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Answers to Selected Exercises

Note : In almost all cases the answers given are not the only con-ect answers possible .

Chapter 1
Exerdse1.1

i False
ii False
iii False
iv True
v False
vi True
vii False
viii True
ix True
x False

Exerdse 1. 2.1

i Atomic Sentence
ii Not wff
iii Not wff
iv Conditional: AntecedentA ; ConsequentB
v Not wff
vi Conditional: AntecedentA ; Consequent( 8 - + C)
vii Conditional: Antecedent( P& Q) ; ConsequentR
viii Disjunction: Left disjunct (A & B); Right disjunct (C - + ( 0 H 0
ix Negation
x Not wff ; requiresouter parentheses to be a disjunction
xi Not wff
xii Not wff
xiii Conjunction: Left conjunct - ( P & F); Right conjunct( P H (Q V - Q
xiv Biconditional: Left side - 8 v P) & C); Right side 0 v - 0 ) - + H)
xv Not wff
114 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

Exerdse1.2.2

iv A - +B
vi A - + (8 - + C)
vii P& Q -+R
viii (A & B) v (C -+ ( D+-+0
xiii - (P& P) v (p +-+Q v - Q)
xiv - 8 v P) & C) +-+D v - 0 -+ H

Exerdse 1.2. 3

i : (PH (- Q v R
Unambiguous
ii : P v Q) -+ ( R& S
Unambiguous
ill : (Pv Q) -+ R) H S)
Unambiguous
iv Ambiguous
v Ambiguous
vi Ambiguous
vii : P & Q) H (- R v S
Unambiguous
viii Ambiguous
ix : P - + (Q & - R H - S v T) -+ U
Unambiguous
x Ambiguous

Exercise 1.3

1 P& - Q
2 - P-+ - T
3 P-+T
4 T - +P
5 - P v T(or - T - + - F)
6 ( T -+ P) -+ - U
7 (Q & - g) -+ R
8 - (Pv R) -+ - T
9 - T v (Pv R) (or thesameas8)
10 (P& R) -+T
11 T & - (Pv R)
12 R - + (Q -+ P)
13 T -+ U
14 - T -+ - (Pv R)
 ( om ' E : [ ~ 91 LI 81 61 OZIZ ZZEZt ~
( z I JO JO

--- ( ( ---
~ (
d 0 ( ~
l
~ (
d (
Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises

'
'
SH S
a

( <
SAS
V VV - ~>(
~
116 Answersto Chapter. I Exercises

iv - P H Q. - Q v R .- - P -+ R

---
1 - PHQ A
2 -P A
3 - QvR A
1 - P -+ Q tHE
1,2 Q 2,4 -+E
1,2,3 R 3,5 v E
1,3 - P -+ R 6 -+1(2)

Exerdse 1.4.2

Sl P v - R, - R -+ 5, - P ..- 5
---

1 Pv - R A
2 - R -+ 5 A
3 -P A
1,3 -R 1,3 vE
1,2,3 5 2,4 -+E

53 P -+ - Q, - Q v R -+ - S, P & T ~ - 5
1 (I) P -+ - Q A
2 (2) - Q v R -+ - 5 A
3 (3) P& T A
3 (4) P 3 &E
1,3 (5) -Q 1,3 - +E
1,3 (6) - QvR 5 vI
1,2,3 (7) -5 2,6- +E

S4 P& (Q & R), P& R -+ - 5, 5 v T J- T

I (1) P& (Q & R) A
2 2
() P& R -+ - 5 A
3 (3) SvT A
1 (4) P l &E
1 (5) Q& R l &E
1 (6) R 5 &E
1 (7) P& R 4,6 &1
1,2 (8) -S 2,7-+E
1,2,3 (9) T 3,8 v E
 Answersto Chapter Exercises 117

87 - P, R v - PH Pv Q ~ Q
1 (I ) -P A
2 2
() R v - PH Pv Q A
I (3) Rv - P 1vI
2 (4) Rv - PHPV Q 2HE
1,2 (5) Pv Q 3,4 -+E
1,2 (6) Q 1,5 vE

59 - P-+ Q& R, - Pv 5 -+ - TU & - PJ- (U& R) & - T

1 ( 1) - P-+ Q& R A
2 (2) - Pv5 -+ - T A
3 3
() U & -P A
3 (4 ) - P 3 &E
1,3 (5) Q& R 1,4 -+E
1,3 (6) R 5 &E
3 (7) U 3 &E
1,3 (8) U& R 6,7 &I
3 (9) - Pv 5 4vl
2,3 ( 10) -T 2,9 - +E
(U& R) & - T

~-NN
1,2,3 (11) 8, 10&1

Exerdse1.5.1

SII P -i ~ - - p
NN
Q

-
(a)
-~
-~. IIQ

I
2
I
IIQ
1I Q. Q
IS-
118 Answersto Chapter I Exercises

812 P -+ Q. - Q ~ - P
I ( 1) P-+ Q A
2 (2) -Q A
3 (3) P A
1,3 (4) Q 1,3 - +E
1,2 (5) -P 2,4 RAA (3)

514 - P-+Q, - Q .- P
1 (1) - P-+Q A
2 (2) -Q A
3 3
() -P A
1,3 (4) Q 1,3 -+E
1,2 (5) P 2,4 RAA(3)
-At 00 tg ~ . gt ~

Sl6
I A
2 A
3 A
1,3 1,3 -+E
1,2,3 2,4 -+E
1,2 5 -+1(3)

Sl7
I A
2 A

-~-
I
- t - -NN
-

518
1
2
3
1,2
1
 ~ ~ t t N 9lS Z Z El rnN-
~ ( I I
9 ~
S ---
---b b

w w wI ) w -b
' I - -
(
' S
bAd SA S SA
' (
d ' d b S '
Answersto ChapterI Exercises

[ [ [ ( ( ( ( ( (

3 3
3A3 IAOI lA I 1 M~
V V V V
611
-NQ
~
Answersto Chapter I Exercises

- (Pv Q) -it- - p & - Q

- (Pv Q) t- - p & - Q
( 1) - (Pv Q) A
2
() P A [for RAA]
2 (3) PvQ 2 vI
1 (4) -P 1,3 RAA (2)
5 (5) Q A [for RAA]
5 (6) PvQ 5 vI
1 (7) -Q 1,6 RAA (5)
1 (8) - P& - Q 4,7 &I

(b) - P& - Q r - (Pv Q)

1 (1) - P& - Q A
1 (2) -P l &E
1 (3) -Q l &E
4 (4) Pv Q A
1,4 (5) Q 2,4 vE
1 (6) - (Pv Q) 3,5 RAA (4)
. Q~l 0

532
- -

l ~t a TiL

A
A
A
-

A
-

2,3 RAA (4)

5 -+1(3)
1,6 RAA (2)
A
8 8 -+1(3)
1 1,9 RAA (8)
1 7, 10&1

(b) P& - Qr - (p-+Q)

1 (1) P& - Q A
2 (2) P-+Q A [forRAA]
1 (3) P I &E
( 8 ( ( E E VI , ' , Z L ( '
I I I I I I I , E I 1 I I I

Od d d ( (
dHb
b b d d ( ( (
l dAl l l l dAb bAd
dAb dAb dAb
dAb
d l d d b d
m l l
Answersto Chapter
1Exercises

gHl 3H3HIH ( ( ( ( ( 3
3
V V H SA
I I I IA9
V V V V V V
 122 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

I (3) I HE

ci 0
I (4) 2,3 HI

P& (Q & R) -i~ (P& Q) & R

~

P& (Q& R) ~ (P& Q) & R

( 1) P& (Q& R) A
(2) P I &E
(3) Q& R I &E
(4) Q 3 &E
(5) R 3 &E
(6) P& Q 2.4 &1
(7) (P& Q) & R 5.6 &I

(p& Q) & R.- P& (Q& R)

-
8-

(1) (P& Q) & R A

(2) P& Q l &E
(3) R l &E
(4) P 2 &E
(5) Q 2 &E
(6) Q& R 3,5 &I
(7) P& (Q& R) 4,6 &1

Pv (Q v R) -il - (Pv Q) v R
Pv (Q v R) I- (Pv Q) v R
(1) P v (Q v R) A
2
() - P v Q) v R) A
3
() -P A
4
() Qv R 1,3 vE
(5 ) -Q A
1,3,5 6
() R 4,5 vE
1,3,5 (7) (Pv Q) v R 6vI
1,2,5 8
() P 2,7 RAA(3)
1,2,5 (9) Pv Q 8 vI
1,2,5 (10) (Pv Q) v R 9vI
1,2 (11) Q 2,10RAA(5)
1,2 ( 12) Pv Q 11vI
1,2 ( 13) (Pv Q) v R 12vI
1 (14) (Pv Q) v R 2,13RAA(2)
 Answersto ChapterI Exercises 123

(b) (Pv Q) v R r Pv (Q v R)
I (I ) (p v Q) v R A
2 (2) - (Pv (Q v R A
3 (3) P A
3 (4) Pv (Q v R) 3 vI
2 (5) -P 2,4 RAA (3)
6 (6) R A
6 (7) QvR 6vI
6 (8) Pv (Q v R) 7vI
2 (9) -R 2,8 RAA (6)
1,2 (10) Pv Q 1,9 v E
1,2 (II ) Q 5, 10v E
1,2 (12) Qv R 11v I
1,2 (13) Pv (Q v R) 12v I
1 (14) P v (Q v R) 2,13RAA (2)

