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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

George Jaiani
David Natroshvili Editors

Applications
of Mathematics
and Informatics in
Natural Sciences
and Engineering
AMINSE 2019, Tbilisi, Georgia,
September 23–26
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics &
Statistics

Volume 334
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

This book series features volumes composed of selected contributions from

workshops and conferences in all areas of current research in mathematics and
statistics, including operation research and optimization. In addition to an overall
evaluation of the interest, scientific quality, and timeliness of each proposal at the
hands of the publisher, individual contributions are all refereed to the high quality
standards of leading journals in the field. Thus, this series provides the research
community with well-edited, authoritative reports on developments in the most
exciting areas of mathematical and statistical research today.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10533

George Jaiani David Natroshvili
•

Editors

Applications of Mathematics
and Informatics in Natural
Sciences and Engineering
AMINSE 2019, Tbilisi, Georgia,
September 23–26

123
Editors
George Jaiani David Natroshvili
I.Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics & Georgian Technical University
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences Tbilisi, Georgia
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Tbilisi, Georgia

ISSN 2194-1009 ISSN 2194-1017 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics
ISBN 978-3-030-56355-4 ISBN 978-3-030-56356-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56356-1

Mathematics Subject Classification: 35-XX, 74-XX, 76-XX, 17-XX, 54-XX, 03-XX

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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Editorial Preface

The Fourth International Conference on Applications of Mathematics and

Informatics in Natural Sciences and Engineering (AMINSE 2019) took place in the
Ilia Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University (Tbilisi, Georgia) on September 23–26, 2019.
The aim of AMINSE 2019 was to bring together scientists to discuss their
research in all the aspects of Mathematics, Informatics, and their Applications in
Natural Sciences and Engineering. According to this premise, all the lecturers were
invited personally for their active interest in their relative field. There were 80
participants from 10 countries. The main topics of the conference were: Partial
Differential Equations, Operator Theory, Numerical Analysis, Mechanics of
Deformable Solids, Fluid Mechanics and Computer Science. The program
included wo opening lectures, “Recent Developments on Numerical Solutions for
Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws” presented by Rolf Jeltsch
(Switzerland) and “Progress in Mathematical and Numerical Modelling of
Piezoelectric Smart Structures” by Ayech Benjeddou (France). At the conference,
15 plenary lectures, 15 talks, were presented. The Satellite TICMI (Tbilisi
International Center of Mathematics and Informatis) Advanced Courses on
“Mathematical Models of Piezoelectric Solids and Related Problems” was held
parallel to the conference.
This volume includes 14 peer-reviewed papers presented at the conference. The
contributions are related to several important directions of Applied Mathematics,
Integral Equations, Variational Methods, Continuum Mechanics, Numerical
Analysis, Mathematical Modeling in Social Sciences, Financial Mathematics,
Theory of Probability and Statistics, Li algebra, and Mathematical Logic.
We are grateful to the organizations and individuals who helped orchestrate the
conference. The conference was organized by VIAM, Faculty of Exact and Natural
Sciences of TSU, Georgian Mechanical Union, Georgian National Committee of
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and Tbilisi International Center of
Mathematics and Informatics. The conference was sponsored by the Shota
Rustaveli National Science Foundation. The scientific organization was entrusted to
the international committee consisting of George Jaiani (chair, Georgia), Gia

v
vi Editorial Preface

Avalishvili (Georgia), Nikoloz Avazashvili (Georgia), Ayech Benjeddou (France),

Lucian Beznea (Romania), Ramaz Botchorishvili (Georgia), Natalia Chinchaladze
(Georgia), Roland Duduchava (Georgia), Maribel Fernandez (UK), ALice
Fialowski (Hungary), Temur Jangveladze (Georgia), Rolf Jeltsch (Switzerland),
Alexsander Kharazishvili (Georgia), Omar Kikvidze (Georgia), Gela Kipiani
(Georgia), Vakhtang Kokilashvili (Georgia), Vakhtang Kvaratskhelia (Georgia),
Teimuraz Kutsia (Austria), Mircea Marin (Romania), Bernadette Miara (France),
Wolfgang H. Müller (Germany), Elizbar Nadaraya (Georgia), David Natroshvili
(Georgia), Jemal Rogava (Georgia), Tamaz Vashakmadze (Georgia). The local
arrangements of the conference were in the hands of the committee consisting of
Natalia Chinchaladze (Chair) Mariam Beriashvili (Scientific Secretary), Besik
Dundua, Bakur Gulua, Mikheil Rukhaia, and Manana Tevdoradze. We would like
to thank all of them for their hard and efficient work.
In the present book, the contributions of the participants have been ordered
alphabetically by the names of the presenting authors. The responsibility for the
contents of the papers lies solely with each author.
The editors wish to express their thanks to Natalia Chinchaladze for spending
time, patience, and for her valuable help in editing and layouting the book.
The editors are indebted to Springer-Verlag for their courteous and effective
production of these proceedings.

Tbilisi, Georgia George Jaiani

June 2020 David Natroshvili
Contents

On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems

for Thermoelastic Piezoelectric Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Gia Avalishvili and Mariam Avalishvili
On Nonparametric Kernel-Type Estimate of the Bernoulli Regression
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Petre K. Babilua and Elizbar A. Nadaraya
Scaling Property for Fragmentation Processes Related
to Avalanches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Lucian Beznea, Madalina Deaconu, and Oana Lupaşcu-Stamate
Conflict Resolution Models and Resource Minimization Problems . . . . . 47
Temur Chilachava and George Pochkhua
Modeling of Extreme Events and Regional Climate Variability
on the Territory of the Caucasus (Georgia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Teimurazi Davitashvili, Inga Samkharadze, and Meri Sharikadze
Extending the qLog Calculus with Proximity Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Besik Dundua, Temur Kutsia, Mircea Marin, and Cleo Pau
Specification and Analysis of ABAC Policies in a Rule-Based
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Besik Dundua, Temur Kutsia, Mircea Marin, and Mikheil Rukhaia
A Strategic Graph Rewriting Model of Rational Negligence
in Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Nneka Ene, Maribel Fernández, and Bruno Pinaud
On Lie Algebras with an Invariant Inner Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Alice Fialowski

vii
viii Contents

Study of Three-Layer Semi-Discrete Schemes for Second

Order Evolution Equations by Chebyshev Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Romeo Galdava, David Gulua, and Jemal Rogava
Notes on Sub-Gaussian Random Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
George Giorgobiani, Vakhtang Kvaratskhelia, and Vaja Tarieladze
Localized Boundary-Domain Integro-Differential Equations
Approach for Stationary Heat Transfer Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Sveta Gorgisheli, Maia Mrevlishvili, and David Natroshvili
Boundary Value Problems of the Plane Theory of Elasticity
for Materials with Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Bakur Gulua and Roman Janjgava
Objective and Subjective Consistent Criteria for Hypotheses
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Omar Purtukhia and Zurab Zerakidze
Review of Rational Electrodynamics: Deformation and Force Models
for Polarizable and Magnetizable Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Wilhelm Rickert and Wolfgang H. Müller
On Variational Methods of Investigation
of Mathematical Problems for
Thermoelastic Piezoelectric Solids

Gia Avalishvili and Mariam Avalishvili

Abstract In this paper we present the results of investigation of the boundary and
initial-boundary value problems corresponding to mathematical models of ther-
moelastic piezoelectric solids with regard to magnetic field. We consider three-
dimensional static and dynamic models of general inhomogeneous anisotropic ther-
moelastic piezoelectric solids with mixed boundary conditions, when on certain parts
of the boundary density of surface force, and normal components of the electric dis-
placement, magnetic induction, and heat flux are given, and on the remaining parts
of the boundary mechanical displacement, temperature, electric and magnetic poten-
tials vanish. We obtain variational formulations of the boundary and initial-boundary
value problems in suitable function spaces and present the existence, uniqueness and
continuous dependence results.

Keywords Thermoelastic piezoelectric solids · Boundary and initial-boundary

value problems · Existence and uniqueness of solution · Variational methods
Sobolev spaces · Vector-valued distributions

1 Introduction

The important integral parts of modern engineering constructions are smart struc-
tures, which involve actuators and sensors, and microprocessors that analyze the
responses from the sensors and use actuators to alter construction response. After
discovery of piezoelectric effect by the Curie brothers [14], Jacques and Pierre, the

G. Avalishvili (B)
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 3 I.
Tchavtchavadze Ave., 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
e-mail: gavalish@yahoo.com
M. Avalishvili
School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia,
77a M. Kostava Str., 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia
e-mail: m.avalishvili@ug.edu.ge
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 1
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
G. Jaiani and D. Natroshvili (eds.), Applications of Mathematics and Informatics
in Natural Sciences and Engineering, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics
& Statistics 334, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56356-1_1
2 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili

applications of piezoelectric materials was gradually increasing, and currently piezo-

