GENERAL

PHYSICS II
 Faraday demonstrated that the electric field is
zero inside a closed conducting surface and that
an excess charge placed on a solid conductor
resides entirely on its surface. He constructed a
room covered with metal foil inside. This room,
with a conducting frame that protected
ELECTRIC Faraday from the static charge, is now known
as a Faraday cage. Any closed conducting

FIELD INSIDE
surface can function as a Faraday cage,
shielding whatever is inside it from any
damaging effect of electric fields. Delicate
A CONDUCTOR pieces of electrical equipment are usually
enclosed in metal cases. Computer chips as well
as other electronic components are placed in
conducting plastic or aluminum packaging.
 ELECTRIC FLUX
Electric field can be quantitatively described using the concept of
electric flux. The word flux comes from the Latin word fluxus ,
meaning “flow”. Electric Flux (Φ) is a measure of the number of
field lines passing through a surface.
Mathematically, electric flux is the dot product of the
electric field and area vector. The direction of the area
vector is the same as that of a vector perpendicular to
the area. This vector, by convention, is directed outward
from the area.

Φ = E * A = EA cos θ
where θ is the angle between the electric field and the
area vector. Note that electric flux is scalar and has the
unit of N·m / C.
2
 Sample Problem
A flat surface area of 1.25 m2 is rotated through a uniform horizontal electric field
of 5 N/C. What is the electric flux if the sur face is (a) parallel and (b)
perpendicular to the electric field?
Given: A = 1.25 m2 ; E = 5 N/C horizontal
Solution: . .
a. If the surface is parallel to the flux, the area vector is perpendicular to
the electric field. The angle between the area vector and the electric field is
90°. Using the Equation, .

Φ = EA cos θ
= (5 N/C)(1.25 m2) cos 90°
= 0 N·m2 / C
 Sample Problem
A flat surface area of 1.25 m2 is rotated through a uniform horizontal electric field
of 5 N/C. What is the electric flux if the sur face is (a) parallel and (b)
perpendicular to the electric field?
Given: A = 1.25 m2 ; E = 5 N/C horizontal
Solution: . .
b. If the surface is perpendicular to the flux, the area vector is parallel to
the electric field. The angle between the area vector and the electric field is
0°. Using the Equation, .

Φ = EA cos θ
= (5 N/C)(1.25 m2) cos 0°
= 6.25 N·m2 / C
 Practice Exercise: Electric Flux
Find the flux through the top, left, and right sides of a cube of side 0.5 m
when placed in a horizontal uniform electric field of 8.0 N/C directed to the
right.
Given: side lenght of the cube = 0.5 m ; E = 8 N/C
Solution: . .

For a cube, the electric field is perpendicular to the top and bottom faces,
so the angle for the top and bottom sides
. is 0°, and it is parallel to the left
and right faces, so the angle is equal to 0 for the right side, and 180° for
the left side.
 Practice Exercise
Given: A = (0.5 m)2 = 0.25 m2 ; E = 8 N/C
Solution:

Φtop = EA cos θ . Φrightside. = EA cos θ

Φtop = (8 N/C) (0.25 m2) (cos0) Φtop = (8 N/C) (0.25 m2) (cos0)

Φtop = 2 N·m2 / C .
Φtop = 2 N·m2/ C
 Practice Exercise
Given: A = (0.5 m)2 = 0.25 m2 ; E = 8 N/C
Solution:

Φleftside = EA cos θ

Φtop = (8 N/C) (0.25 m2) (cos180)

Φtop = -2 N·m2 / C .
.
 Gauss’s Laws
Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German scientist, formulated
a law, which relates electric field, electric flux, and
electric charge. This is known as Gauss’s law which
states that the total electric flux through a surface is
the total electric charge q total inside the surface
divided by ε 0 . The const ant ε 0 is called the
permittivity of free space and has an approximate
value of 8.8542 x 10 C / N·m .
-12 2 2
��
In symbols,
��
������
Φtotal = ������ = �0
or in integral form:

Φ= �·��

The surface mentioned in Gauss’s Law is called the

Gaussian surface. Since a line of force starts from
a positive charge to e negative charge, the lines
going out of the surface is considered positive, A closed spherical sur face
while the lines going into the surface is negative. surrounding a point charge q,
passing through an
infinitesimal area dA.
Sample Problem
Calculate the total electric flux Φ for each of the closed surfaces a, b, c, and d
as shown. Note that q1 = ＋3C , q2 = ＋1C , q3 = －5C, and q4 = －9C.
Solution:
a. Surface a encloses all the four given charges.
Therefore,
�1 ＋ �2 ＋ �3 ＋�4
Φa =
�0

Φ＋3�＋1�－5�－9�
a=
8.8542 � 10−12 �2 / �·�2
Φa = － 1.1294 x 10 N·m / C
12 2
Sample Problem
Given: q1 = ＋3C , q2 = ＋1C , q3 = －5C, and q4 = －9C.
Solution:
b. Surface b encloses q2 only. Therefore,
�2
Φb =
�0
＋1�
Φb =
8.8542 � 10−12 �2 / �·�2

Φb = ＋ 1.1294 x 10 N·m2 / C
11
Sample Problem
Given: q1 = ＋3C , q2 = ＋1C , q3 = －5C, and q4 = －9C.
Solution:
c. Surface b encloses q1 and q2 only. Therefore,
�1 ＋ �2
Φc =
�0
＋3�＋1�
Φc =
8.8542 � 10−12 �2 / �·�2

Φc = ＋ 4.5176 x 10 N·m / C
11 2
Sample Problem
Given: q1 = ＋3C , q2 = ＋1C , q3 = －5C, and q4 = －9C.
Solution:
d. Surface a encloses all the four given charges.
Therefore,
�1 ＋ �2 ＋ �3 ＋�4
Φd =
�0
＋3�＋1�－5�－9�
Φd =
8.8542 � 10−12 �2 / �·�2

Φd = － 1.1294 x 10 N·m / C
12 2
Practice Exercise: Gauss’s Law
Calculate the total electric flux Φ for each of the closed
surfaces a, b, c, and d as shown.
Given:
q1 = ＋1C , q2 = ＋2C , q3 = 3C,
q4 = ＋4,q5 = －1C , q6 = －2C ,
q7 = －3C,and q8 = －4.
 END OF
PRESENTATION!!!

TO GOD BE THE
GLORY. :)