542 P& (Q v R) -il - (P& Q) v (P& R)

(a) P& (Q v R) I- (P& Q) v (P& R)
1 (I ) P& (Q v R) A
2 2
() - P & Q) v (p& R A [forRAA]
1 (3) P l &E
1 (4) Qv R l &E
5 (5) Q A [forRAA]
1.5 (6) P& Q 3,5 &I
1.5 (7) (p& Q) v (p& R) 6vI
1.2 (8) -Q 2,7 RAA(5)
1.2 (9) R 4,8 v B
1.2 (10) P& R 3,9 &1
1.2 (II ) (P& Q) v (P& R) 10v I
1 12
( ) (p& Q) v (p& R) 2,11RAA(2)

(p& Q) v (p& R) J- P& (Qv R)

e -

(1) (P& Q) v (P& R) A

(2) -P A [for RAA]
3
() P& Q A [for RAA]
(4) P 3 &E
124 , I Exercises
Answersto Chapter

2 (5) - (P& Q) 2,4 RAA(3)

1,2 (6) P& R 1,5 vE
1,2 (7) P 6&E
1 (8) P 2,7 RAA(2)
9 (9) - (Q v R) A [forRAA]
10 (10) -Q A
3 (11) Q 3&E
10 (12) - (P& Q) 10,11RAA(3)
1,10 (13) P& R 1,12vE
1,10 (14) R 13&E
1,10 (15) QvR 14vi
1,9 (16) Q 9,15RAA(10)
1,9 (17) QvR 16vi
1 (18) QvR 9,17RAA(9)
1 (19) P& (Q v R) 8,18&1

Exerdse1.5.2
553 PH Q ~"- (p& Q) v (- P& - Q)
(a) PH Q "- (p& Q) v (- P& - Q)
I (I ) PHQ A
I (2) P-+ Q 1 HE
I 3
() Q -+P 1 HE
4 (4) - P & Q) v (- P& - Q A
5 5
() -P A
6 (6) Q A
1,6 (7) P 3,6 -+E
1,5 (8) -Q 5,7 RAA (6)
1,5 (9) - P& - Q 5,8 &1
1,5 (10) (p& Q) v (- P& - Q) 9 vi
1,4 (II ) P 4,10RAA (5)
1,4 (12) Q 2,11-+E
1,4 (13) P& Q 11,12&1
1,4 (14) (p& Q) v (- P& - Q) 13vi
I IS
( ) (p& Q) v (- P& - Q) 4, 14RAA (4)