electrics are the most popular smart materials. Therefore, it is important to construct
and investigate accurate mathematical models that can predict the coupled response
of materials that exhibit not only thermo-elastic, but also electro-magnetic properties.
Mathematical phenomenological theory relating the phenomena of piezoelectric-
ity and pyroelectricity to crystal symmetry first was constructed by Voigt [34]. He
determined which of crystal classes can be piezoelectric and rigorously defined the
macroscopic relationships among parameters in crystal solids. Later on, Tiersten [31]
obtained variational principle for the equations of linear piezoelectricity (with the
quasielectrostatic field approximation to Maxwells equations) and studied problems
of vibration of piezoelectric plates. The three-dimensional equations of the linear
thermopiezoelectricity were considered by Mindlin [23] and two-dimensional equa-
tions for plates were derived on the basis of integral energy equation and approxima-
tion by polynomials with respect to the variable of plate thickness. Nowacki [26, 27]
obtained uniqueness and reciprocity theorems for thermo-piezoelectricity. Dhaliwal
and Wang [16] proved a uniqueness theorem for linear three-dimensional thermo-
piezoelectricity without restrictions on the coupling constant between temperature
and electric field, and positive definiteness assumption imposed on the elasticity ten-
sor, which were used in [27]. Li [21] considered the coupling effects between elastic,
electric, magnetic and thermal fields, and generalized the uniqueness result obtained
in [16] and reciprocity theorem of Nowacki [26], which further were strengthened by
Aouadi [4] and the results were proved without positive definiteness assumption on
the thermal conductivity tensor, which was used in [21]. A variational principle for the
three-dimensional equations of piezoelectromagnetism and the appropriate boundary
conditions for elastic dielectric crystals surrounded by a vacuum or perfect conductor
are obtained by Lee [20]. On the basis of the principle of virtual work and Friedrich’s
transformation variational principles for the discontinuous thermopiezoelectric fields
were obtained by Altay and Dökmeci [3]. By introducing the semi-inverse method
He [17] obtained a generalized variational principle for the linear magneto-electro-
elasticity. On the basis of the Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle for
three-dimensional model of elastic solids, the modified Hellinger-Reissner mixed
variational principle for magnetoelectroelastic solids was obtained by Qing et al.
[30]. The analogue of the Reissners mixed variational theorem for thermopiezoelec-
tric multilayered composites was obtained by Benjeddou and Andrianarison [12].
The existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on given data of a solution
of an initial-boundary value problem with the mixed boundary conditions for the
mechanical displacement, mechanical stress, electric potential and electric displace-
ment corresponding to the three-dimensional model of an anisotropic inhomogeneous
piezoelectric material with quasi-static equations for the electric field were proved
in Sobolev spaces by Akamatsu and Nakamura [1]. The well-posedness results in
specific function spaces for the three-dimensional model of thermo-piezoelectricity
with inhomogeneous material parameters in the cases of homogeneous pure Dirichlet
or Neumann type boundary conditions given on the entire boundary were obtained
by Mulholland et al. [24]. The well-posedness of the initial value problem, when
the electric and magnetic fields, and the mechanical displacement are vanished at
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 3

the initial time, for the dynamic equations of magneto-electro-elasticity, wherein the
Maxwells equations are involved, has been investigated by Yakhno [36]. Applying the
potential method and theory of pseudodifferential equations, Natroshvili [25] stud-
ied static and pseudo-oscillation problems with basic, mixed and crack-type bound-
ary conditions for homogeneous anisotropic thermo-electro-magneto-elastic solids.
The static and dynamic three-dimensional problems for inhomogeneous anisotropic
thermo-electro-magneto-elastic solids with general mixed boundary conditions were
investigated by Avalishvili et al. [8, 9]. The hierarchies of static and dynamic two-
dimensional models for plates with variable thickness and dynamic one-dimensional
models for bars with variable cross-section made of thermo-electro-magneto-elastic
material were constructed and investigated by Avalishvili and Avalishvili [5–7]. Hier-
archical two-dimensional models for cusped prismatic shells were studied by Jaiani
[18], and one-dimensional models for cusped bars consisting of piezoelectric material
were investigated by Jaiani [19], Chinchaladze [13]. Mathematical models of elastic
solids that demonstrate coupling behavior between various physical, in particular,
electric, magnetic and thermal, fields were investigated and methods of solutions of
the corresponding problems were developed by many researchers (see [2, 10, 11,
28, 29, 32, 33] and the references given therein).
In the present paper, we study the well-posedness of the linear dynamic and static
three-dimensional models for piezoelectric thermoelastic body made of anisotropic
inhomogeneous material with mixed boundary conditions applying variational
approach. We present new existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence results
in suitable Sobolev spaces and the classical spaces of smooth functions.
In Sect. 2, we consider dynamic three-dimensional model for inhomogeneous
anisotropic piezoelectric thermoelastic body and the differential formulation of the
corresponding initial-boundary value problem, with general mixed boundary condi-
tions, where, on certain parts of the boundary, surface force and components of the
electric displacement, magnetic induction, and heat flux along the outward normal
vector are given, and, on the remaining parts, the mechanical displacement, elec-
tric and magnetic potentials, and temperature vanish. We obtain integral relations
that are equivalent to the original differential equations together with the boundary
conditions in the space of twice continuously differentiable functions and, on the
basis of them, we give the variational formulation of the three-dimensional initial-
boundary problem in suitable spaces of vector-valued distributions with respect to
the time variable with values in Sobolev spaces. We formulate theorem regarding the
existence and uniqueness, and continuous dependence of a solution on given data
in suitable function spaces, and energy equality, when the parameters characterizing
thermo-elastic and piezo-magnetic properties are Lipschitz continuous or essentially
bounded, and the given functions on the boundary of spatial domain and at the initial
time satisfy corresponding compatibility conditions.
In Sect. 3, we study static three-dimensional model for inhomogeneous aniso-
tropic piezoelectric thermoelastic body and from the differential formulation of the
corresponding boundary value problem, with general mixed boundary conditions,
on the basis of suitable integral relations, we obtain variational formulation that is
equivalent to the original differential equations together with the boundary condi-
4 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili

tions in the space of twice continuously differentiable functions. We formulate results

regarding the existence and uniqueness, and continuous dependence of a solution on
given data in various Sobolev spaces, and applying them we present result regard-
ing the existence and uniqueness of the classical twice continuously differentiable
solution.

2 Dynamic Three-Dimensional Problem

In this paper, for each real s ≥ 0, 0 ≤ š ≤ 1, we denote by H s (D) and H š (Γˇ ) the
Sobolev spaces of real-valued functions based on H 0 (D) = L 2 (D) and H 0 (Γˇ ) =
L 2 (Γˇ ), respectively, where D ⊂ Rn , n ∈ N, is a bounded Lipschitz domain and Γˇ is
an element of a Lipschitz dissection of the boundary ∂ D [22]. We denote the corre-
sponding spaces of vector-valued functions by Hs (D) = [H s (D)]3 , s ≥ 0, Hš (Γˇ ) =
[H š (Γˇ )]3 , 0 ≤ š ≤ 1, Ls1 (Γˇ ) = [L s1 (Γˇ )]3 , s1 ≥ 1 and by tr Γˇ : H 1 (D) → H 1/2 (Γˇ ),
trΓˇ : H1 (D) → H1/2 (Γˇ ) the trace operators. For any measurable set D ⊂ Rn , n ∈ N,
(., .)L2 (D) and (., .) L 2 (D) are the classical scalar products in L2 (D) and L 2 (D), respec-
tively. We denote by C r,1 (D), r ∈ N ∪ {0}, the space of function on D with Lipschitz-
continuous derivatives up to the order r , where D ⊂ Rn , n ∈ N, is a bounded Lips-
chitz domain. D(D) denotes the set of infinitely differentiable functions with compact
support in D. Along with Lipschitz domains we use the notion of C r,l domain [22],
for r ∈ N ∪ {0}, 0 ≤ l ≤ 1, where the boundary of the domain is locally defined by
functions whose derivatives up to the r -th order are Hölder-continuous with expo-
nent l. Note that a Lipschitz domain is a C 0,1 domain. For bounded C s,1 , s ≥ 0,
domain D ⊂ Rn , n ∈ N, we use the Sobolev space H š (Γˇ ), 0 ≤ š ≤ s + 1 [22],
of real-valued functions based on H 0 (Γˇ ) = L 2 (Γˇ ), where Γˇ is an element of a
Lipschitz dissection of the boundary ∂ D. We denote the corresponding space of
vector-valued functions by Hš (Γˇ ) = [H š (Γˇ )]3 , 0 ≤ š ≤ s + 1. For a Banach space
X , we denote by C([0, T ]; X ) the space of continuous vector-functions on [0, T ]
with values in X . L s1 (0, T ; X ), 1 ≤ s1 ≤ ∞, is the space of such measurable vector-
functions g : (0, T ) → X so that g X ∈ L s1 (0, T ) and the generalized derivative of
g is denoted by g = dg/dt ∈ D (0, T ; X ) [15]. If g ∈ L 1 (0, T ; X ) and X is a space
of functions of variable x ∈ D ⊂ Rn , n ∈ N, then we identify g with a function
g(x, t), and g(t) denotes the function g(t) : x → g(x, t), for almost all t ∈ (0, T ).
We identify the distributional derivative dg/dt with the derivative ∂g/∂t of g in the
space D (D × (0, T )) of distributions on D × (0, T ).
Let us consider a thermoelastic piezoelectric body with initial configuration Ω,
which consists of a general inhomogeneous anisotropic thermo-electro-magneto-
elastic material and it is charachterized by the following consistently spatially depen-
dent parameters:

• the elasticity tensor ci j pq (x), x ∈ Ω (i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3), which satisfies the fol-
lowing symmetry and positive definiteness conditions:
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 5

ci j pq (x) = c pqi j (x) = c ji pq (x), ∀i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3, (1)


3 
3
ci j pq (x)ξ pq ξi j ≥ αc (ξi j )2 , αc = const > 0, (2)
i, j, p,q=1 i, j=1

for all ξi j ∈ R, ξi j = ξ ji , i, j = 1, 2, 3;
• the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic coefficients ε pi j (x) and b pi j (x), x ∈ Ω
(i, j, p = 1, 2, 3), which satisfy the following symmetry conditions:

ε pi j (x) = ε pji (x), b pi j (x) = b pji (x), i, j, p = 1, 2, 3; (3)

• the stress-temperature tensor λi j (x), x ∈ Ω (i, j = 1, 2, 3), which satisfy the fol-
lowing symmetry conditions:

λi j (x) = λ ji (x), i, j = 1, 2, 3; (4)

• the mass density ρ(x), x ∈ Ω;

• the permittivity and permeability tensors di j (x) and ζi j (x), x ∈ Ω (i, j = 1, 2, 3),
and the coupling coefficients connecting electric and magnetic fields ai j (x), x ∈ Ω
(i, j = 1, 2, 3), which satisfy the following positive definiteness condition:


3 
3 
3 
3
di j (x)ξ j ξi + ai j (x)ξ j ξi + ai j (x)ξ j ξ i + ζi j (x)ξ j ξ i
i, j=1 i, j=1 i, j=1 i, j=1


3
≥α ((ξi )2 + (ξ i )2 ), α = const > 0, ∀ξi , ξ i ∈ R, i = 1, 2, 3; (5)
i=1

• the piroelectiric and piromagnetic coefficients μi (x) and m i (x), x ∈ Ω (i =

1, 2, 3);
• the thermal conductivity tensor ηi j (x), x ∈ Ω (i, j = 1, 2, 3), which satisfies the
following positive definiteness condition:


3 
3
ηi j (x)ξ j ξi ≥ αη (ξi )2 , αη = const > 0, (6)
i, j=1 i=1

for all ξi ∈ R (i = 1, 2, 3);

• the thermal capacity κ(x), x ∈ Ω;
• the temperature Θ0 = const > 0 of the thermoelastic piezoelectric body in nat-
ural state of no deformation and electromagnetic fields, which is considered as a
reference temperature.

