concerns. The department management captures the concerns and any
unanswered questions and instructs the project team to evaluate them against the
current team project plans. If revisions to the project plans are required, the project
team will make the necessary revisions and obtain approval from the department
management. The project team will then schedule another meeting with the function
management. If no revisions to the project plans are required the department man-
agement will prepare a cover letter summarizing the meeting conclusions and
attaches it to the finalized presentation which is submitted to the function
management.
References 11
References
1. Coates and Freeman Inc. (1998) Total quality management consulting. G.D. Searle Inc.,
Chicago
2. Joiner B 4th Generation management. Rosemount Horizon, Rosemont
3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (1998) Pharmaceutical management development
seminar. Arden House, Harriman
Chapter 3
Theory of Constraints (TOC)
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 13
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
T. Catalano, Application of Project Management Principles to the Management
of Pharmaceutical R&D Projects, SpringerBriefs in Pharmaceutical Science &
Drug Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57527-4_3
14 3 Theory of Constraints (TOC)
Release of AMD
Client Receives Performs
receives lots and AMV QC performs
supplies and eval Characterization
info, timing Preparation initiates Demo Batch
info, Analy and/or
samples of CofA validation testing
samples method Structure Det.
and timing
AMD either
Process optimizes method
Chem begins QC
or develops new AMV
process verification, completes
method completes
minimal analy dev transfer
validation
AMD completes
method QC
Process Chem performs
development &
begins manuf of AMV testing on
Qualification
Demo Batch initiates GMP Lots
transfer
AMD sends method
for Validation and
Process Chem to QC for testing
manufactures of demo batch
GMP Lots
3. Ensure that the constraint is used optimally – identify the processes critical
path and make sure no time is wasted on that path. Ensure that the process deliv-
erable is acceptable to the client.
4. Elevate the constraint – To Elevate the constraint means to invest into increas-
ing resources at the constraint function or the changing of the project plan to
eliminate activities, thus keeping the constraint function operating at full capac-
ity. The elimination of activities must be carefully considered since it can
increase the project risk. Therefore, a Risk Analysis should be performed before
implementing a project plan change.
5. An example in the use of theory of constraints is shown below:
The following “Analytical Process Flow Diagram” represents the current
interaction flow between Analytical Method Development (AMD) function
and other stakeholders within a project (Fig. 3.1).
Observed Constraints
AMV QC
client receive, AMD Perf
initiates performs
requests data, reviews
service, Prepares validation & testing of Charct
info, timing data, sends method
product, Quality Demo and/or
samples samples & to AQC
timing Agreement Batches struct
timing Sends Meth
to QC
Reg is data Process
info info, Chem AMD AMV QC
samples & timing evaluates responds Completes performs
accept data, info, to PM & BG validation transfer
Samples blue Book testing
and timing AMD forms project
Accept team & project plan QC
Process Chem and gives analytical AMV Completes
begins process input to Process initiates Transfer QC testing perf
verification and Chem trans
by AMD or
analy method
AMD initiates QC AMV (Buffer)
Dev
Methos Dev. and performs
Process Chem, QA Release interacts with Testing of
Initiates process chem. AMD performs GMP lots
Data
manufacture of Method Validation
CofA
Demo Batches & AMD completes (Buffer)
GMP Lots Method Dev. &
Qualification
References
1. Uwe Techt (2015) Goldratt and the theory of constraints. ibidem-Verlag Stuttgart, Stuttgart
2. Goldratt EM, Cox J (June 1, 2014) The goal: a process of ongoing improvement paperback.
North River Press; 30th Anniversary Edition
Chapter 4
Project Management Process
The Team
• Decision to Form the Team
Inputs
• Selection, Training, Goals, Roles,
Activities
• High performing Teams
Outputs
Assure Execution of
Approved Plans
the Plan
Inputs
Monitor Science & Technology
Activities Executed Plans & Data Summaries
Outputs
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 17
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
T. Catalano, Application of Project Management Principles to the Management
of Pharmaceutical R&D Projects, SpringerBriefs in Pharmaceutical Science &
Drug Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57527-4_4
18 4 Project Management Process
Project Strategy
The development of Project Plan begins with the development of a project strategy
[1]. A project strategy checklist is produced (Fig. 4.1) to ensure that all significant
activities are included in the strategy plan. A project strategy plan flow diagram (see
Fig. 4.2) is developed. The approval of the strategy is shown in Fig. 4.3.
Project Plan
Once the strategy plan is approved, the development of the Project Plan process
flow is initiated [1, 2]. The Project Plan directs the project process flow and is criti-
cal for a successful outcome. The development of the Project Plan process flow is
based on a Project Plan Checklist document (see Fig. 4.4). The Project Plan devel-
opment process flow is shown in Fig. 4.5 and the Project Plan approval process flow
is shown in Fig. 4.6.