(b) (P& Q) v (- P& - Q) .- PH Q

1 ( 1) (P& Q) v (- P& - Q) A
2 (2) P A
 ~~~.~
Answers to Chapter I 125

1Q
3 (3) A
4 (4) A
4 (5) 4&E
3 (6) 3,5 RAA(4)
1,3 (7) 1,6 vE
1,3 (8) 7&E
1,2 (9) 2,8 RAA(3)
1 ( 10) 9 -+1(2)
11 (II ) A [for-+1]
12 (12) A [forRAA]
12 (13) 12&E
11 ( 14) 11,13RAA(12)
I ,ll ( IS) 1,14vE
I ,ll ( 16) 15&E
1 (17) 16-+1(II )
1 ( 18) 10,17HI

sss (- Pv Q) & R, Q-+SIP -+(R-+S)

(I ) (- PvQ) &R
-

A
(2) Q -+ S A
(3) p A
(4) R A
I (5) - PvQ l &E
1,3 (6) Q 3,5 vE
1,2,3 (7) s 2,6 -+E
1,2,3 (8) R-+S 7 -+1(4)
1,2 (9) P-+ (R-+ S) 8 -+1(3)

556 Q& R, Q -+P v S, - (S& R) ~ P

1 (I ) Q& R A
2 2
() Q -+ Pv S A
3 (3) - (5 & R) A
1 (4) Q l &E
1 (5) R l &E
1,2 (6) PvS 2,4 - +E
7 (7) -P A [for RAA]
1,2,7 (8) S 6,7 vE
1,2,7 (9) S& R 5,8 &1
1,2,3 (10) P 3,9 RAA (7)
126 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

Exerdse 1.5.3

Form Substitution
i Trans (P/ R; Q/S)
ii HS (p/- P; Q/Q v R; RlS)
ii v Comm (pIP& Q; Q/ R)
iv Dist&Iv (pIPv Q; Q/- R; RI- S)
v DN (P/ Rv S)
vi Neg~ (pIPv R; Q/S)
vii v~ (pIP;Q/Q v R)
viii TC (p/- (P& Q) ; Q/ R)
ix DM (pIP& Q; Q/ R& S)
x SimOil (pIP;Q/ Rv S; RlQ& R)
Exerdse l .5A

S66 PHQr PvQ -+P& Q

1 ( 1) PHQ A
2 (2) PVQ A [for -+1)
3 (3) P A
1,3 (4) Q 1,3 BP
1,3 (5) P& Q 3,4 &I
1 (6) P-+P& Q 5 - +1(3)
7 (7) Q A
1,7 (8) P 1,7 BP
1,7 (9) P& Q 7,8 &I
M

(10) Q -+P& Q 9 -+1(7)

_

(11) P& Q 2,6,10SiI DOil

(12) PVQ -+P& Q 11-+1(2)

P+-+Q -i.- - (Pv Q) v - (- Pv - Q)

P+-+Q '- - (Pv Q) v - (- Pv - Q)
(1) P+-+Q A
1 (2) P-+Q tHE
1 (3) Q -+ P tHE
4 (4) PvQ A
4 5
() - P -+Q 4v - +
1.4 (6) Q 2,5Spec
Dll
 . I Exercises
Answersto Chapter 127

4 (7) - Q -+P

~>tf ~
1,4 (8) P

~
1,4 (9) P& Q
1,4 (10) - (- P v - Q)
1 (11) P v Q -+ - (- P v - Q)
1 (12) - (Pv Q) v - (- P v - Q)

(b) - (pv Q) v - (- p v - Q) J- PH Q
I (1) - (Pv Q) v - (- Pv - Q)
2 (2) P
2 (3) PvQ
1,2 (4) - (- Pv - Q)
1,2 (5) P& Q
1,2 (6) Q
1 (7) P-+Q
8 (8) Q
8 (9) PvQ
1,8 (10) - (- Pv - Q)
1,8 11
( ) P& Q
1,8 ( 12) P
1 ( 13) Q -+ P
1 14
( ) P+-+Q

S73 (P& Q) v (Rv S) I- p & Q) v R) v S

(1) (p& Q) v (Rv S)
-

(2) P& Q
(3) (p& Q) v R
(4) p & Q) v R) v S
(5) P& Q-+ p & Q) v R) v S
6 (6) Rv S
7 (7) R
7 (8) (p& Q) v R
(9) R -+ (p& Q) v R
( 10) S-+ S
6 ( 11) P & Q) v R) v S
(12) R v S-+ P & Q) v R) v S
I (13) P & Q) v R) v S
+ ~ HLS 9 9 ' ' ' 9LS 8
~ ~ I 9 I
t ~ t t t 9 9
9
d S
(
U b
S . ' .
If, ~t p d b
.
(

.
( '
' S S
l S
. l
b d S

( [ ( v v v
[ . + 31
[ IH ( VI 31 +
H J J HAtl H H
H ~ ' ~
V
Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 129

879 (PH - Q) - + - R, (- P & S) v (Q & T) , S v T -+ R ~ Q -+ P

I ( 1) (PH - Q) -+ - R A
2 2
( ) ( - P & S v
) (Q T)& A
3 (3) S v T -+ R A
4 (4 ) Q A [for -+1]
5 (5 ) -p A [for RAA]
5 (6 ) P- + - Q 5FA
4 (7) - Q - +P 4FA
4 ,5 (8) PH - Q 6,7 HI
1 ,4 , 5 (9 ) -R 1,8 -+E
1, 3 ,4 , 5 ( 10 ) - 5
( T)v 3,9 MTr
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 11 ) -5 & -T 10DM
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 12 ) -5 II &E
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 13 ) Pv - 5 12vl
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 14 ) - (- P & - - 5) 13DM
15 ( 15 ) - P& 5 A
15 ( 16 )
-P 15&E
15 ( 17 ) 5 15&E
15 ( 18 ) --5 17DN
15 ( 19 ) - P& - - 5 16,18&1
( 20 ) - P& 5 - + - P& - - 5 19-+1( IS)
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 21 ) - (- P & 5) 14,20MTr
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 22 ) Q& T 2,21v E
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 23 ) T 22&E
1 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 24 ) -T II &E
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 ( 25 ) P 23,24RAA (5)
1, 2 ,3 ( 26 ) Q -+ P 25- +1(4)

880 - s v (S & R), (S -+ R) - + P .- P

I ( 1) - S v (S & R) A
2 (2) (S -+ R) -+ P A
3 (3) -S A [for-+1]
3 (4) S -+ R 3FA
(5) - S -+ (S -+ R) 4 -+1(3)
6 (6) S& R A
6 (7) R 6&E
6 (8) S- + R 7TC
(9) S & R -+ (S -+ R) 8 -+1(6)
 tl tl L L L II II I ' t t ' t t rn~- O '
tl tl tl , L ' t I
1
'
( '
-~_
d
. . OAd )

0
-
(
' ( ( ( (
.
( l
. ' ' b ' '
b
' . S b '
1 U

v v
OOID[ dw s SA 00v v v v no
( UW
( ( ~ WO6 3
H (
V v v 3 3 3
Vd NQtl
~ ~
V
Answersto Chapter. 1 Exercises
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 131

1,2,3 (22) 8 -+ R 3,6,21SimOil

1,2 (23) R v - T -+ (8 -+ R) 22-+1(3)

S83 P& Q -+ R v SJ- (P-+R) v (Q -+ S)

1 (1) P& Q -+RvS A
2 2
() - (P-+ R) A [for - +1]
2 (3) P& - R 2 Neg-+
4 (4) Q A [for - +1]
2 (5) P 3 &E
2,4 6
() P& Q 4,5 &I
1,2,4 7
() Rv S 1,6 - +E
2 8
() -R 3 &E
1,2,4 9
() S 7,8 vE
1,2 (10) Q -+ S 9 -+1(4)
1 (11) - (P-+ R) -+ (Q -+ S) 10- +1(2)
1 (12) (P-+ R) v (Q -+ S) 11v-+

S84 (p-+Q) & (R -+P), (pv R) & - (Q& R) .- (p& Q) & - R

I (I ) (p-+ Q) & (R-+ P) A
2 t2) v R
(p ) (Q )& - & R A
I (3) P Q-+ I &E
I (4) R-+ P I &E
2 (5) PvR 2&E
2 (6) - (Q & R) 2 &E
2 (7) - Qv - R 6DM
2 (8) - P-+ R 5 v-+
I (9) - P-+ - R 4 Trans
1,2 (10) --P 8.9 IA
1,2 (II ) P 10DN
I ( 12) R -+Q 3,4 HS
I ( 13) - Q -+ - R 12Trans
2 14
( ) Q -+ - R 7 v-+
1,2 (IS) -R 13,14SpecDll
1,2 (16) Q 3,11-+E
1,2 ( 17) P& Q 11,16&I
1,2 ( 18) (p& Q) & - R 15,17&I
132 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

S85 P& Q -+ (RvS) & - (R& S), R & Q -+ S,

s -. R & Q) v (- R & - Q v - Pr p -. - Q
(I) P& Q - . ( RvS) & - ( R& S) A
(2 ) R & Q -. S A
3 (3) S -. R & Q) v (- R & - Q v - P A
4 (4 ) p A [for -+1]
5 (5) Q A -[for RAA]
4 ,5 (6 ) P& Q 4.5 &I
1,4 , 5 (7 ) (Rv S) & - (R& S) 1.6 -+E
1,4 , 5 (8) RvS 7&E
1 ,4 , 5 (9 )
- (R& S) 7&E
1 ,4 , 5 ( 10 ) R -+ - S 9 Neg-+
II ( II ) R A
5 , 11 ( 12 ) R& Q 5, 11&1
2 , 5 , 11 ( 13 ) S 2, 12-+E
2 ,5 ( 14 ) R-+S 13- +1( II )
1 , 2 ,4 , 5 ( 15 ) -R 10,14IA
1 , 2 ,4 , 5 ( 16 ) S 8,15vE
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 17 ) R & Q) v (- R & - Q v - P 3, 16-+E
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( 18 ) ( R& Q) v (- R& - Q) 4, 17v E
5 ( 19 )
- R - +Q 5TC
5 ( 20 )
- (- R & - Q) 19Neg- +
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( 21 ) R& Q 18,20v E
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 , 5 ( 22 ) R 21&E
1 , 2 , 3 ,4 ( 23 )
-Q 15,22RAA (5)
1 ,2 , 3 ( 24 ) P -+ - Q 22 -+1(4)

Exerdse 1.6.1

Tl I- P-+P
1 (I ) A
(2) p -+p 1 - +1 ( I )

T2 I- P v - P
(i) primitiverolesonly
1 (I) - (Pv - f ) A [forRAA]
2 (2) P A [forRAA]
2 (3) Pv - P 2vI
Answersto ChapterI Exercises 133

I (4) -p 1,3 RAA (2)

I (5) Pv - P 4vI
(6) Pv - P 1,5 RAA ( 1)

( ii ) derived rules allowed

t IQ
---
I A
1 - +1 ( 1)
IQ 2v - +

T4 t- P-+ (Q -+P)
i( ) primitiverulesonly
---

I P A [for - +1]
2 Q A [for -+1]
I Q -+P 1 -+1(2)
P-+ (Q -+ P) 3 -+1( 1)

(ii ) derivedmlesallowed
1 ( 1) P A
1 2
( ) Q -+ P ITC
(3) P -+ (Q - + P) 2 -+1( I )

T5 I- (P-+Q) v (Q -+ P)
i
( ) primitiverolesonly
I (I ) - P -+Q) v (Q -+ P A [forRAA]
2 (2) P-+Q A [forRAA]
2 (3) (P-+Q) v (Q -+ P) 2vl
I (4) - (P-+Q) 1,3 RAA(2)
5 (5) -P A [forRAA]
6 (6) P A [for-+1]
7 (7) -Q A [forRAA]
5,6 ()8 Q 5,6 RAA(7)
5 (9) P-+Q 8 -+1(6)
I ( 10) P 4,9 RAA(5)
II (II ) Q A [for-+1]
I ( 12) Q -+P 10-+1( II )
I (13) (P-+Q) v (Q -+ P) 12vl
(14) (P-+Q) v (Q -+P) 1,13RAA(I )
134 Answersto Chapter Exerci~

(ii) derivedrulesallowed
1 (I ) - P -+ Q) v (Q -+ P

11
--
I (2) - (p-+Q) & - (Q -+P)
1 3
() - (p-+ Q)

-~
1 4
() - (Q -+ P)
1 (5) P& - Q
1 (6) Q& - P
1 (7) P
1 (8) -P
9
() (P-+ Q) v (Q -+P)

T8 r - (P+-+Q) +-+(- P+-+Q)

i( ) primitiverulesonly
I (I ) - (p+-+Q)
2 (2) -P
3 3
() - Q
2 (4) - Q -+ - P 2 -+1(3)
5 (5) P A [for-+1]
2,3 (6) -P 3.4 -+E
2,5 (7) Q 5.6 RAA(3)
2 (8) P-+Q 7 -+1(5)
3 (9) - P-+ - Q 3 -+1(2)
10 10
( ) Q A [for-+1]
II (II ) -P A [forRAA]
3,11 (12) -Q 9.11-+E
3,10 (13) P 10.12RAA(11)
3 (14) Q -+P 13-+1(10)
2,3 15
( ) P+-+Q 8.14HI
1,2 ( 16) Q 1.15RAA(3)
I (17) - P-+Q 16-+1(2)
10 18
( ) P -+Q 10-+1(5)
5 (19) Q -+P 5 -+1(10)
5,10 (20) P+-+Q 18.19HI