We consider mixed boundary conditions on the boundary Γ = ∂Ω of the thermoe-

lastic piezoelectric body, such that on certain parts of the boundary the mechanical
displacement, electric and magnetic potentials, and temperature vanish, and on the
6 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili

remaining parts the densities of the components of the stress vector, electric displace-
ment and magnetic induction, and heat flux along the unit outward normal vector of
the boundary are given. We assume that the body is clamped along a part Γ0 ⊂ Γ of
ϕ
the boundary, the electric potential vanishes along Γ0 ⊂ Γ , the magnetic potential
ψ
vanishes along Γ0 ⊂ Γ , and the temperature θ vanishes along a part Γ0θ ⊂ Γ of the
boundary. The body is subjected to:
• the applied body force with density f = ( f i )i=1
3
: Ω × (0, T ) → R3 ;
• the applied surface force, with density g = (gi )i=1
3
: Γ1 × (0, T ) → R3 , which is
given along the part Γ1 = Γ \Γ0 of the boundary of Ω, where Γ = Γ0 ∪ Γ1 is a
Lipschitz dissection of Γ ;
• the electric charges with density f ϕ : Ω × (0, T ) → R;
• the component of the electric displacement along the unit outward normal vector of
ϕ ϕ ϕ
Γ , with density g ϕ : Γ1 × (0, T ) → R, which is given along the part Γ1 = Γ \Γ0
ϕ ϕ
of the boundary Γ , where Γ = Γ0 ∪ Γ1 is a Lipschitz dissection of Γ ;
• the component of the magnetic induction along the unit outward normal vector
ψ ψ
of Γ , with density g ψ : Γ1 × (0, T ) → R, which is given along the part Γ1 =
ψ ψ ψ
Γ \Γ0 of the boundary Γ , where Γ = Γ0 ∪ Γ1 is a Lipschitz dissection of Γ ;
• the heat source with density f θ : Ω × (0, T ) → R;
• the heat flux along the unit outward normal vector of Γ , with density g θ : Γ1θ ×
(0, T ) → R, which is given along the part Γ1θ = Γ \Γ0θ of the boundary Γ , where
Γ = Γ0θ ∪ Γ1θ is a Lipschitz dissection of Γ .

The dynamic linear three-dimensional model of the stress-strain state of the ther-
moelastic piezoelectric body Ω, with quasi-static equations for electric and magnetic
fields, where the rate of the magnetic field is small, i.e. the electric field is curl free,
and there is no electric current, i.e. the magnetic field is curl free, is given by the
following initial-boundary value problem in differential form [9, 21, 25]:
⎛
∂ 2ui  ∂  
3 3 3
⎝ ∂ϕ
ρ 2 − ci j pq e pq (u) + ε pi j
∂t j=1
∂ x j p,q=1 p=1
∂ xp
⎞
 3
∂ψ
+ b pi j − λi j θ ⎠ = f i in Ω × (0, T ), i = 1, 2, 3, (7)
p=1
∂ xp
⎛
 3
∂ ⎝
3  3
∂ϕ
εi pq e pq (u) − di j
i=1
∂ x i p,q=1 j=1
∂ xj
⎞
 3
∂ψ
− ai j + μi θ ⎠ = f ϕ in Ω × (0, T ), (8)
j=1
∂ x j
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 7
⎛
3
∂ ⎝
3 3
∂ϕ
bi pq e pq (u) − ai j
i=1
∂ xi p,q=1 j=1
∂x j
⎞
3
∂ψ
− ζi j + mi θ ⎠ = 0 in Ω × (0, T ), (9)
j=1
∂ x j

  
∂ 
3 3
∂θ ∂ ∂θ
κ − ηi j + Θ0 λ ei j (u)
∂t i, j=1
∂ xi ∂x j ∂t i, j=1 i j

∂  ∂ϕ ∂  ∂ψ
3 3
− Θ0 μi − Θ0 m = fθ in Ω × (0, T ), (10)
∂t i=1 ∂ xi ∂t i=1 i ∂ xi

3
u=0 on Γ0 × (0, T ), σi j n j = gi on Γ1 × (0, T ), i = 1, 2, 3,
j=1
(11)

ϕ

3
ϕ
ϕ =0 on Γ0 × (0, T ), Di n i = g ϕ on Γ1 × (0, T ), (12)
i=1

ψ

3
ψ
ψ =0 on Γ0 × (0, T ), Bi n i = g ψ on Γ1 × (0, T ), (13)
i=1


3
∂θ
θ =0 on Γ0θ × (0, T ), − ηi j n = gθ on Γ1θ × (0, T ), (14)
i, j=1
∂x j i
∂u
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), (x, 0) = u1 (x), θ (x, 0) = θ0 (x), x ∈ Ω, (15)
∂t

where u = (u i )i=1
3
: Ω × [0, T ] → R3 is the mechanical displacement vector-
function, ϕ : Ω × [0, T ] → R and ψ : Ω × [0, T ] → R stand for the electric and
magnetic potentials such that the electric and magnetic fields are E = −(∂ϕ/∂ xi )i=1 3

and H = −(∂ψ/∂ xi )i=1 , θ : Ω × [0, T ] → R is the temperature distribution, u0 =

3

(u 0i )i=1
3
and u1 = (u 1i )i=1
3
are the initial mechanical displacement and velocity
vector-functions, respectively, θ0 is the initial distribution of temperature; (σi j )i,3 j=1
is the mechanical stress tensor, which is given by the following linear constitutive
equation for a thermo-electro-magneto-elastic solid:


3 
3
∂ϕ 
3
∂ψ
σi j = ci j pq e pq (u) + ε pi j + b pi j − λi j θ , i, j = 1, 2, 3, (16)
∂xp ∂xp
p,q=1 p=1 p=1

where ei j (v) = 1/2 ∂vi /∂ x j + ∂v j /∂ xi , i, j = 1, 2, 3, v = (vi )i=1

3
, is the strain
tensor; D = (D j )3j=1 is the electric displacement vector and B = (B j )3j=1 is the mag-
netic induction vector, which are given by the following linear constitutive equations:
8 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili


3 
3
∂ϕ  ∂ψ 3
Di = εi pq e pq (u) − di j − ai j + μi θ , i = 1, 2, 3, (17)
p,q=1 j=1
∂x j j=1
∂x j


3 
3
∂ϕ  ∂ψ 3
Bi = bi pq e pq (u) − ai j − ζi j + m i θ , i = 1, 2, 3. (18)
p,q=1 j=1
∂x j j=1
∂x j

If u = (u i )i=1
3
, ϕ , ψ , and θ are twice continuously differentiable, then by mul-
tiplying Eqs. (7) by arbitrary continuously differentiable functions vi : Ω → R
(i = 1, 2, 3), which vanish on Γ0 , Eq. (8) by a continuously differentiable func-
tion ϕ : Ω → R, such that ϕ = 0 on Γ0ϕ , Eq. (9) by a continuously differentiable
ψ
function ψ : Ω → R vanishing on Γ0 , and Eq. (10) by a continuously differen-
tiable function θ : Ω → R, such that θ = 0 on Γ0θ , by integrating on Ω and by using
Green’s formula, and taking into account symmetry condition (1), (3), (4), boundary
conditions (11)–(14), and constitutive equations (16)–(18), we obtain the following
integral relations:


3
∂ 2ui 
3
ρ v dx + ci j pq e pq (u)ei j (v)d x
∂t 2 i
Ω i=1 Ω i, j, p,q=1

3
∂ϕ 
3
∂ψ
+ ε pi j ei j (v)d x + b pi j ei j (v)d x
∂xp ∂xp
Ω i, j, p=1 Ω i, j, p=1

3 
3 
3
− λi j θ ei j (v)d x = f i vi d x + gi vi dΓ, (19)
Ω i, j=1 Ω i=1 Γ1 i=1

3
∂ϕ 
3
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
− εi pq e pq (u) dx + di j dx
∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω i, j, p=1 Ω i, j=1

3
∂ψ ∂ϕ 
3
∂ϕ
+ ai j dx − μi θ dx = f ϕ ϕd x − g ϕ ϕdΓ, (20)
∂ x j ∂ xi ∂ xi
Ω i, j=1 Ω i=1 Ω ϕ
Γ1


3
∂ψ 
3
∂ϕ ∂ψ
− bi pq e pq (u) dx + ai j dx
∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω i, j, p=1 Ω i, j=1

3
∂ψ ∂ψ 
3
∂ψ
+ ζi j dx − mi θ dx = − g ψ ψdΓ, (21)
∂ x j ∂ xi ∂ xi
Ω i, j=1 Ω i=1 Γ1
ψ


3 
3  
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ∂u
κ θ dx + ηi j d x + Θ0 λi j ei j θ dx
∂t ∂ x j ∂ xi ∂t
Ω Ω i, j=1 Ω i, j=1
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 9


3
∂ 2ϕ 
3
∂ 2ψ
− Θ0 μi θ d x − Θ0 mi θ dx
∂t∂ xi ∂t∂ xi
Ω i=1 Ω i=1

= f θ θdx − g θ θ dΓ. (22)

Ω Γ1θ

Therefore, if u = (u i )i=1
3
: Ω × [0, T ] → R3 , ϕ : Ω × [0, T ] → R, ψ : Ω ×
[0, T ] → R, and θ : Ω × [0, T ] → R are solutions of Eqs. (7)–(10) and satisfy
boundary conditions (11)–(14), then u, ϕ , ψ and θ are solutions of Eqs. (19)–(22 ).
Conversely, if u, ϕ , ψ and θ are twice continuously differentiable solutions of Eqs.
(19)–(22), then by using Green’s formula we obtain:


3
∂ 2u 
3
ρ i
vi d x + σi j n j vi dΓ
i=1
∂t 2 i, j=1
Ω Γ1
⎛

3
∂ ⎝
3 3
∂ϕ
− ci j pq e pq (u) + ε pi j
∂ x j p,q=1 p=1
∂ xp
Ω i, j=1
⎞
 3
∂ψ  3 3
+ b pi j − λi j θ ⎠ vi d x = f i vi d x + gi vi dΓ, (23)
p=1
∂xp i=1 i=1
Ω Γ1
⎛
3  ∂
3 3
− Di n i ϕ dΓ + ⎝ ε e pq (u)
i=1 i=1
∂ xi p,q=1 i pq
ϕ Ω
Γ1
⎞