• An important activity requirement for the success of a project team, is the
“Project Plan Document”. Below is an example of the advantage of using the
analytical project plan approach to evaluate the initial plan, changes to the initial
plan and the associate risks involved by the action taken [3, 4].
Included below is an example of a Project Plan Document template, a populated
Project Plan with start dates, finish dates, resources required and precursor links.
Also included is a Revised populated project Plan based on the timing and resources
demand changes. To evaluate the effect of the change demands in the project Plan,
a risk analysis was performed to compare risk between original project plan and the
revised project plan. Thus, allowing all stakeholder to understand the details of the
project and the effect of the changes requested.
Project Management Process 19
I. Dosage Form
Dosage Form Type Development Timing Resource Commitment
II. Pharmaceutics/Pre-formulation
Activity Development Timing Resource Commitment
MYRSKYÄ JA KIIHKOA.
*****
»Armas Tony!
Iida.»
Ida Aalbergin kurkku oli niin huono, ettei hän päässyt syksyllä
teatterin alkajaisiin Helsingissä. Hän siirtyi kuitenkin Modumista
Kristianiaan, missä aluksi asui Winterhjelmien perheessä. Lääkäri oli
kieltänyt häntä puhumasta ja hän sai sanoa sanottavansa
kirjoittamalla. Rouva Winterhjelmiä tarkoittaen hän kirjoitti Tony
Sahlbergille: »Hedvig on jalomielinen ja ystävällinen, meillä on usein
pieniä intresantia keskusteluita, — hän puhuu ja minä kirjoitan — ja
niin elämme hiljaisuudessa päivät läpi.» Charlotta Raa-Winterhjelm
— niin porvarillisen hyveellinen ja näyttelijäin kesken harvinaisen
jalomielinen kuin olikin — oli tuskin ilman katkeruutta jaksanut
seurata nuoren Ida Aalbergin nousevaa tähteä. Hän oli edellisenä
vuonna juuri Noora-kuumeen jälkeen vieraillut Helsingissä ja kun
nämä vierailunäytännöt Suomalaisessa teatterissa olivat
epäonnistuneet, niin kiltti ja hurskas rouva Raa-Winterhjelm sai
aiheen moittia Helsingin kritiikkiä ja soimata »Hufvudstadsbladetin»
arvostelijaa (B.O. Schaumania) siitä, että tämä »oli huvitettu vain
nuorista tytöistä, mieluimmin vaaleaverisistä ja hyvin laihoista». Ida
Aalberg oli sekä vaalea että laiha, ja kiukun purkauksen viimeisenä
kohteena oli luonnollisesti hän. Ja lieneekö ollut vilpitöntä rakkautta
Lotten Winterhjelmin puolelta sekään, mistä Ida Aalberg on saanut
aiheen kiittää seuraavilla riveillä:
»Minä olen tämän viime ajan tanssinut joka päivä yhden tunnin
minun »tarantellaani» erään mainion ballettimestarin luona. Tahdoin
nyt käyttää tätä tilaisuutta koska Helsingissä ei ole kelvollista
opettajaa siinä genréssa. Muistatkos sinä vielä sitä tanssia
»Noorassa»? Se oli niin tuhma ja aivan väärä, minä itsekin sen
tunsin vaan en voinut sitä auttaa, se on aina minua oikein vaivannut
ja minä päätin, nyt kun minulla on aikaa, oppia sen todellisen
tarantellan. — Nyt olen oppinut sen. Kun »Noora» annetaan tulevalla
kertaa saat nähdä mikä suuri ero. Nyt vasta voipi käsittää että se on
etelän tulinen tanssi.» —
»Ibsenin uusi teos tuli eilen ulos, vaan minä lähetän sen vasta
tulevalla viikolla sinulle joulu-lektyyriksi. Se on julmasti realistillinen ja
pimeä, oikein a la E. Zola. Tämä realistillinen aika joka nyt niin
suuressa määrässä vallitsee ihmisiä kirjallisuudessa ja taiteessa,
minua oikein surettaa. Ihmisillä ei ole enää mitään idealia ja
kuitenkin se on ideali joka pystyssä pitää ihmisen siveellisyyden ja
moraalin. Kun idealit hyljätään, täytyy ihmissuvun langeta. Minä
puolestani uskon, että piakkoin tapahtuu joku »reaktion» Ranskassa,
sillä sieltähän tuo kaikki on alkunsa saanut.» —
»Rakas Toniseni!