1,10 (21) -P 1.20RAA(5)
I (22) Q -+ - P 21-+1( 10)
I (23) - P+-+Q 17.22HI
(24) - (p+-+Q) -+ (- P+-+Q) 23-+1( 1)
25 25
( ) - P+-+Q A [for-+1]
 NNN
Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises 135

2S - P- +Q 25HE

-~
r
25 Q -+ - P 25HE
28 PHQ A [forRAA]
28 P-+ Q 28HE
28 Q -+P 28HE
10,28 P 10,30-+E
10,25 -P 10,27-+E
25,28 -Q 31,32RAA(10)
5,28 Q 5,29-+E
25,28 -p 33,34RAA(5)
25,28 Q 26,35-+E
25 - (P+-+Q) 33,36RAA(28)
(- P +-+Q) - + - (P+-+Q) 37-+1(25)
- (P+-+Q) +-+(- P +-+Q) 24,38HI

1' 9 J- P ~ Q) ~ P) ~ P
(i) primitiverulesonly
1 (1) (P~ Q) ~ P A [for-+1]
2 (2) -P A [forRAA]
3 (3) P~ Q A
1.3 (4) P 1,3 -+E
1.2 (5) - (P~ Q) 2,4 RAA(3)
6 6
() P A [for-+1]
7 (7) -Q A [forRAA]
2.6 (8) Q 2,6 RAA(7)
2 (9) P~ Q 8 -+1(6)
1 (10) P 5,9 RAA(2)
(11) P ~ Q) ~ P) ~ P 10-+1(1)

(ii) derivedrulesallowed
1 (1) - (p-+Q) -+P) -+ P)
1 (2) P -+ Q) -+P) & - P 1Neg-+
1 (3) (p-+ Q) -+P 2&
1 (4) -P 2&
1 (5) - (P-+ Q) 3,4 M1T
1 (6) P& - Q 5 Neg-+
1 (7) P 6&
(8) P -+ Q) -+ P) -+ P 4,7 RAA ( 1)
 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

TI0 I- (p - + Q) v (Q -+ R)
(i) primitiverulesonly
1 ( 1) - P -+ Q) v (Q -+ R A [for RAA]
2 (2) (p -+ Q) A
2 (3) (p -+ Q) v (0 -+ R) 2vl
1 (4) - (p -+ Q) 1,3 RAA (2)
5 5
( ) A [for - +1]
'Q
-R
6 (6) A [for RAA]
7 (7) P A
5 (8) P -+ Q 5 -+1(7)
1,5 (9) R 4,8 RAA (6)
1 ( 10) Q -+ R 9 - +1(5)
1 ( 11) (P-+Q) v (Q -+R) 10vl
12
( ) (P-+Q) v (Q -+R) I , ll RAA ( 1)

(ii ) derivedrulesallowed
1 - (P-+Q)
---

A
P& - Q
-

1Neg- +
-Q 2 &E
Q -+R 3FA
- (P-+ Q) -+(Q -+R) 4 - +1( I )
(P-+Q) v (Q -+R) 5v -+

(ii) alternative
proofusingderived
roles
1 (I ) Q A
1 (2) P-+ Q ITC
1 (3) (P-+Q) v (Q -+R) 2vl
4
() Q -+ (P-+Q) v (Q-+R) 3 -+1( I )
s (5) -Q A
s 6
() Q -+R 5FA
5 7
() (P-+Q) v (Q -+R) 6vl
(8) - Q -+ (p-+Q) v (Q -+R) 7 - +1(5)
(9) (P-+Q) v (Q -+R) 4,8 SpecDll
Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises 137

TII .- (PHQ) H (- PH - Q)
i
( ) primitive rulesonly
I ()I PHQ A [for - +1]
I (2) P-+Q IHE
I (3) Q -+P IHE
4 (4) -P A [for -+1]
5 (5) Q A [for RAA]
1,5 (6) P 3,5 - +E
1,4 (7) -Q 4,6 RAA (5)
I (8) - P-+ - Q 7 -+1(4)
9 (9) -Q A [for -+1]
10 ( 10) P A [for RAA]
1,10 (II ) Q 2,10-+E
1,9 ( 12) -P 9,11RAA ( 10)
I (13) - Q -+ - P 12- +1(9)
I (14) - PH - Q 8,13HI
(IS) (PH Q) -+ (- PH - Q) 14-+1( I )
16 16
( ) - PH - Q A [for - +1]
16 (17) - P-+ - Q 16HE
16 (18) - Q -+ - P 16HE
19 ( 19) P A [for-+1]
20 (20) -Q A [forRAA]
16,20 (21) -P 18,20-+E
16,19 (22) Q 19,21RAA(20)
16 (23) P-+Q 22-+1( 19)
24 (24) Q A [for-+1]
25 (25) -P A [forRAA]
16,25 (26) -Q 17,25-+E
16,24 (27) P 24,26RAA(2S)
16 (28) Q -+P 27-+1(24)
16 (29) PHQ 23,28HI
30
( ) (- PH - Q) -+ (PH Q) 29-+1(16)
31
( ) (PH Q) H (- PH - Q) IS,30HI

(ii) derivedrulesallowed
I I
() PHQ A
I 2
() QHP 1 Comm
I (3) - PH - Q 2 Bitrans
138 Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises

-"-
(PH Q) - + (- P H - Q) 3 -+1(2)
5 - PH - Q A
5 QHP 5 Bitrans
5 PHQ 6 Comm
(- P H - Q) -+ (PH Q) 7 -+1(5)
(PH Q) H (- PH - Q) 4,8 HI

T12 ... (- P-+ Q) & (R-+ Q) +-+(p-+ R) -+ Q

i
( ) primitiverulesonly
1 ( 1) (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) A
1 (2) - P-+Q l &E
1 (3) R -+Q l &E
4 (4) P-+R A [for -+1]
5 (5) -Q A [for RAA]
6 (6) - P A
1,6 (7) Q 2.6 -+E
1,5 (8) P 5,7 RAA (6)
1,4,5 (9) R 4,8 -+E
1,4,5 (10) Q 3,9 -+E
1,4 (11) Q 5,10RAA (5)
1 (12) (p-+ R) -+ Q 11-+1(4)
(13) (- P-+ Q) & (R-+ Q) -+ P -+R) -+ Q) 12- +1( 1)
14 (14) (p-+ R) -+ Q A
15 (15) -P A
16 (16) P A
17 (17) -R A
15,16 (18) R 15,16RAA ( 17)
15 (19) P-+R 18-+1( 16)
14,15 (20) Q 14,19- +E
14 (21) - P-+Q 20 -+1( 15)
22 (22) R A
22 (23) P-+R 22- +1( 16)
14,22 (24) Q 14,23 -+E
14 (25) R -+Q 24- +1(22)
14 (26) (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) 21,25&J
27
( ) P -+ R) -+Q) -+ (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) 26-+1( 14)
(28) (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) +-+(p-+ R) -+Q 13,27HI
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 139

(ii) derivedrulesallowed
I (I ) (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) A
I (2) - P-+ Q l &E
I (3) R -+Q l &E
4 (4) P-+ R A
1,4 5
() P-+ Q 3,4 US
1,4 (6) Q 2,5 SpecOil
I (7) (P-+ R) -+Q 6 -+1(4)
8
() (- P-+R) & (R-+Q) -+ P -+ R) -+Q) 7 -+1(1)
9 (9) (P-+ R) -+Q A
10 10
( ) -P A
10 II
( ) P -+ R 10FA
9,10 (12) Q 9,11-+E
9 (13) - P-+ Q 12-+1(10)
14 (14) R A
14 (15) P-+ R 14TC
9,14 (16) Q 9,15-+E
9 (17) R-+ Q 16-+E (14)
9 18
( ) (- P-+Q) & (R-+ Q) 13,17&1
(19) P -+R) -+Q) -+ (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) 18-+1(9)
(20) (- P-+Q) & (R-+Q) H (P-+R) -+Q 8,19HI

TI3 J- PHP &P

1 (I ) P A
1 (2) P& P 1,1 &I
(3) P-+P& P 2 - +1( 1)
4 (4) P& P A
4 (5) P 4&
(6) P& P-+ P 5 -+1(4)
(7) PHP & P 3,6 HI

T14 t- PH PV P
1 ( 1) P A
1 2
() PV P 1 vI
3
() P-+PV P 2 -+1( I )
4 (4) P VP A
5 5
() -P A [forRAA]
4,5 6
() P 4,5 vE
140 Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

(7) p 5,6 RAA (5)

(8) PvP -+P 7 -+1(4)
(9) PHPVP 3,8 HI

TI7 t- (p+-+Q) & (R+-+S) -+ (p v R +-+Q v S)

(i) primitive.rulesonly
1 (I ) (p+-+Q) & (R+-+S) A
I (2) PHQ I &E
I (3) P-+ Q 2 +-+E
I 4
() Q -+P 2 +-+E
I (5) RHS I &E
I (6) R-+S SHE
I (7) S-+R SHE
S 8
() PvR A [for -+1]
9 (9) - (Q v S) A [for RAA]
10 (10) Q A
10 (11) QvS 10vi
9 (12) -Q 9,11RAA ( 10)
13 (13) P A
1,13 (14) Q 3,13- +E
1,9 (15) -P 12,14RAA ( 13)
I ,S,9 16
( ) R 8,IS vE
I ,S,9 (17) S 6,16- +E
I ,S,9 (18) QvS 17vi
I ,S (19) QvS 9,18RAA (9)
I (20) PvR -+QvS 19-+1(8)
21 21
( ) QvS A
22 (22) - (Pv R) A
23 (23) P A
23 (24) Pv R 23vI
-NNN

22 (25) -P 22,24RAA(23)
26 (26) Q A
r-

1.26 P 4,26-+E
1.22 -Q 25,27RAA(26)
1,21,22 S 21,28vE
1,21,22 R 7,29-+E
1,21,22 PvR 30vI
1,21 PvR 22,31RAA(22)
 Answers to Chapter I Exercises 141

1 (33) QvS -+ PvR 32-. 1(21)

1 (34) PVRHQVS 20,33HI
(35) (PH Q) & (RH S) -+ (Pv R H Q v S) 34-. 1(1)

(ii ) derived rules allowed

1 (p H Q) & ( RH S) A

-
---
1 PHQ I &E
-

RHS l &E
PvR A
P-+ Q 2HE
R -+ S 3HE
1,4 QvS 4,5,6 CornDll
1 PvR - + QvS 7 - +1(4)
9 QvS A
1 Q -+P 2 +-+E
1 S-+R 3 +-+E
1,9 PvR 9,10,11CornDll
1 QvS - +PvR 12-+1(9)
1 PVRHQVS 8,13HI
(PH Q) & ( RH S) -+ (Pv R H Q v S) 14-+1( 1)

T19 ~ (PH Q) -+ R -+ P) H ( R- + Q & P -+ R) H (Q -+ R

(i ) primitiverulesonly
( 1) PH Q A [for - +1]
-

(2) P- + Q IHE
3
( ) Q -+ P IHE
4
( ) R - + P A [for - +1]
(5) R A [for - +1]
4,5 (6) P 4,5 -+E
1,4,5 (7) Q 2,6 - +E
1,4 (8) R -+ Q 7 - +1(5)
1 9
( ) (R - + P - + -+
) ( R Q) 8 -+1(4)
10 ( 10) R - +Q A
11 ( 11) R A
10,11 ( 12) Q 10,11-+E
1,10,11 ( 13) P 3,12-+E
1,10 ( 14) R -+ P 13-+1( 11)
142 Answers 1 Exercises
to Chapter

1 (15) (R-+Q) -+ (R-+P) 14-+1(10)

1 (16) (R-+P) H (R-+Q) 9,15HI
17 (17) P-+R A
18 (18) Q A
1,18 (19) P 3,18-+E
1,17,18 (20) R 17,19-+E
1,17 (21) Q -+R 20-+1(18)
1 (22) (P-+R) -+ (Q -+ R) 21-+1( 17)
23 (23) Q -+R A
24 (24) P A
1,24 (25) Q 2,24-+E
1,23,24 (26) R 23,25-+E
1,23 (27) P-+R 26-+1(24)
1 (28) (Q -+R) -+ (P-+R) 27-+1(23)
1 (29) (P-+R) H (Q -+R) 22,28HI
1 (30) R -+ P) H (R-+Q & P -+R) H (Q -+R 16,29&I
(31) (PH Q) -+ 30-+1(1)
R -+ P) H (R-+Q & P -+R) H (Q-+ R

A
tHE
tHE
A
2,4 US
5 -+1(4)
A
3,7 US
8 -+1(7)
6,9 HI
A
3,11US
12-+1(11)
A
2,14HS
IS-+1(14)
13,16HI
1
b b d d ~- . c~: 5I1Q
j ~ >Q: ~ >51
-. ~ . : >

I (
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises

3 3 ( ( v ( HHIHHI
(
V V ( ( V V
gA g IH ( 3 3 1
IA91 I 1
V V

~ >51
 144 , 1 Exercises
Answersto Chapter

4 (5) -R -+P 4v ~
1,4 (6) -R -+Q 2,5 as
1,4 (7) RvQ 6v ~
1 (8) RvP - + RvQ 7 ~ I (4)
9 (9) RvQ A
9 (10) - R -+ Q 9v ~
1,9 (11) - R -+ P 3, 10 as
1,9 (12) RvP 11 v ~
1 (13) RvQ -+RvP 12 ~ I (9)
1 ( 14) R V P H Rv Q 8, 13 HI
( 15) (PH Q) -+ ( RV PH R V Q) 14 ~ I ( 1)

c c
.

A [for -+1]
0~tu5It 0: g t c t ~

A [for - +1]
A [for RAA]
A
2,4 - +E
3,5 RAA (4)
A
1,7 - +E
6,8 RAA (7)
A
~~~ ~IU