3
∂ϕ 3
∂ψ
− di j − ai j + μi θ ⎠ ϕd x = f ϕ ϕd x − g ϕ ϕdΓ, (24)
j=1
∂x j j=1
∂x j
Ω ϕ
Γ1
⎛

3 3
∂ ⎝
3
− Bi n i ψ dΓ + b e pq (u)
i=1 i=1
∂ xi p,q=1 i pq
Γ1
ψ Ω
⎞

3
∂ϕ 3
∂ψ
− ai j − ζi j + mi θ ⎠ ψ d x = − g ψ ψdΓ, (25)
j=1
∂x j j=1
∂x j
ψ
Γ1


3  3  
∂θ ∂θ ∂ ∂θ
κ θ dx + ηi j n θ dΓ − ηi j θ dx
∂t i, j=1
∂x j i i, j=1
∂ xi ∂x j
Ω Γ1θ Ω
10 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili


3   
3
∂u ∂ 2ϕ
+ Θ0 λi j ei j θ d x − Θ0 μi θ dx
∂t ∂t∂ xi
Ω i, j=1 Ω i=1


3
∂ 2ψ
− Θ0 mi θ dx = f θθdx − g θ θdΓ, (26)
i=1
∂t∂ xi
Ω Ω Γ1θ

where v = (vi )i=1

3
, ϕ , ψ , θ are continuously differentiable functions on Ω, such that
ϕ ψ
vi = 0 on Γ0 (i = 1, 2, 3), ϕ = 0 on Γ0 , ψ = 0 on Γ0 , θ = 0 on Γ0θ . By letting
v ∈ (D(Ω)) , ϕ ∈ D(Ω), ψ ∈ D(Ω), θ ∈ D(Ω) and by taking into account the
3

density of D(Ω) in L 2 (Ω), we obtain, from (23)–(26), that u, ϕ , ψ and θ satisfy

Eqs. (7)–(10). Furthermore, if functions v, ϕ , ψ and θ are arbitrary continuous
ϕ ψ
functions on the surfaces Γ1 , Γ1 , Γ1 and Γ1θ and vanish on the remaining parts of
the boundary Γ, then by applying Eqs. (7)–(10) and density of the sets of continuous
ϕ ψ
functions on Γ1 , Γ1 , Γ1 and Γ1θ vanishing on the boundaries of the corresponding
ϕ ψ
surfaces in spaces L 2 (Γ1 ), L 2 (Γ1 ), L 2 (Γ1 ) and L 2 (Γ1θ ), we infer, from (23 )–(26),
that u, ϕ , ψ and θ satisfy the boundary conditions (11)–(14).
Hence, the initial-boundary problem (7)–(15) corresponding to the dynamic three-
dimensional model of anisotropic inhomogeneous thermoelastic piezoelectric body is
equivalent to Eqs. (19)–(22) with initial conditions (15) in the space of twice continu-
ously differentiable functions. Therefore, by identifying the unknown vector-function
u and the functions ϕ, ψ, θ with vector-functions defined on [0, T ] with values in
suitable spaces of functions defined on Ω, from Eqs. (19)–(22) we obtain the follow-
ing variational formulation of problem (7)–(15) in the spaces of vector-valued distri-
butions: Find u ∈ C([0, T ]; V(Ω)), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T ; V(Ω)), u ∈ L ∞ (0, T ; L2 (Ω)),
ϕ ∈ C([0, T ]; V ϕ (Ω)), ϕ ∈ L ∞ (0, T ; V ϕ (Ω)), ψ ∈ C([0, T ]; V ψ (Ω)), ψ ∈ L ∞
(0, T ; V ψ (Ω)), θ ∈ C([0, T ]; V θ (Ω)), θ ∈ L ∞ (0, T ; L 2 (Ω)) ∩ L 2 (0, T ; V θ (Ω)),
which satisfy the following equations in the sense of distributions on (0, T ),

(ρu , v)L2 (Ω) + c(u, v) + ε(ϕ, v) + b(ψ, v) − λ(θ, v) = L u (v), ∀v ∈ V(Ω), (27)
ϕ ϕ
− ε(ϕ, u) + d(ϕ, ϕ) + a(ψ, ϕ) − μ(θ, ϕ) = L (ϕ), ∀ϕ ∈ V (Ω), (28)
ψ ψ
− b(ψ, u) + a(ϕ, ψ) + ζ (ψ, ψ) − m(θ, ψ) = L (ψ), ∀ψ ∈ V (Ω), (29)
(κθ , θ ) L 2 (Ω) + η(θ, θ ) + Θ0 λ(θ , u )
− Θ0 μ(θ , ϕ ) − Θ0 m(θ , ψ ) = L θ (θ ), ∀θ ∈ V θ (Ω), (30)

together with the initial conditions

u(0) = u0 , u (0) = u1 , θ (0) = θ0 , (31)

where V(Ω) = {v ∈ H1 (Ω); trΓ (v) = 0 on Γ0 }, V ϕ (Ω)= {ϕ ∈ H 1 (Ω); tr Γ (ϕ) =

ϕ ψ
0 on Γ0 }, V ψ (Ω) = {ψ ∈ H 1 (Ω); tr Γ (ψ) = 0 on Γ0 }, V θ (Ω) = {θ ∈ H 1 (Ω);
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 11

tr Γ (θ) = 0 on Γ0θ }, and


3 
3
∂ϕ
c(u, v) = ci j pq e pq (u)ei j (v)d x, ε(ϕ, v) = ε pi j ei j (v)d x,
∂xp
Ω i, j, p,q=1 Ω i, j, p=1

3
∂ψ 
3
b(ψ, v) = b pi j ei j (v)d x, λ(θ, v) = λi j θ ei j (v)d x,
∂xp
Ω i, j, p=1 Ω i, j=1

3
∂ϕ ∂ϕ 
3
∂ψ ∂ϕ
d(ϕ, ϕ) = di j d x, a(ψ, ϕ) = ai j d x,
∂ x j ∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω i, j=1 Ω i, j=1


3
∂ϕ 
3
∂ψ ∂ψ
μ(θ, ϕ) = μi θ d x, ζ (ψ, ψ) = ζi j d x,
i=1
∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω Ω i, j=1

3
∂ψ 
3
∂θ ∂θ
m(θ, ψ) = mi θ d x, η(θ, θ ) = ηi j d x,
i=1
∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω Ω i, j=1

3 
3
L u (v) = f i vi d x + gi tr Γ1 (vi )dΓ, L ψ (ψ) = − g ψ tr Γ ψ (ψ)dΓ,
1
Ω i=1 Γ1 i=1 ψ
Γ1

L θ (θ ) = f θθdx − g θ tr Γ1θ (θ)dΓ, L ϕ (ϕ) = f ϕ ϕd x − g ϕ tr Γ1ϕ (ϕ)dΓ.

Ω Ω ϕ
Γ1θ Γ1

Note that if ε pi j , b pi j , di j , ai j , ζi j , μi , m i ∈ C 0,1 (Ω), then, from Rademacher’s

theorem [35], we have that the functions ε pi j , b pi j , di j , ai j , ζi j , μi , m i are dif-
ferentiable almost everywhere in Ω and their derivatives belong to L ∞ (Ω). If u0 ∈
ϕ ψ
H2 (Ω), f ϕ (0) ∈ L 2 (Ω), g ϕ (0) ∈ H 1/2 (Γ1 ), g ψ (0) ∈ H 1/2 (Γ1 ), θ0 ∈ H 1 (Ω), then
by applying Green’s formula, Eqs. (28), (29) can be written as follows:


3
d(ϕ0 , ϕ) + a(ψ0 , ϕ) = tr Γ1ϕ (ϕ)tr Γ1ϕ (ε pi j ei j (u0 ))n p dΓ
i, j, p=1 ϕ
Γ1


3
∂(ε pi j ei j (u0 ))  3
− ϕ dx + tr Γ1ϕ (ϕ)tr Γ1ϕ (μi θ0 )n i dΓ
i, j, p=1 Ω
∂xp i=1 ϕ
Γ1


3
∂(μi θ0 )
− ϕ d x + ( f ϕ (0), ϕ) L 2 (Ω) − (g ϕ (0), tr Γ1ϕ (ϕ)) L 2 (Γ1ϕ ) , (32)
i=1 Ω
∂ xi
12 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili


3
a(ϕ0 , ψ) + ζ (ψ0 , ψ) = tr Γ ψ (ψ)tr Γ ψ (b pi j ei j (u0 ))n p dΓ
1 1
i, j, p=1 ψ
Γ1


3
∂(b pi j ei j (u0 ))  3
− ψ dx + tr Γ ψ (ψ)tr Γ ψ (m i θ0 )n i dΓ
i, j, p=1 Ω
∂xp i=1
1 1
ψ
Γ1


3
∂(m i θ0 )
− ψ d x − (g ψ (0), tr Γ ψ (ψ)) L 2 (Γ ψ ) , (33)
i=1 Ω
∂ xi 1 1

where n = (n i )i=1
3
is the unit outward normal vector of the boundary Γ , and the given
functions in the right-hand parts of Eqs. (32), (33) have the following properties:


3 
3
tr Γ1ϕ (ε pi j ei j (u0 ))n p + tr Γ1ϕ (μi θ0 )n i − g ϕ (0) ∈ H 1/2 (Γ1ϕ ),
i, j, p=1 i=1


3
∂(ε pi j ei j (u0 )) 
3
∂(μi θ0 )
− − + f ϕ (0) ∈ L 2 (Ω),
i, j, p=1
∂xp i=1
∂ xi


3 
3
ψ
tr Γ1
ψ (b pi j ei j (u0 ))n p + tr Γ ψ (m i θ0 )n i − g ψ (0) ∈ H 1/2 (Γ1 ),
1
i, j, p=1 i=1

 3
∂(b pi j ei j (u0 ))  ∂(m i θ0 )
3
− − ∈ L 2 (Ω).
i, j, p=1
∂ x p i=1
∂ x i

It follows from the positive definiteness condition (6) that (32), (33) constitute a
boundary value problem for a strongly elliptic system of the second-order partial
differential equations [22] with respect to ϕ0 ∈ V ϕ (Ω) and ψ0 ∈ V ψ (Ω), which
ψ
possesses a unique solution when Γ0ϕ = ∅ and Γ0 = ∅, and if Ω is a bounded C 1,1
ϕ ϕ ψ ψ
domain and Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, then, by applying the regularity theorem
[22], we infer that the solutions ϕ0 and ψ0 of (32), (33) belong to H 2 (Ω).
For problem (27)–(31), which is equivalent to the initial-boundary value problem
(7)–(15) in the space of classical twice continuously differentiable functions, the
following existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence theorem is valid.
ϕ ψ
Theorem 1 Suppose that Ω ⊂ R3 is a bounded C 1,1 domain, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0 = ∅
ϕ ϕ ψ ψ
and Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, the parameters characterizing thermal, electro-
magnetic and elastic properties of the body ρ, κ ∈ L ∞ (Ω), ci j pq , ε pi j , b pi j , di j ,
ai j , ζi j , λi j , μi , m i , ηi j ∈ C 0,1 (Ω) (i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3), for all x ∈ Ω satisfy the
symmetry conditions (1), (3), (4) and

di j (x) = d ji (x), ai j (x) = a ji (x), ζi j (x) = ζ ji (x), i, j = 1, 2, 3,

On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 13

and positive definiteness conditions (2), (7), and for almost all x ∈ Ω,

ρ(x) > αρ = const > 0, κ(x) > ακ = const > 0,


3 
3 
3
1  3
di j (x)ξ j ξi + 2 ai j (x)ξ j ξ i + ζi j (x)ξ j ξ i + κξ ξ − 2 μi (x)ξ ξi
Θ0
i, j=1 i, j=1 i, j=1 i=1


3 
3 
−2 m i (x)ξ ξ i ≥ α (ξi )2 + (ξ i )2 + ξ 2 , ∀x ∈ Ω, ξ, ξi , ξ i ∈ R, i = 1, 2, 3,
i=1 i=1

where α = const > 0. If f, f ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L2 (Ω)), g, g , g ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L4/3 (Γ1 )),

f ϕ , ( f ϕ ) , ( f ϕ ) ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L 6/5 (Ω)), f ϕ (0) ∈ L 2 (Ω), g ϕ , (g ϕ ) , (g ϕ ) ∈ L 2 (0, T ;
ϕ ϕ ψ
L 4/3 (Γ1 )), g ϕ (0) ∈ H 1/2 (Γ1 ), g ψ , (g ψ ) , (g ψ ) ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1 )), g ψ (0) ∈
ψ
H 1/2 (Γ1 ), f θ , ( f θ ) ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L 2 (Ω)), g θ , (g θ ) ∈ L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1θ )) and the
initial data u0 ∈ V(Ω) ∩ H2 (Ω), u1 ∈ V(Ω), θ0 ∈ V θ (Ω) ∩ H 2 (Ω) satisfy the fol-
lowing compatibility conditions:


3  
θ ∂θ0
g (0) = − tr Γ1θ ηi j n iθ ,
i, j=1
∂x j
⎛ ⎞

3 
3 
3
∂ϕ0 
3
∂ψ0
gi (0) = tr Γ1 ⎝ ci j pq e pq (u0 ) + ε pi j + b pi j − λi j θ0 ⎠ n j ,
j=1 p,q=1 p=1
∂xp p=1
∂xp

where i = 1, 2, 3, nθ = (n iθ )i=1
3
and n = (n i )i=1
3
are the unit outward normal vectors
θ
to Γ1 and Γ1 , respectively, then problem (27)–(31) possesses a unique solution, which
continuously depends on the given data, i.e., the mapping

(u0 , u1 , θ0 , f, g, g , f ϕ , ( f ϕ ) , g ϕ , (g ϕ ) , g ψ , (g ψ ) , f θ , g θ ) → (u, u , ϕ, ψ, θ )

is linear and continuous from space

V(Ω) × L2 (Ω) × L 2 (Ω) × L 2 (0, T ; L2 (Ω)) × L 2 (0, T ; L4/3 (Γ1 )) × L 2 (0, T ; L4/3 (Γ1 ))
ϕ ϕ
× L 2 (0, T ; L 6/5 (Ω)) × L 2 (0, T ; L 6/5 (Ω)) × L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1 )) × L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1 ))
ψ ψ
× L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1 )) × L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1 )) × L 2 (0, T ; L 2 (Ω)) × L 2 (0, T ; L 4/3 (Γ1θ ))

to space

C([0, T ]; V(Ω)) × C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) ×C([0, T ]; V ϕ (Ω))

× C([0, T ]; V ψ (Ω)) ×C([0, T ]; L 2 (Ω)),

and the following energy equality is valid

14 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili

E(t) = E(0) + L(t), ∀t ∈ [0, T ],

where
1
E(t) = (ρu (t), u (t))L2 (Ω) + c(u(t), u(t)) + (κθ (t), θ (t)) L 2 (Ω)
Θ0
t
2
+ η(θ, θ )dτ + d(ϕ(t), ϕ(t)) + 2a(ϕ(t), ψ(t))
Θ0
0
+ ζ (ψ(t), ψ(t)) − 2μ(θ (t), ϕ(t)) − 2m(θ (t), ψ(t)),
t

L(t) = 2 (f(τ ), u (τ ))L2 (Ω) dτ + 2(g(t), trΓ1 (u(t)))L2 (Γ1 )

0
t

− 2(g(0), trΓ1 (u(0)))L2 (Γ1 ) − 2 (g (τ ), trΓ1 (u(τ )))L2 (Γ1 ) dτ

0
t t
ϕ
+2 (( f ) (τ ), ϕ(τ )) L 2 (Ω) dτ − 2 ((g ϕ ) (τ ), tr Γ1ϕ (ϕ(τ ))) L 2 (Γ1ϕ ) dτ
0 0
t t
ψ 2
−2 ((g ) (τ ), tr Γ ψ (ψ(τ ))) L 2 (Γ ψ ) dτ + ( f θ (τ ), θ (τ )) L 2 (Ω) dτ
1 1 Θ0
0 0
t
2
− (g θ (τ ), tr Γ1θ (θ (τ ))) L 2 (Γ1θ ) dτ, ∀t ∈ [0, T ].
Θ0
0

3 Static Three-Dimensional Problem

The linear three-dimensional model [8, 25] of the static equilibrium of the thermoe-
lastic piezoelectric body Ω in differential form is given by the partial differential
equations (7)–(10) together with the boundary conditions (11)–(14), where all the
unknown and the given functions do not depend on time variable t, the corresponding
governing equations are given in Ω and the boundary conditions are prescribed on
the corresponding parts of the boundary Γ . Hence, in the static model, instead of
Eqs. (7) and (10) we have:
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 15
⎛
3
∂ ⎝
3 3
∂ϕ
− ci j pq e pq (u) + ε pi j
j=1
∂ x j p,q=1 p=1
∂xp
⎞
 3
∂ψ
+ b pi j − λi j θ ⎠ = f i in Ω, i = 1, 2, 3, (34)
p=1
∂ x p

 3  
∂ ∂θ
− ηi j = fθ in Ω. (35)
i, j=1
∂ x i ∂ x j

By multiplying Eqs. (34) by arbitrary continuously differentiable functions vi : Ω →

R (i = 1, 2, 3), which vanish on Γ0 and Eq. (35) by a continuously differentiable
function θ : Ω → R, such that θ = 0 on Γ0θ , by integrating on Ω, by using Green’s
formula, and taking into account symmetry conditions (1), ( 4), boundary conditions
(11), (14), and constitutive equations (16), instead of Eqs. (19) and (22), we obtain
the following equations:


3 
3
∂ϕ
ci j pq e pq (u)ei j (v)d x + ε pi j ei j (v)d x
∂xp
Ω i, j, p,q=1 Ω i, j, p=1


3
∂ψ 
3
+ b pi j ei j (v)d x − λi j θ ei j (v)d x
∂xp
Ω i, j, p=1 Ω i, j=1


3 
3
= f i vi d x + gi vi dΓ, (36)
Ω i=1 Γ1 i=1


3
∂θ ∂θ
ηi j dx = f θ θd x − g θ θdΓ. (37)
∂ x j ∂ xi
Ω i, j=1 Ω Γ1θ

Conversely, if u = (u i )i=1
3
: Ω → R3 , ϕ : Ω → R, ψ : Ω → R, and θ : Ω → R are
twice continuously differentiable solutions of Eqs. (36), (37), then by using Green’s
formula we infer, as for the dynamic problem, that u, ϕ , ψ and θ are solutions of
Eqs. (34), (35) satisfying the boundary conditions ( 11), (14).
Therefore, the boundary value problem (8), (9), (34), (35), (11)–(14), correspond-
ing to the static three-dimensional model of the thermoelastic piezoelectric body Ω,
is equivalent to Eqs. (20), (21), (36), (37) in the space of twice continuously differen-
tiable functions, and on the basis of them we obtain the following variational formu-
lation of the boundary value problem (8), (9), (34), (35), (11)–(14): Find u ∈ V(Ω),
ϕ ∈ V ϕ (Ω), ψ ∈ V ψ (Ω), θ ∈ V θ (Ω) such that
16 G. Avalishvili and M. Avalishvili

c(u, v) + ε(ϕ, v) + b(ψ, v) − λ(θ, v) = L u (v), ∀v ∈ V(Ω), (38)

ϕ ϕ
− ε(ϕ, u) + d(ϕ, ϕ) + a(ψ, ϕ) − μ(θ, ϕ) = L (ϕ), ∀ϕ ∈ V (Ω), (39)
ψ ψ
− b(ψ, u) + a(ϕ, ψ) + ζ (ψ, ψ) − m(θ, ψ) = L (ψ), ∀ψ ∈ V (Ω), (40)
θ θ
η(θ, θ ) = L (θ), ∀θ ∈ V (Ω). (41)

For problem (38)–(41) the following theorem regarding the existence, uniqueness,
regularity and continuous dependence on the given data of a solution of the boundary
value problem in suitable function spaces is valid.
ϕ
Theorem 2 Suppose that Ω ⊂ R3 is a bounded Lipschitz domain, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0 =
ψ
∅, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0θ = ∅, the parameters ci j pq , ε pi j , b pi j , di j , ai j , ζi j , λi j , μi , m i ,
ηi j ∈ L ∞ (Ω), i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3, for almost all x ∈ Ω satisfy the symmetry con-
ditions (1), (3), (4), and positive definiteness conditions (2), (5), (6) . If f ∈ L6/5 (Ω),
ϕ ψ
g ∈ L4/3 (Γ1 ), f ϕ ∈ L 6/5 (Ω), g ϕ ∈ L 4/3 (Γ1 ), g ψ ∈ L 4/3 (Γ1 ), f θ ∈ L 6/5 (Ω), g θ ∈
L 4/3 (Γ1θ ), then problem (38)–(41) possesses a unique solution (u, ϕ, ψ, θ ) ∈ V(Ω) ×
V ϕ (Ω) × V ψ (Ω) × V θ (Ω), which continuously depends on the given data, i.e., the
following estimate is valid:

||u||H1 (Ω) + ||ϕ|| H 1 (Ω) + ||ψ|| H 1 (Ω) + ||θ || H 1 (Ω) ≤ α̂ ||f||L6/5 (Ω) + ||g||L4/3 (Γ1 )
+ || f ϕ || L 6/5 (Ω) + ||g ϕ || L 4/3 (Γ1ϕ ) + ||g ψ || L 4/3 (Γ ψ )
 1

θ θ
+|| f || L 6/5 (Ω) + ||g || L 4/3 (Γ1θ ) , α̂ = const > 0.