tOyI
3.11vE
.:

12-+1( 10)
9.13RAA(3)
14-+1(2)
IS-+1( 1)
A [for-+1]
A [for-+1]
A [forRAA]
A
18.20-+E
19.21RAA(20)
A
17.23-+E
Answersto ChapterI Exercises 145

17,18,19(25) - (Q ~ P) 22.24RAA(23)
26 (26) Q A
26 (27) Qv P 26vI
19,26 (28) P 19,27vE
19 29
( ) Q~ P 28-+1(26)
17,18 (30) Q 25,29RAA( 19)
17 31
( ) (P~ Q) ~ Q 30-+1(18)
32
( ) Q ~ P) ~ P) ~ P ~ Q) ~ Q) 31-+1(17)
(33) (P~ Q) ~ QH (Q ~ P) ~ P 16,32HI

A
1Neg- +
2 &E
2 &E
4 Neg-+
5 &E
5 &E
7FA
3,8 -+E
6,9 -+E
7,10RAA( 1)
A
12Neg-+
13&E
13&E
15Neg-+
16&E
16&E
18FA
14,19-+E
17,20-+E
18,21RAA(12)
11,22HI
-~
Answersto Chapter 1 Exercises

J- (P& 0) v (R& S) H (Pv R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S

(i) primitiverulesonly
I (I ) (p& Q) v (R& S) A [for -+1]
2 2
() - v
(P )R A [for RAA]
3 (3) - v
(P S) A [for RAA]
4 4
() - P A
5 (5) P& Q A
5 (6) P 5 &E
4 (7) - (P& Q) 4,6 RAA (5)
1,4 (8) R& S 1,7 vE
1,4 (9) R 8&E
1,4 (10) S 8&E
1,4 (11) Pv R 9 vI
1,2 ( 12) P 2 , 11RAA (4)
1,2 ( 13) Pv R 12 vI
I (14) Pv R 2, 13RAA (2)
1,4 ( 15) Pv S 10vI
1,3 ( 16) P 3,15RAA (4)
1,3 (17) Pv S 16v I
I 18
( ) PvS 3,17RAA (3)
I 19
( ) v R &
(P ) (P ) v S 14 ,18&1
20 (20) - (Q v R) A [for RAA]
21 (21) - (Q v S) A [for RAA]
22 (22) -Q A
5 23
( ) Q 5 &E
22 (24) - (P& Q) 22,23RAA (5)
1,22 25
( ) R & S 1,24 v E
1,22 (26) R 25&E
1,22 (27) S 25&E
1,22 28
( ) Q v R 26vI
1,20 (29) Q 20,28RAA(22)
1,20 30
( ) Q v R 28vI
I 31
( ) Q v R 20,30RAA(20)
1,22 (32) Q Sv 27vI
1,21 33
( ) Q 21,32RAA(22)
1,21 (34) Qv S 33vI
I (35) Qv S 21,34RAA(21)
I (36) (Q v R) & (Q v S) 30,35&I
 I I I p I ~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Ot

--- H ( (

mleg
~
( ( ( + ( ( S ( S
(
' S ' S

(
ChapterI Exercises

d l
' SA l
d l +
( (
(

' s
' SAd

1S~ ~ 1S1S If ( ( (
I (
V [
[ (
I 3A 3AI 3A 3AI
~ 3 ~ 3 3 3 I I IA
V V Ltl
148 Answersto Chapter I Exercises

(7) PvR

-
5&E
(8) Pv S 6&E
(9) (Pv R) & (Pv S) 7,8 &1
(10) Qv R 5&E
( 11) Qv S 6&E
( 12) (Q v R) & (Q v S) 10,11&1
( 13) P v R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S 9,12&1
( 14) (P& Q) v (R& S) -+ 13-+1(1)
P v R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S
15 (IS) P v R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S A
15 (16) ( v R) & (Pv S)
P 15&E
15 (17) (Q v R) & (Q v S) 15&E
15 (18) PvR 16&E
15 (19) PvS 16&E
15 (20) QvR 17&E
15 (21) QvS 17&E
15 (22) (Pv R) & (Q v R) 18,20&1
15 (23) (Pv S) & (Q v S) 19,21&1
15 (24) (P& Q) v R 22Dist
15 (25) (P& Q) v S 23Dist
15 (26) P & Q) v R) & P & Q) v S) 24,25&1
15 (27) (P& Q) v (R& S) 26Dist
(28) P v R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S -+ 27-+1( 15)
(P& Q) v (R& S)
(29) (P& Q) v (R& S) H 14,28HI
P v R) & (Pv S & Q v R) & (Q v S

T31 J- (Pv Q) & (Rv S) H P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S

(i) primitiverulesonly
1 (I ) (Pv Q) & (R v S) A [for -+1]
2 (2) - (P& R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q& S ) A [for RAA]
3 (3) P& R A
3 (4) (P& R) v (P& S) 3 vI
3 (5) P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q & S 4vI
2 (6) - (P& R) 2,5 RAA (3)
7 (7) P& S A
 Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 149

7 (8) (P& R) v (P& S) 7 vI

7 (9) P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q& S 8 vI
2 (10) - (P& S) 2,9 RAA (7)
II (II ) Q& R A

'--
II (12) (Q& R) v (Q & S)
II (13) P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S
(14) - (Q& R)

-->-
2
15 (15) Q& S
15 (16) (Q & R) v (Q & S)
15 (17) P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S
2 (18) - (Q & S)
M
M

(19) PvQ I &E

(20)
-

RvS l &E
-

(21) P A
(22) R A
(23) P& R 21,22&1
(24) -R 6,23RAA(22)
(25) S 20,24vE
(26) P& S 21,25&1
(27) -P 10,26RAA(21)
(28) Q 19,27vE
(29) Q& R 22,28&1
(30) -R 14,29RAA(22)
(31) S 20,30vE
(32) Q& S 28,31&1
(33) P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q & S 18,32RAA(2)
(34) (Pv Q) & (R v S) -+ 33-+1(1)
P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q& S
(35) P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q& S A for - +1
35
~~-
~~
cS
36 (36) - (pvQ)
37 (37) (P& R) v (P& S)
P& R
.~

38 (38)
38 (39) P
38 (40) PvQ
36 (41) - (P& R)
tf' tfr

(42) P& S
(43) P
(44) PvQ
(45) - P& R) v (P& S
150 Answers to Chapter Exercises

~ -
35,36 (46) Q & R) v (Q & S
47 (47) Q& R
47 (48) Q

f. ~ ~
47 (49) PvQ
36 (50)
-~-- - (Q & R)
35,36 Q& S
35,36 Q
35,36 PvQ
35 PvQ 36,53RAA (36)
55 - (Rv S) A [for RAA]
56 (Q & R) v (Q & S) A
57 Q& R A
57 R 57&E
57
>~ ~r-- 58 vI
55 55,58RAA (57)
55,56 56,00 v E
55,56 61&E
~-

55,56 62 v I
~>r

55 55,63RAA (56)
35,55 35,64 v E
66 A
66 66&E
66 67 vI
55 55,68 RAA (66)
35,55 65,69 v E
35,55 70&E
35,55 RvS 71 vI
35 RvS 55,72 RAA (55)
35 v &
(P Q) (R ) v S 54,73&1
P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S -+ 74--+1(35)
(Pv Q) & (Rv S)
(Pv Q) & (Rv S) H 34,7SHI
P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q & S
(ii ) derivedrulesallowed
1 ( 1) (Pv Q) & (R v S) A
1 (2) (P& ( Rv S v (Q & ( Rv S 1 Dist
3 (3) P & ( Rv S) A
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 151

(4) (P& R) v (P& S) 3 Dist

(5) P& (Rv S) -+ (P& R) v (P& S) 4 -+1(3)
(6) Q& (Rv S) A
\

(7) (Q& R) v (Q & S) 6 Dist

(8) Q & (Rv S) -+ (Q& R) v (Q & S) 7 -+1(6)
(9) P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q& S
( 10) (Pv Q) & (Rv S) -+
P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S
----