ϕ
Furthermore, if Ω ⊂ R3 is a C r +1,1 (r ∈ N ∪ {0}) domain, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩
ϕ ψ ψ
Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0θ ∩ Γ1θ = ∅, ci j pq , ε pi j , b pi j , di j , ai j , ζi j ,λi j , μi , m i ,
ηi j ∈ C r,1 (Ω), i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3, f ∈ Hr (Ω), g ∈ Hr +1/2 (Γ1 ), f ϕ ∈ H r (Ω), g ϕ ∈
ϕ ψ
H r +1/2 (Γ1 ), g ψ ∈ H r +1/2 (Γ1 ), f θ ∈ H r (Ω), g θ ∈ H r +1/2 (Γ1θ ), then solution
(u, ϕ, ψ, θ ) of problem (38)–(41) has additional regularity u ∈ V(Ω) ∩ Hr +2 (Ω),
ϕ ∈ V ϕ (Ω) ∩ H r +2 (Ω), ψ ∈ V ψ (Ω) ∩ H r +2 (Ω), θ ∈ V θ (Ω) ∩ H r +2 (Ω), and
the mapping
(f, g, f ϕ , g ϕ , g ψ , f θ , g θ ) → (u, ϕ, ψ, θ )

is linear and continuous from space

ϕ ψ
Hr (Ω) × Hr +1/2 (Γ1 ) × H r (Ω) × H r +1/2 (Γ1 ) × H r +1/2 (Γ1 ) × H r (Ω) × H r +1/2 (Γ1θ )

to space Hr +2 (Ω) × H r +2 (Ω) × H r +2 (Ω) × H r +2 (Ω).

ϕ ψ
Corollary 1 If Ω ⊂ R3 is a C 3,1 domain, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0 = ∅, Γ0θ = ∅,
ϕ ϕ ψ ψ
and Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0 ∩ Γ1 = ∅, Γ0θ ∩ Γ1θ = ∅, the parameters
ci j pq , ε pi j , b pi j , di j , ai j , ζi j , λi j , μi , m i , ηi j ∈ C 2,1 (Ω), i, j, p, q = 1, 2, 3, satisfy
the symmetry conditions (1), (3), (4), and positive definiteness conditions (2), (5),
ψ
(6), and f ∈ H2 (Ω), g ∈ H5/2 (Γ1 ), f ϕ ∈ H 2 (Ω), g ϕ ∈ H 5/2 (Γ1ϕ ), g ψ ∈ H 5/2 (Γ1 ),
On Variational Methods of Investigation of Mathematical Problems … 17

f θ ∈ H 2 (Ω) , g θ ∈ H 5/2 (Γ1θ ), then the boundary value problem (8), (9), (34), (35),
(11)–(14) possesses a unique classical solution (u, ϕ, ψ, θ ), which is twice continu-
ously differentiable on Ω, satisfies equations (8), (9), (34), (35) in Ω, and boundary
conditions (11)–(14) on the corresponding parts of the boundary Γ .

4 Conclusions

We studied initial-boundary and boundary value problems with general mixed bound-
ary conditions for mechanical displacement, electric and magnetic potentials, and
temperature corresponding to the linear dynamic and static three-dimensional mod-
els of inhomogeneous anisotropic thermoelastic piezoelectric bodies with regard to
magnetic field. We obtained the variational formulations of the three-dimensional
problems in corresponding spaces of vector-valued distributions with respect to the
time variable or Sobolev spaces that are equivalent to the original differential formu-
lations of the initial-boundary and boundary value problems in the spaces of twice
continuously differentiable functions. We formulated new results regarding the exis-
tence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on the given data of solutions of the
three-dimensional initial-boundary and boundary value problems in suitable function
spaces.

Acknowledgement This work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation
(SRNSF) [Grant number 217596, Construction and investigation of hierarchical models for ther-
moelastic piezoelectric structures].

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On Nonparametric Kernel-Type Estimate
of the Bernoulli Regression Function

Petre K. Babilua and Elizbar A. Nadaraya

Abstract In the paper, the limit distribution is established for an integral mean-
square deviation of a nonparametric generalized kernel-type estimate of the Bernoulli
regression function. A test criterion is constructed for the hypothesis on the Bernoulli
regression function. The question of consistency is considered, and for some close
alternatives the asymptotics of test power behavior is investigated.

Keywords Bernoulli regression function · Limiting distribution · Consistency ·

Test power

1 Introduction

Let a random value Y have two values 1 and 0 with probabilities p (“success”)
and 1 − p (“failure”). Assume that the success probability p is a function of an
independent variable x ∈ [0, 1], i.e. p = p(x) = P {Y = 1 | x} [2, 3, 9, 10]. Let xi ,
i = 1, . . . , n, be the partition points of the interval [0, 1]:

2i − 1
xi = , i = 1, . . . , n.
2n
Let, further, Yi j , j = 1, . . . , m i , m i ≥ 1, i = 1, . . . , n, be mutually independent
Bernoulli random variables with P {Yi j = 1 | xi } = p(xi ), P {Yi j = 0 | xi } = 1 −
p(xi ), j = 1, . . . , m i , i = 1, . . . , n [9, 10]. The problem consists in estimating the
function p(x), x ∈ [0, 1], by the group sampling Yi j , j = 1, . . . , m i , i = 1, . . . , n.
Such problems arise, for example, in biology [9, 10], medicine [3], and so on.

P. K. Babilua (B) · E. A. Nadaraya

Department of Mathemetics, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences,
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 13 University Str., Tbilisi 0186, Georgia
e-mail: petre.babilua@tsu.ge
E. A. Nadaraya
e-mail: elizbar.nadaraya@tsu.ge
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 19
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
G. Jaiani and D. Natroshvili (eds.), Applications of Mathematics and Informatics
in Natural Sciences and Engineering, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics
& Statistics 334, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56356-1_2
20 P. K. Babilua and E. A. Nadaraya

As an estimate for p(x) we consider the following statistic [6, 11]

−1

pn (x) = p1n (x) p2n (x),
1   x − xi  2−ν
mi
1 
n
pνn (x) = K Y i , ν = 1, 2, Y i = Yi j , i = 1, . . . , n,
nbn bn mi
i=1 j=1

where K (x) is some distribution density that satisfies the requirements formulated
below, and bn → 0 is a sequence of positive integers.

2 Assumptions and Notation

Assume that the kernel K (x) ≥ 0 is chosen such that it is a function with finite
variation and satisfies the conditions: K (x) = K (−x), K (x) = 0 for |x| ≥ τ > 0,
K (x) d x = 1. The class of such functions is denoted by H (τ ).
Denote by C (i) the set of functions p(x), 0 ≤ p(x) ≤ 1, x ∈ [0, 1], having
bounded derivatives of up to i-th order, i = 1, 2.
Let us also introduce the following notation:

 2
Un = nbn p1n (x) − E p1n (x) d x, Ωn (τ ) = [τ bn , 1 − τ bn ],
Ωn (τ )

 2
Tn = nbn Nn 
pn (x) − p(x) p2n
2
(x) d x, Nn = max m k ,
1≤k≤n
Ωn (τ )
 x − u x − v
Q i j = ψn (xi , x j ), ψn (u, v) = K K d x,
bn bn
Ωn (τ )


n
pk (1 − pk ) 
k−1
pi (1 − pi ) 2
Bn2 = 4(nbn )−2 Q ik , pi = p(xi ), i = 1, . . . , n,
k=2
mk i=1
mi
2εi ε j Q i j
ηi(n)
j = , εi = Y i − p(xi ),
nbn Bn
(n)
k−1
(n)
ξk = ηik , k = 2, n, ξ1(n) = 0, ξk(n) = 0, k > n,
i=1

Fk(n) = σ (ω : ε1 , . . . , εk ),

where Fk(n) is a σ -algebra generated by random variables ε1 , . . . , εk , F0(n) = (∅, Ω)

(in the sequel, for the sake of simplicity, we will write ξk and ηi j ) instead of ξk(n) and
ηi(n)
j .

Lemma 1 A stochastic sequence (ξk , Fk )k≥1 is a martingale difference.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Listen, as she condoles with a widower, on his recent
bereavement:

Sickness and afflictions is trials sent

By the will of a wise creation,
And always ought to be underwent
With fortitude and resignation.
Then mourn not for your pardner’s death,
But to forgit endevver,
For, sposen she hadn’t a died so soon,
She couldn’t a lived forever.

And when, at last, she secured a widower of her own, the Rev.
Shadrack Sniffles, how jubilant her muse became:

The heart that was scornful and cold as a stun,

Has surrendered at last to the fortinit one.
Farewell to the miseries and griefs I have had!
I’ll never desert thee, O Shadrack, my Shad.