t~>0-~~>(-
11 P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q & S A
12 A
12 12Dist
12 13&E
12 13&E
12 14vl
12 15.16&I
~~~-~~(-

17-+1( 12)
A
-0

19Dist
20&E
20&E
19 PvQ 21vI
19 (Pv Q) & (Rv S) 22.23&I
(Q& R) v (Q & S) -+ (Pv Q) & (Rv S) 24-+1(19)
11 (Pv Q) & (Rv S) 11.18.25SimDil
P & R) v (P& S v Q & R) v (Q& S -+ 26-+1(11)
(Pv Q) & (Rv S)
(28) (Pv Q) & (Rv S) H 10.27HI
P & R) v (P& S v Q& R) v (Q& S

T32 .- (P-+Q) & (R-+ S) H - P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q & S

(i) primitiverulesonly
1 (1) (p-+Q) & (R-+ S) A [for-+1]
2 (2) - (- P& - R) v(- P& S v Q& - R) v(Q & S ) A [forRAA]
1 (3) P-+Q 1&E
1 4
() R -+ S 1&E
5 5
() (- P& - R) v (- P& S) A
 152 Answersto Chapter I Exercises

-
5 - P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q& S 5 vI

-~-
2 - - P& - R) v (- P& S 2,6 RAA(5)
8 (Q& - R) v (Q& S) A
8 - P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q & S 8 vI
2 - Q& - R) v (Q & S 2,9 RAA(8)
11 (- P& - R) A
11 (- P& - R) v (- P& S) 11vI
2 - (- P& - R) 7,12RAA(11)
14 - P& S A
14 (- P& - R) v (- P& S) 14vI
2 - (- P& S) 7,15RAA(14)
17 Q& - R A
(Q& - R) v (Q& S) 17vI
~

- (Q & - R)
-r

10,18RAA(17)
Q& S A
(Q & - R) v (Q & S) 20vI
- (Q& S) 10,21RAA(20)
-P ARAP

& -R 23,24&1
R 13,25RAA(24)
S 4,26-+E
- P& S 23,27&1
P 16,28RAA(23)
Q 3,29-+E
Q& - R 24,30&1
R 19,31RAA(24)
S 4,32-+E
Q& S 30,33&1
- P& - R) v (- P& S v Q& - R) v (Q & S 22,34RAA(2)
(P-+Q) & (R-+ S) -+ 35-+1( 1)
- P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q& S
37 - P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q & S A [for-+1]
38 P A [for-+1]
39 -Q A [for RAA]
40 Q& - R A
40 Q 4O&E
39 - (Q & - R) 39,41 RAA (40)
43 Q& S A
Answersto Chapter1 Exercises 153

43 (44) 43 &E
39 (45) 39,44RAA(43)
46 (46) A
39,46 (47) 42,46 v B
39 (48) 45,47 RAA (46)
37,39 (49) 37,48 v E
50 (50) A
50 (51) 50&E
38 (52) 38,51 RAA (50)
37,38,39(53) 49,52 v E
37,38,39(54) 53&E
37,38 (55) 38,54RAA (39)
37 (56) 55 ~ I (38)
57 (57) A [for ~ I]
58 (58) A [for RAA]
59 (59) A
59 (60) 59&E
58 (61) 58,60RAA (59)
62 (62) A
58,62 (63) 61,62 v E
58,62 (64) 63&E
57,58 (65) 57,64RAA (62)
37,57,58(66) (- P & - R) v (- P & S) 37,65vE
67 (67) - P& - R A
67 (68) -R 67&E
57 (69) - (- P & - R) 57,68RAA(67)
37,57,58(70) - P& S 66,69vE
37,57,58(71) S 70&E
37,57 (72) S 58,71RAA(58)
37 (73) R -+ S 72-+1(57)
37 (74) (P-+ Q) & ( R-+ S) 56,73&1
(75) - P& - R) v (- P& S v Q& - R) v (Q & S -+ 74-+1(37)
(P-+ Q) & (R-+ S)
(76) (P-+Q) & (R-+ S) H 36,7SHI
- P& - R) V (- P& S V Q& - R) V (Q& S

(ii ) derivedrulesallowed
1 ( 1) (p - + Q) & ( R-+ S) A
1 (2) P -+ Q l &E
 154 Answersto Chapter Exercises

1 (3)

0 -
1 (4)

-_
1 (5)

~-
1 (6)

- ~~
i
1 (7)
8 (8)

~ f --
8 (9)
(10)

~ f-
(11)
- -

~
(12)

~- - 1~ > f ~
(13)
(14)
(15)
-.~Ai> f -

16 ( 16)
17 ( 17)
17 (18)
0~

(19)
f

(20)
~

~i

(21)
(22)
16 (23)
16 (24)
16 (25)
16 (26)
16 (27)
16 (28)
16 (29)
(30)

(31) (P-+ Q) & (R-+ S) +-+ 15,30HI

- P& - R) v (- P& S v Q & - R) v (Q & S
 Answers to Chapter 2 Exercises 155

Chapter 2

Exerdse2.1

ii
~O

Pv (- PvQ ) PQ - {P& Q) v P
TF T TTFT T
TF F TFTFT
TT T FTTFT
TT T FFTFT

iii iv
PQ PQ (pv Q) v (- P& Q)
Iu! t Q-t -A

TT TT T TF F
TF TF T TF F
FT FT T TT T
FF FF F FT F

vi
>

RH - Pv (R& Q)
AO ~

QR
TT TFT T
TF TF F F
FT FFF F
FF TF F F
TT TTT T
TF FTT F
FT TTT F
FF FTT F

viii
""

(P& Q H Q) -+ (Q -+P) PQ (PH - Q) H (- P H - Q)

T T T T TT FF F F TF
F T T T TF TT FF FT
F F T F FT TF FT FF
F T T T FF FT FT TT
156 Answersto Chapter2 Exercises

ix
PQR (p +-+Q) +-+(pv R-+ (- Q-+ R
TTT T T T T F T
TTF T T T T F T
TFT F F T T T T
TFF F T T FTF
FTT F F T TFT
FTF F F F T F T
FFT T T T T T T
FFF T T F T T F

x
P Q R S (P& Q) v ( R& S) -+ (P& R) v (Q & S)
TT T T T T T T T T T
TT T F T T F T T T F
TTFT T T F T F T T
TTFF T T F F F F F
TF T T F T T T T T F
TF T F F F F T T T F
TF F T F F F T F F F
TF F F F F F T F F F
FT T T F T T T F T T
FT T F F F F T F F F
FTFT F F F T F T T
FTFF F F F T F F F
FF T T F T T F F F F
FF T F F F F T F F F
FF F T F F F T F F F
FF F F F F F T F F F

Exerdse2.2

A [forRAA]
l &E
2,3 BP
l &E
4,5 RAA(2)
 NN . ~ >.. - .> 01

~>E~ ac~ ~~ {~ 0I~~an.

0~EtI a01 ~f -01
--fMMOI
~ ~~tI --- ~EQ>0~0tI~ OIWA
iE 6~~tI 0I~E0I
-
' c>0 Q d d ( S
Chapter

~ tI

(~ d

<~c2
N~.i Q ~- M .cS. t ~
~~ .(la
-Ir

-
 158 Answersto Chapter
2 Exercises

P-+ (- P-+ R) 3 -+1(2)

-~-
5 Q A [for-+1]
5 - Q -+R SPA
Q -+ (- Q -+R) 6 -+1(5)
1 (- P-+ R) v (- Q -+R) 1,4,7 CornOil

t~>Ia
-
o0

.~ -
~:~~

~cS
VALID
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) R& - P
5
() R
6
() Q
(7) QvR
(8) - (Q v R)
(9) - (QH R)
xiv VALID
1 (1) P-+ (Q & R -+ S) A
2 (2) P A
3 (3) -S A
4 (4) Q& R A [for RAA]
1,2 (5) Q & R -+ S 1,2 -+E
1,2,4 (6) S 4,5 - +E
1,2,3 (7) - (Q& R) 2,6 RAA (4)

xv INVALID
P:F Q:F R:T
 Answersto Chapter2 Exercises 159

,
INVALffi
~' P:T Q:F R:F S:F T:F
VALID
1 (1) Q -+ (P- +R & - Q) A
2 (2) - Q -+ - (TvV ) A
3 (3) U & SHP A
4 (4) - (S -+ - V) A [for -+1]
4 (5) S& U 4 Neg- +
4 (6) U& S 5 Comm
3,4 (7) P 3.6 BP
8 (8) T A [for RAA]
8 (9) TvV 8 vI
2,8 (10) Q 2.9 M1T
1,2,8 (II ) P-+R & - Q 1.10-+E
~~I0

1,2,3,4,8 (12) 7.11-+E

1,2,3,4,8 (13) 12&E
1,2,3,4 (14) 10.13RAA (8)
1,2,3 ( 15) - (5 -+ - U) -+ - T 14-+1(4)
1,2,3 (16) (5 -+ - U) v - T 15v- +

xviii INVALID
Q:F R:F S:F T:F U:F V:T W:F
Exerdse 2.4.2

i P:F Q:T
ii PiT Q:F
iii P:T Q:T R:F
ri5ri5

iv P:F Q:F RiT

v PiT Q:F R:T
Q:F R:F
f

vi P:F
vii PiT Q:F RiT T:T
viii P:F Q:F R:T
ix PiT Q:T R:F T:F
x P:T Q:F RiT
xi PiT Q:F R:F T:T
xii P:F Q:T R:F TiT
xiii VALID
1 ( 1) P - + (- Q - + - R & - 8 )
160 Answers to Chapter2 Exercises

-Ntf
I~ : CI

-
-
2 A

-
3 A
4 A
1,4 - Q -+ - R & - S 1,4 -+E
1,3,4 -R& -S 3,5 -+E
1,3,4 -R 6 &E
1,3,4 -S 6 &E
1,3,4 R -+S 7FA
1,3,4 S-+R 8FA
1,3,4 RHS 9, 10HI
1,2,3 -p 2,11RAA(4)

xiv P:F Q:T RiT S:F T:F

xv PiT Q:F RiT S:F T:F U:F
xvi PiT Q:F RiT S:F
xvii VALID
I (1) - (p-+ - Q & R) A
2 (2) - RH - P A
1 (3) P& - (- Q& R) 1Neg-+
1 (4) P 3&E
1 (5) - (- Q & R) 3&E
1 (6) - - Qv - R 50M
1,2 (7) R 2,4 BT
1,2 (8) --Q 6,7 vE
1,2 (9) Q SON
1,2 ( 10) P& Q 4,9 &1

xviii VALW
(1) (p -+ Q) & (- Q - + P & R) -+ (5 v T - + - Q) A
-

(2) Q A
(3) P- + Q 2TC
(4) - Q -+ P& R 2FA
(5) (p -+ Q) & (- Q - + P & R) 3,4 &1
1,2 (6) 5vT -+ - Q 1,5 -+E
1,2 (7) - (S v T) 2,6 MTr
1,2 (8) - S& - T 7DM
1,2 (9) - (- S -+ T) 8Neg-+
1 (10) Q -+ - (- S -+ T) 9 -+1(2)
Answersto Chapter3 Exercises 161

xix VALill
I (I ) Pv - Q -+-P& -Q A [for-+1]
2 (2) P A [forRAA]
2 (3) Pv - Q 2vl
1,2 (4) -P& -Q 2,3 -+E
1,2 (5) -P 4&E

-c2c2
I (6) -P 2,5 RAA(2)
(7) P v - Q) -+ (- P & - Q -+ - P 6 -+1(1)

-
.tt~
8 (8) -P
9 (9) Pv - Q
8,9 (10) -Q

~
8,9 (II ) - P& - Q
8 (12) (Pv - Q) -+ (- P & - Q)
( 13) - P -+ P v - Q) -+ (- P & - Q
( 14) P v - Q) -+ (- P & - Q +-+- P

xx VALill
1 (I ) QH - Q
2 (2) Q
1,2 (3) -Q
1 (4) -Q
1 (5) Q
1 (6) QV (PH - P)
1 (7) PH - P 4,6 v B

Chapter 3
Exerdse 3.1.1
.
.

Not a wff
.
.

Not a wff
Universal
Existential
Not a wff
Not a wff
Universal
Not a wff ( but acceptable biconditional abbreviation given the
dropping convention )
162 Answersto Chapter3 Exercises

ix Negation
x -
Not a wff (but acceptableconditional abbreviationgiven the parenthesis
droppingconvention)
Xl -
Not a wff (but acceptableconditional abbreviation given the parenthesis
dropping convention
)
xii Negation
xiii Not a wff
xiv Existential
xv Not a wff
xvi Atomic sentence
xvii Not a wff
xviii Not a wff
xix Not a wff
xx Universal
xxi Not a wff
xxii Not a wff
xxiii Negation
xxiv Biconditional
xxx Not a wff

Exercise
3.1.2
Open Fonnula ExampleWFF
i Fz 3zFz
ii None
ill Gcax
iv Gxy
Gyx
(Gxy& Gyx)
'v'y(Gxy& Gyx)
v Gxy 3y- VxGxy
Hy - Vy- Hy
vi Ax VxAx
Fxx 3xFxx
vii Fxy
Hxyz
Jz
(Hxyz& Jz)
'v'z(Hxyz& Jz)
( Fxy- + 'v'z( Hxyz& Jz
'v'y( Fxy-+ 'v'z( Hxyz& Jz
Answers to Chapter,3 Exercises 163

viii Fxx
Fxy
'v'yFxy
Hz
Ix
( Hzv Ix )
3z( Hzv Ix )
- 3z( Hz v Ix )
Fxx
(Hav Fxx)
- (Hav Fxx)
xi None
xii Fx
xiii Fx 'v'xFx
xiv Fyyy
(Fyyy& P)
xv Fzx
Hxyz
(FzyH Hxyz)

Exercise 3.1.

Translationschemeis providedonly whereit is not obvious.

alt: indicatesan alternative, logically equivalentttanslation.
amb: indicatesnon- equivalentrenderingof an ambiguoussentence .
inc ! indicatesa common, but incorrectanswer.

I Vx( Dx-+ Mx)

inc! Vx( Dx& Mx)
2 3x(Sx& Ox)
inc! 3x(Sx- + Ox)
3 Vx(Fx-+ - Ex)
all: - 3x(Fx& Ex)
inc! - Vx(Fx-+ Ex)
- Vx(Fx-+ Px)
3x(Fx& - Px)
'v'x( Rx - + - Ex) & 'v'x(Ax - + - Ex)
alt: 'v'x( Rx v Ax - + - Ex)
inc! 'v'x( Rx & Ax - + - Ex)
164 Answersto Chapter3 Exercises

3x(Px& Ax) & 3x(Rx & Ax)

inc! 3x Px& Rx) & Ax)
inc! 3x Pxv Rx) & Ax)
7 'v'x(Ox -+ Lx)
inc! 'v'x(Lx -+ Ox)
8 'v'x(Sx- + (Px -+ Tx v Bx
alt: 'v'x(Sx& Px -+ Tx v Bx)
9 'v'x(Mx H Px)
alt: 'v'x Mx -+ Px) & (Px -+ Mx
10 'v'x(Fx- + - Wx vEx )
alt: 'v'x(Fx& Wx -+ Ex)
11 (3x(Ox & Cx) & 3x(Ox & Mx & - 3x(Cx & Mx )
12 'V'x(lx - + Px)
alt: 'V'x(- Px - + - Ix )
inc! 'v'x(Px - + Ix )
13 'v'x(Ax - + (- Wx - + Nx
14 'v'x(Ax - + (Nx - + - Wx
15 3x(Sx& (Px& Fx & - Vx(Px& Fx-+ Sx)
alt: 3x(Sx& (Px& Fx & 3x Px& Fx) & - Sx)
16 Wa& 'v'x( Wx-+ Mx) -+ Ma
17 'v'x(Sx-+ (- Nx v Mx
18 'v'x(Ox & Ex -+ - Px)
alt: - 3x Ox & Ex) & Px)
19 'v'x(Px -+ - Hx)
arnb: - 'v'x(Px - + Hx) [possiblereadingin someregional
dialects
ofEnglish
]
20 - 'v'x(Px - + Cx)
21 'v'x(Mx & Wx -+ Bx)
22 3x Mx & Wx) & Fx)

23-29 TranslationschemeI using single-placepredicatesonly :

Ta : a is a trick
Wa : a is a whale
Sa: Shamucan do a
Ca: a can do a trick
s: Shamu
Note: Strictly we shouldusea letter from a-d for a name, but the useof s for
Shamuis more perspicuous .
Answersto Chapter3 Exercises 165

23 'v'x(Tx-+ Sx)
24 'v'x(Tx-+ Sx)
25 - 'v'x(Tx -+ Sx)
26 'v'x(Tx-+ - Sx)
alternative translation : - Cs
thatis notlogicallyequivalent
27 3x(Wx & Cx) -+ Cs
'v'x( Wx& Cx -+ Cs) Notedifferencein scope .
ambi: 'v'x( Wx-+ Cx) -+ Cs Lessnaturalreading .
ambii: If anywhalecandoa trick, Shamucandothatsametrick.
Thisreadingis notexpressible usingsingle-placepredicates only.
28 'v'x( Wx-+ Cx) -+ Cs Notescopeagain.
29 3x( Wx& Cx) -+ 'v'x( Wx-+ Cx)
amb 'v'x( Wx-+ Cx) -+ 'v'x( Wx-+ Cx) .
Thisreadingis lessnatural

23-29 TranslationSchemen lI~ing many -

place predicates
Ta : a is a hick
Cap : a can do p
Wa : a is a whale
s: Shamu

23 'v'x( Tx-+ Csx)

24 'v'x( Tx-+ Csx)
25 - 'v'x(Tx-+ Csx)
alt: 3x(Tx & - Csx)
26 'v'x( Tx-+ - Csx)
27 3xy Wx & Ty) & Cxy) - + 3z(Tz& Csz)
alt: 'v'xy ( Wx& Ty) & Cxy) - + 3z(Tz& Csz Scope !
amb-i: 'v'x3y(Wx -+ Ty & Cxy) -+ 3z(Tz & Csz)
amb-ii: 'v'xy ( Wx&Ty) & Cxy) -+ Csy)
Thisis theambiguous with thepreviousb' anslation
readingnotexpressible .
scheme
28 'v'x3y( Wx-+ (Ty & Cxy -+ 3z(Tz& Csz)
alt: 'v'x( Wx-+ 3y(Ty & Cxy -+ 3z(Tz & Csz)
29 3xy Wx & Ty) & Cxy) - + 'v'x( Wx-+ 3y(Ty & Cxy
amb: 'v'x3y( Wx-+ ( Ty& Cxy -+ 'v'x( Wx-+ 3y(Ty& Cxy

30 Agb
31 3xAxb
166 Answersto Chapter3 Exercises

32 3xAgx
33 VxAbx
34 VxAxb
35 3xyAxy
36 3xVyAxy
amb: Vy3xAxy
37 Vx3yAxy
amb: 3yVxAxy
38 VxyAxy
39 VxAxx
40 3xAxx
41 Vx- Axx
alt: - 3xAxx
42 3xVy- Axy
alt: 3x- 3yAxy

Translation
Scheme for 43-46.
SaJiy; a saidIi to 'Y
fa : a is a person

43 Vx(Px-+ 3yVz(Pz-+ Sxyz

amb: Vxy(Px& Py -+ 3zSxzy
44 Vx(Px-+ 3yz(Pz& Sxyz
45 Vx(Px-+ 3y(Py& - 3zSxzy