The wonderful puns and repartees of Charles Lamb and Sydney

Smith, prince and king of wits! are open to the same objection as
those alluded to above: they are only too familiar, already. But as
that is equivalent to saying that they have charmed only too many
people; turned too many sorrowful or wearied minds out of their
ordinary channels; excited too much healthful and delightful laughter;
we are, after all, not disposed to complain. Rather let us, Sancho-
Panza-like, invoke a benison, first on Cervantes himself; then on the
English Hood and Hook, and Moore and Sheridan and Lamb, on the
three Smiths, Sydney and James and Horace; on Dickens,
Thackeray and Jerrold, and Edmund Lear; on our own Irving, Derby,
Whicher, Morris, Brown, the Clarkes; our Lowell, Saxe, Holmes,
Strong; our Warner, Cozzens, Dodgson, Gilbert, Locke, Bret Harte;
our Grail Hamilton, and our Phebe Carey; and on all the named and
unnamed, known and unknown writers, through whom have come to
us the exquisite sense of fun, the blessing of irrepressible mirth, and
of hearty, wholesome, innocent, delicious laughter!
 And if, despite our struggles, we are accused, as we shall be,
and justly, of having told some more than twice-told tales, of quoting
already hackneyed quotations charity will urge in our behalf (and, let
us trust, not vainly), Burns’ pathetic plea, reminding the critics, that
while

“What’s done they” easily “compute.

They know not what’s resisted.”

“SOUND AND” UNSOUND, “SIGNIFYING

NOTHING.”
A young gentleman of Rochester, suspecting that the poetical
enthusiasm of certain of his young lady acquaintances was not
genuine; that they appreciated the musical jingle of verses, without in
the least regarding the sentiment, laid a wager with one of his
friends, that he could write a set of stanzas, which should not contain
one grain of sense, and yet would be just as warmly applauded by
those young ladies as the most eloquent poetry.
He won the wager. (But this occurred many years ago. There are
no such young ladies in Rochester now).

See! the fragrant twilight whispers

O’er the orient western sky,
While Aurora’s verdant vespers
Tell her evening reign is nigh.

Now a louder ray of darkness,

Carols o’er the effulgent scene,
And the lurid light falls markless
On the horizon’s scattered screen.

Night is near, with all his horrors,

Sweetly swerving in his breast,
And the ear of fancy borrows
Morning mists to lull the west.
 Ere he comes in all his splendor,
Hark! the milky way is seen,
Sighing like a maiden tender
In her bower of ruby green.

Such a scene, ah! who can list to,

And not saddened, silent, seek
To unveil the burning vista
Of Diana’s raven cheek?

Thus tremulous, and ever dear,

Robed in repellant rapture;
Our hours shall stay, swift as the year,
Illumed by Cupid’s capture!

And when hyenal joys are ours,

And memory soars above us,
Hope shall retrace for future years
The love of all who love us.

Something of the same character is the subjoined:

EVENING SONG.

Brightly blue the stars shine o’er us,

While the sinking sun ascends
To the wide spread waves before us,
And a pleasing softness lends.

Homeward now the aged plough-boys

Wing their way o’er hill and dale,
And the laughter-loving cow goes
Tripping lightly down the vale.

Gentle zephyrs’ ink-stained fingers

Point the hour-hand of the clock,
There the warbling sheep-fold lingers—
Save it from the cruel hawk!

Thus excoriate the hours,

Till the red volcano’s powers
 Kindle on the hearth its fires:
Poets! dissipate your lyres!

In the following musical poem, the letter e does duty so well for
all the other vowels, as to suggest the idea that our ordinary lavish
use of them is a piece of extravagance!

When the September eves were new,

When fresh the western breezes blew,
When meek Selene, gem-besprent,
The dew her crested jewels lent;
We met, Belle, where the beeches grew,
When the September eves were new.

When the September eves were new,

Endless, meseemed, the sweets we knew!
Sweet fell the dew; sweet swept the breeze;
Sweet were the templed beechen trees;
The spell yet sweeter, tenderer grew,
When the September eves were new!

When the September eves were eld,

The templed beechen trees were felled;
Keen-edged the western breezes blew;
Crestless the meek Selene grew;
The fettered dew her jewels held,
When the September eves were eld.

When the September eves were eld,

Fled were the scenes we erst beheld—
Reft were the tender scenes we knew;—
The desert, where the beeches grew!
Yet, Belle, we sweeter secrets held,
Ere the September eves were eld!

The construction of the following verses, from which the letter s is

omitted, shows that our language is not of necessity a succession of
sibilant sounds, as it is generally supposed to be:
 Oh! come to-night, for naught can charm
The weary time when thou’rt away.
Oh, come! the gentle moon hath thrown
O’er bower and hall her quivering ray.
The heather bell hath mildly flung
From off her fairy leaf the bright
And diamond dew-drop that had hung
Upon that leaf a gem of light.
Then come, love, come!

To-night the liquid wave hath not,

(Illumined by the moonlit beam
Playing upon the lake beneath,
Like frolic in a fairy dream—)
The liquid wave hath not, to-night,
In all her moonlit pride, a fair
Gift-like to them that, on thy lip,
Do breathe and laugh and home it there.
Then come, love, come!

To-night, to-night, my gentle one,

The flower-bearing Amra tree
Doth long, with fragrant moan, to meet
The love-lip of the honey-bee.
But not the Amra tree can long
To greet the bee, at evening light,
With half the deep, fond love I long
To meet my Nama here to-night.
Then come, love, come!

What a boon would a volume of poems, modeled on the above

principle of architecture, be to perthonth troubled with a lithp; whose
reading at present (through the perverseness of the English
language), sounds thus:

Thweetly murmurth the breethe from the thea,

Thoothing my thoul to thlumberth,
Fond memorieth bearing to me,
Of the patht, in endleth numberth.
I thigh ath I think how yearth have thped,
How joy hath left me to thorrow;
My heart now thleepeth the thleep of the dead;
 Will it waken to gladneth to-morrow?

THE NIMBLE BANK-NOTE.

“And he rose with a sigh,
And he said, ‘Can this be?’”

(Motto chosen chiefly for its inappropriateness.)

One evening at the house of a friend of mine, while we were
seated at the table, Mr. Baker, my friend’s husband, absently feeling
in his vest pocket, found a five dollar note which he had no
recollection of putting there.
“Hallo!” he exclaimed, “that is no place for you. I should have put
you in my pocketbook. Here, wife, don’t you want some ready
money?” and he threw the note across the table to her.
“Many thanks,” she replied; “money is always acceptable,
although I have no present need of it.” She folded the note and put it
under the edge of the tea-tray, and then proceeded to pour out the
tea and attend to the wants of her guests.
At her right sat Mrs. Easton, or Aunt Susan, whom we all knew as
an acquaintance who, from time to time, spent a week with Mrs.
Baker. Her visit was just at an end, and she was to return home that
evening.
As Mrs. Baker was pouring her tea, it occurred to her that she
was in her aunt’s debt for certain small matters, and when she had
the opportunity, she pushed the note under her plate, saying:
“Here, auntie, take this five dollars in part payment of my debt.”
“Very well,” she replied, “but the money does not belong to me. I
owe you fifteen dollars, my dear Grace, which you lent me last
Saturday. I had to pay the taxes on my little home, and had not the
ready money, and Grace lent it to me,” explained Aunt Susan.
 Grace, an orphan, was a cousin of Mrs. Baker. She and her
brother Frank boarded with her, and made a very pleasant addition
to the family circle. She was studying music, and her brother was a
clerk in a mercantile establishment.
As soon as Aunt Susan received the note, she handed it to
Grace, saying:
“I will give you this now on account, and the rest as soon as I get
it.”
“All right,” answered Grace, laughing, “and since we all seem in
the humor of paying our debts, I will follow suit. Frank, I owe you
something for music you bought me; here is part of it,” and she threw
the bank-note across the table to her brother, who sat opposite.
We were all highly amused to see how the note wandered around
the table.
“This is a wonderful note,” said Mr. Baker; “I only wish somebody
owed me something, and I owed somebody something, so that I
might come into the ring.”
“You can,” said Frank. “I owe Mrs. Baker—or you, it’s all the
same—for my board; I herewith pay you part of it.”
Amid general laughter, Mr. Baker took the note and playfully
threw it to his wife again, saying:
“It’s yours again, Lucy, because what belongs to me belongs to
you. It has completed the round, and we have all had the benefit of
it.”
“And now it must go around again,” replied she gayly. “I like to
see money circulate; it should never lie idle. Aunt Susan you take it.
Now I have paid you ten dollars.”
“Dear Grace, here is another five dollars on my account,” said
Aunt Susan, handing it to Grace.
“And you Frank, have paid ten dollars for the music you bought
me,” said Grace, handing it to her brother.
 “And I pay you ten dollars for my board,” he continued, and the
note once more rested in Mr. Baker’s hands.
The exchanges were quick as thought, and we were convulsed
with laughter.
“Was there ever so wonderful an exchange?” exclaimed Grace.
“It’s all nonsense!” exclaimed Mr. Baker.
“Not in the least,” answered his wife. “It’s all quite right.”
“Certainly,” said Frank; “when the money belonged to you, you
could dispose of it as you would; I have the same right; it is a fair
kind of exchange, though very uncommon.”
“It shows the use of money,” said Aunt Susan. “It makes the
circuit of the world and brings its value to every one who touches it.”
“And this note has not finished its work yet, as I will show you, my
dear, if you will give it to me again, said Mrs. Baker to her husband.
“I present you with this five dollar note,” said Mr. Baker.
“And I give it to you, Aunt Susan—I owed you fifteen dollars, and
I have paid my debt.”
“You have, my dear friend, without doubt; and now, my dear
Grace, I pay you my indebtedness, with many thanks for your
assistance.”
“I take it with thanks, Aunt Susan,” replied Grace; “and now the
time has come when this wonder-working, this inexhaustibly rich
bank-note must be divided, because I do not owe Frank five dollars
more. How much have I to pay you?”
“Two dollars and sixty-two cents,” replied Frank.
“Can you change it?”
“Let me see; sixty-two, thirty-eight, yes, there is the change; the
spell is broken, Grace, and you and I divide the spoils.”
“This bank-note beats all I ever saw. How much has it paid? Let
us count up,” said Grace. “Mrs. Baker gave Aunt Susan fifteen
dollars, which Aunt Susan gave me; I gave Frank twelve dollars and
sixty-two cents; Frank gave Mr. Baker ten dollars—altogether fifty-
two dollars and sixty-two cents.”
“It’s all nonsense, I tell you,” cried Mr. Baker, again; “you all owe
each other what you owed before.”
“You are deceived, my dear, by the rapid, unbroken race this little
sum has made; to me it is as clear as daylight,” replied Mrs. Baker.
“If it is all nonsense, how could the note which you gave Mrs.
Baker, if nothing to me or to you, be divided between us two?” asked
Grace.
Mr. Baker did not seem to see it very clearly, but the others did,
and they often relate this little history for the amusement of their
friends.

THE RATIONALISTIC CHICKEN.

(Inspecting its shell.)
BY J. S. STONE.

Most strange!
Most queer,—although most excellent a change!
Shades of the prison-house, ye disappear!
My fettered thoughts have won a wider range,
And, like my legs, are free;
No longer huddled up so pitiably:
Free now to pry and probe, and peep and peer,
And make these mysteries out.
Shall a free-thinking chicken live in doubt?
For now in doubt undoubtedly I am:
This Problem’s very heavy on my mind,
And I’m not one either to shirk or sham:
I won’t be blinded, and I won’t be blind.

Now, let me see:

First, I would know how did I get in there?
Then, where was I of yore?
Besides, why didn’t I get out before?
Dear me!
Here are three puzzles (out of plenty more)
Enough to give me pip upon the brain!
But let me think again.
How do I know I ever was inside?
Now I reflect, it is, I do maintain,
Less than my reason, and beneath my pride,
To think that I could dwell
In such a paltry miserable cell
As that old shell.
Of course I couldn’t! How could I have lain,
Body and beak and feathers, legs and wings,
And my deep heart’s sublime imaginings,
In there?

I meet the notion with profound disdain;

It’s quite incredible; since I declare
(And I’m a chicken that you can’t deceive)
What I can’t understand I won’t believe.
Where did I come from, then? Ah! where, indeed?
This is a riddle monstrous hard to read.
I have it! Why, of course,
All things are moulded by some plastic force,
Out of some atoms somewhere up in space,
Fortuitously concurrent anyhow;—
There, now!
That’s plain as is the beak upon my face.

What’s that I hear?

My mother cackling at me! Just her way,
So prejudiced and ignorant I say;
So far behind the wisdom of the day.
What’s old I can’t revere.
Hark at her. “You’re a silly chick, my dear,
That’s quite as plain, alack!
As is the piece of shell upon your back!”
How bigoted! upon my back, indeed!
I don’t believe it’s there,
For I can’t see it: and I do declare,
For all her fond deceivin’,
What I can’t see I never will believe in!
 A MEDLEY.
I only know she came and went, [Lowell.
Like troutlets in a pool; [Hood.
She was a phantom of delight, [Wordsworth.
And I was like a fool. [Eastman.
One kiss, dear maid, I said, and sighed, [Coleridge.
Out of those lips unshorn! [Longfellow.
She shook her ringlets round her head, [Stoddard.
And laughed in merry scorn. [Tennyson.
Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky, [Tennyson.
You hear them, Oh, my heart, [Alice Cary.
’Tis twelve at night by the castle clock— [Coleridge.
Beloved, we must part. [Alice Cary.
Come back, come back, she cried in grief, [Campbell.
My eyes are dim with tears; [B. Taylor.
How shall I live through all the days, [Mrs. Osgood.
All through a hundred years? [J. J. Perry.
’Twas in the prime of summer time, [Hood.
She blessed me with her hand; [Hoyt.
We strayed together deeply blest, [Mrs. Edwards.
Into the dreaming land. [Cornwall.
The laughing bridal roses blew, [Patmore.
To deck her dark brown hair, [B. Taylor.
No maiden may with her compare, [Brailsford.
Most beautiful, most rare! [Read.
I clasped it on her sweet cold hand, [Browning.
The precious golden link; [Smith.
I calmed her fears, and she was calm— [Coleridge.
Drink, pretty creature, drink! [Wordsworth.
And so I won my Genevieve, [Coleridge.
And walked in Paradise; [Hervey.
The fairest thing that ever grew [Wordsworth.
Atween me and the skies! [Tennyson.

ANOTHER MEDLEY.
 (WHO ARE THE AUTHORS?)

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

In every clime, from Lapland to Japan;
To fix one spark of beauty’s heavenly ray,
The proper study of mankind is man.

Tell, for you can, what is it to be wise,

Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain!
“The man of Ross,” each lisping babe replies,
And drags, at each remove a length’ning chain.

Ah, who can tell how hard it is to climb

Far as the solar walk, or milky way?
Procrastination is the thief of time,
Let Hercules himself do what he may.

’Tis education forms the common mind,

The feast of reason and the flow of soul;
I must be cruel only to be kind,
And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.

Syphax! I joy to meet thee thus alone,

Where’er I roam, whatever lands I see;
A youth to fortune and to fame unknown,
In maiden meditation, fancy free.

Farewell! and wheresoe’er thy voice be tried,

Why to yon mountain turns the gazing eye?
With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side,
That teach the rustic moralist to die.

Pity the sorrows of a poor old man,

Whose beard descending, swept his aged breast;
Laugh where we must, be candid where we can,
Man never is, but always to be blest.

AND ANOTHER MEDLEY.

The moon was shining silver bright,
 All bloodless lay the untrodden snow,
When freedom from her mountain height,
Exclaimed, “Now don’t be foolish, Joe!”

An hour passed by; the Turk awoke,

Ten days and nights with sleepless eye,
To hover in the sulphur smoke,
And spread its pall upon the sky.

His echoing axe the settlers swung,

He was a lad of high degree;
And deep the pearly caves among,
Sweet Mary, weep no more for me.

Loud roars the wild, inconstant blast,

And cloudless sets the sun at even;
When twilight dews are falling fast,
And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven.

Oh, ever thus, from childhood’s hour,

By torch and trumpet fast arrayed,
Beneath yon ivy-mantled tower,
They lingered in the forest shade.

My love is like the red, red rose;

He bought a ring with posy true;
Deep terror then my vitals froze;
And, Saxon, I am Rhoderick Dhu!

LIFE.
Why all this toil for triumph of an hour?
[Young.
Life’s a short summer—man is but a flower;
[Dr. Johnson.
By turns we catch the fatal breath and die—
[Pope.
The cradle and the tomb, alas! so nigh.
[Prior.
To be is better far than not to be,
 [Sewell.
Though all man’s life may seem a tragedy:
[Spencer.
But light cares speak when mighty griefs are dumb—
[Daniel.
The bottom is but shallow whence they come.
[Sir Walter Raleigh.
Your fate is but the common fate of all;
[Longfellow.
Unmingled joys may here no man befall;
[Southwell.
Nature to each allots his proper sphere,
[Congreve.
Fortune makes folly her peculiar care;
[Churchill.
Custom does often reason overrule,
[Rochester.
And throw a cruel sunshine on a fool.
[Armstrong.
Live well—how long or short permit to heaven;
[Milton.
They who forgive most shall be most forgiven,
[Bailey.
Sin may be clasped so close we cannot see its face—
[French.
Vile intercourse where virtue has no place,
[Sommerville.
Then keep each passion down, however dear.
[Thompson.
Thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear;
[Byron.
Her sensual snares let faithless Pleasure lay,
[Smollet.
With craft and skill to ruin and betray,
[Crabbe.
Soar not too high to fall, but stoop to rise,
[Massinger.
We masters grow of all that we despise.
[Cowley.
Oh, then, renounce that impious self-esteem;
[Beattie.
Riches have wings; and grandeur is a dream.
[Cowper.
Think not ambition wise because ’tis brave,
[Sir Walter Davenant.
The paths of glory lead but to the grave,
[Gray.
What is ambition? ’Tis a glorious cheat.
[Willis.
Only destructive to the brave and great.
[Addison.
What’s all the gaudy glitter of a crown?
[Dryden.
The way to bliss lies not on beds of down.
[Francis Quarles.
How long we live, not years but actions tell;
[Watkins.
That man lives twice who lives the first life well.
[Herrick.
Make then, while yet you may, your God your friend.
[William Mason.
Whom Christians worship, yet not comprehend.
[Hill.
The trust that’s given guard, and to yourself be just;
[Dana.
For live we how we may, yet die we must.
[Shakespeare.
 THE KEY.

ANSWERS TO PUZZLES.

1. Cobweb. M. A. R.
Back to puzzle

2. Thanks.
Back to puzzle

3. Of course I can! (Of Corsican.)

Back to puzzle

4. Maid of Orleans.
Back to puzzle

5. Because they have studded the heavens for centuries.

Back to puzzle

6. The winds blue, and the waves rose.

Back to puzzle

7. In violet.
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8. They leave out their summer dress.
Back to puzzle

9. Because I am the querist.

Back to puzzle

10. Penmanship. English Paper.

Back to puzzle

11. Heather: weather. Hearth and Home.

Back to puzzle

12. Nothing.
Back to puzzle

13. It contains all the letters of the alphabet.

Back to puzzle

14. A lawsuit.
Back to puzzle

15. His father was Enoch, who did not die.

Back to puzzle

16. Yes: he was the Daughter-of-Pharaoh’s son.

Back to puzzle

17. When Autumn is turning the leaves.

 Back to puzzle

18. Bud-dhism.
Back to puzzle

19. Starch. (Star, sac, scar, tar, trash, act, arc, arch, art, ash, rat,
rash, chart, cart, cat, car, chat, cash, cast, crash, hart, hat.)
Back to puzzle

20. Ague. (Hague; league; plague.)

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21. Lettuce, alone. (Let us alone!)

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22. The moon.

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23. A human being. The Sphinx Riddle.

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24. Noah.
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25. Macaulay. Rural New Yorker.

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26. N R G.
 Back to puzzle

27. M T.
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28. O B C T.
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29. X L N C.
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30. L E G.
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31. Dutch S.
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32. French L.
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33. K.
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34. In the days of no A (Noah,) before U and I were born.

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35. T.
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 36. Q.
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37. It’s laudin’ ’em.

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38. No man has three feet; a man has two feet more than no
man: therefore, a man has five feet.
Back to puzzle

39. A branch. M. L. C.
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40. Love Me Little: Love Me Long.

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41. Ma mère. E. P.
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42. Amiable (Am I able?)

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43. Conundrum.
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44. Purcell. M. D.
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