46 Vxy(Px& Py-+ - 3zSxzy)

47 3xyz Rx & (Cy & Sxy & ( Dz& Lxz

48 3x(Fx& Vy(Hy -+ Sxy
alt: 3xVy(Fx& (Hy -+ Sxy
amb: 3x(Fx& 3y( Hy& Sxy
49 3x(Fx& Vy( My-+ Sxy
50 3x( Wx& Vy(Fy& Exy -+ My
amb: 3x( Wx& Vy(Exy-+ Fy & My
51 3x( Wx& Vy(Fy& My -+ - Exy
52 3xy My & Fy) & Exy) -+ Vx(Sx- + 3y My & Fy) & Exy
amb: 3xy My & Fy) & Exy) -+ 3x(Sx& 3y My & Fy) & Exy
53 '
Vwxyz Jw & Txw) & (Oy & Tzy) - + Lxz) [ Tali: a is Ii s tail]
Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises 167

-- alt : 'v'wxyz (Jw & Tx) & Bxw) & Oy & Tz) & Bzy) -+ Lxz) (Bali: a belongs
to Ii]
54 'v'x(3y(Cy & Sxy) -+ Ax)
alt: 'v'xy(Cy & Sxy-+ Ax)
55 'v'uvxy( Bu & Pvu - + (Hx & Pyx - + Mvy &
'v'uvwx(Ou & Evu - + Mw v Bw) & Exw - + Avx & - Mvx
56 Ambiguous.
i. The amounteatenby somewhalesis more than the amounteatenby any
fish.
Translationscheme:
Au : a is an amount(of food)
Fa: a is a fish
Eafi : a eatsfi amount(of food)
Gafi : a is greaterthan fi

3x( Wx& 3y Ay & Exy) & 'v'zw( Fz& Aw & Ezw - + Gyw )

ii . The amounteatenby somewhales is more than the amounteatenby all

the fishescombined.
Addition to translationscheme:
a: the amounteatenby all the fishescombined

3xy Wx & Ay) & ( Exy& Gya

3x( Mx& 'v'y( My-+ (GxyH - Gyy )

( Usingidentity)
58 3x( Cx & 'v'y(Cy -+ y =x
59 3x x=p
alt : 3x( x=p & 'v'y ( y=p - + y=x
60 3xy (Tx& Ty) & x * y) & (Ebx& Eby
61 'v'x( x~ -+ Exb) & - Ebb
62 'v'x( Dx -+ 3y Ty & Byx) & 'v'z(Tz& Bzx-+ y=z

Exerdse 3.3.1

i is an instanceof v
ii is an instanceof vi
ii is an instanceix
 168 Answers to Chapter3 Exercises

iv is an instanceof i
iv is an instanceof ill
x is an instanceof ii

Exerdse 3.3. 2

S87 3x(Gx & - Fx), 'v'x(Gx -+ Hx) ~ 3x(Hx & - Fx)

~0=-~
1 ( 1) 3x(Gx & - Fx)

m
2 (2) 'v'x(Gx -+ Hx)
2 3
( ) Ga - + Ha

<~~
4 4
( ) Ga & - Fa
4 (5) Ga
2,4 (6) Ha
4 (7) - Fa
2,4 (8) Ha& - Fa
2,4 (9) 3x(Hx & - Fx)
1,2 ( 10) 3x(Hx & - Fx)

S88 3x(Gx& Fx). '9'x(Fx-+ - Hx) .- 3x- Hx

1 (I ) 3x(Gx & Fx) A
2 (2) 'v'x(Fx-+ - Hx) A
2 (3) Fa-+ - Ha 2VE
4 (4) Ga& Fa A [for 3E on I ]
4 (5) Ga 4 &E
(6) Fa
NN

4 4 &E
~~

(7) - Ha 3.6 ~ E
(8) 3x- Hx 731
(9) 3x- Hx 1.8 3E (4)

'v'x(Gx-+ - Fx), 'v'x(- Fx-+ - Hx) J- 'v'x(Gx-+ - Hx)

1 (1) 'v'x(Gx-+ - Fx)
2 2
() 'v'x(- Fx-+ - Hx)
1 (3) Ga-+ - Fa I ' VE
2 (4) - Fa-+ - Ha 2 ' VE
1,2 (5) Ga-+ - Ha 3,4 US
1,2 (6) 'v'x(Gx-+ - Hx) S' v1
Answersto Chapter3 Exercises 169

S91 'Vx(Gx-+3y( Fy& Hy ~ 'Vx-Fx-+ - 3zGz

1 (I ) 'Vx(Gx-+3y(Fy& Hy A
1 (2) Ga-+3y( Fy& Hy) IVE
3 (3) 'Vx-Fx A [for-+1]
3 (4) - Fa 3VE
5 5
() 3zGz A [forRAA]
6 (6) Ga A [for3Eon5]
1,6 (7) 3y(Fy& Hy) 2,6 -+E
8 (8) Fa& Ha A [for3Eon7]
8 (9) Fa 8&E
3,8 (10) - 3zGz 4,9 RAA(5)
1,3,6 (II ) - 3zGz 7,103E(8)
1,3,5 12
( ) - 3zGz 5,113E(6)
1,3 13
( ) - 3zGz 5,12RAA(5)
1 ( 14) 'Vx-Fx-+ - 3zGz 13-+1(3)

S92 'v'x(Gx -+ Hx & Jx), 'v'x(Fxv - Jx - + Gx) I- 'v'x(Fx- + Hx)

1 (I) 'v'x(Gx - + Hx & Jx) A
2 (2) 'v'x(Fxv - Jx - + Gx) A
1 (3) Ga- + Ha& Ja 1'v'E
2 4
( ) Fav - Ja-+ Ga 2'v'E
5 5
( ) Fa A [for-+1]
5 (6) Fav - Ja 5 vI

~
2,5 (7) Ga
"\ t ~

1,2,5 (8) Ha& Ja

1,2,5 (9) Ha
1,2 ( 10) Fa-+ Ha
1,2 ( II ) 'v'x(Fx-+ Hx)

593 'v'x(Gx & Kx H Hx), - 3x(Fx& Gx) .- 'v'x- (Fx& Hx)

1 (I ) 'v'x(Gx & Kx H Hx)
2 (2) - 3x(Fx& Gx)
3 3
( ) Fa & Ha
1 4
( ) Ga& KaHHa I ' VE
3 5
( ) Ha 3&E
1,3 (6) Ga& Ka 4,5 BP
1,3 (7) Ga 6&E
 170 Answersto Chapter Exercises

3 (8) Fa 3&E
1,3 (9) Fa& Oa 7,8 &1
1,3 ( 10) 3x(Fx& Ox) 931
1,2 (II ) - (Fa& Ha) 2,10RAA(3)
1,2 (12) 'v'x- (Fx& Hx) 11'v1

-
~g ~0~
895
1 A
2 A
~i -. i ~-. Im

3 A [forRAA]
4 A [for3Eon3]
4 4&E
4 4&E
1 I ' VE
1,4 6,7 vE
MM

4 5TC
-I~~~~~gl~
~

2'v'E
9,10~ E
8,11RAA(3)
3,123E(4)
3,13RAA(3)
-~
-

A
2'v'E
A [for-+1]
A [forRAA]
5 Neg-+
631
NNN
~

1,7 RAA(5)
.

3,4,8 SiIDDll
-

9 -+1(4)
10' v1
N -N- mm
~~t ~~ f-s - ~ _ MM
~ ~ NN

mT
~~ -Nff
-
Answers to Chapter

ca
~>i :' ~~~i m~.m
~g~.~-i o~ ~
Ga

~
'v'xGx
'v'xGx

- ~
'v'xFXH
Fa H Ga
Exerci ~ ~

'v'xGx - + 'v'xFx
'v'xFx - + 'v'xGx

-- -

m
~
~> -~ ~0~-. m
~I~~
N
~
~.'..1-_(- m ~.~cS
.i -~
c
- t -

-
 172 Answersto Chapter. 3 Exercises

5
(
5
)
-
Da A
5
(
6
)
3x
-
Hx 531
4
(
7
)
Da 4,6 RAA (5)
4
(
8
)
Fa v Da 7 vI
1 , 4 (
9
)
Ga & Ka 3,8 ~ E
1
,
4
(
10
)
Ka & Ga 9 Comm
1 ,
4
(
11
)
' V ' x
(
Kx & Gx
) 10VI
1
,
2
(
12
)
3x
-
Hx 2,11RAA (4)

-
8107 ' V' x H ' V' t - ' V ' xFx v ' V' x Fx
( Fx yGy )

1
(
1
)
' V ' x
( Fx
H ' V '
yGy ) A
2
(
2
)
-
' V ' xFx A [for-+1]
3
(
3
)
-
3x
-
Fx A [forRAA]
4
(
4
)
-
Fa A
4
(
5
)
3x
-
Fx 431
3
(
6
)
Fa 3,5 RAA(4)
3
(
7
)
' V ' xFx 6VI
2
(
8
)
3x
-
Fx 2,7 RAA(3)
9
(
9
)
-
Fa A [for3Eon8]
1
(
10
)
Fa H ' V '
yGy
I ' VE
1 , 9 (
11
)
-
' V '
yGy
9,10BT
1
,
2
(
12
)
-
' V '
yGy
8,113E(9)
13
(
13
)
3xFx A [forRAA]
14
(
14
)
Fa A [for3Eon13]
1 , 14
(
15
)
' V'
yGy
10,14BP
1
, 13
(
16
)
' V'
yGy
13,153E( 14)
1
,
2
(
17
)
-
3xFx 12,16RAA(13)
19
(
18
)
Fa A [forRAA]
19
(
19
)
3xFx 1831
1
,
2
(
20
)
-
Fa 17,19RAA(18)
1
,
2
(
21
)
' V ' x
-
Fx 20VI
1
(
22
)
-
' V ' xFx - + ' V' x
-
Fx 21-+1(2)
1
(
23
)
' V ' xFx v ' V ' x
-
Fx 22v-+

SI09 'v'x(Dx-+Fx) r 'v'z(Dz-+ ('v'y(Fy-+ Gy) -+Gz

1 (I ) 'v'x(Dx-+Fx) A
2 (2) Da A
Answersto Chapter3 Exercises 173

3 (3) 'v'y( Fy - + Gy) A

1 (4) Da - + Fa IVE
3 (5) Fa - + Ga 3 ' v' E
1,3 (6) Da - + Ga 4,5 HS
1,2,3 (7) Ga 2,6 -+E
1,2 (8) 'v'y( Fy - + Gy) - + Ga 7 -+1(3)
1 (9) Da - + ('v'y( Fy - + Gy) - + Ga) 8 -+1(2)
1 ( 10) 'v'z(Dz - + ('v'y( Fy - + Gy) - + Gz 9 VI

SIll 'v'xFx I- - 3xOx+-+- (3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'y(Oy - + Fy

-
--

1 'v'xFx A
2 - 3xOx A [for-+1]
3 3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'y(Oy -+ Fy) A [forRAA]
3 3x(Fx& Ox) 3&E
5 Fa& Oa A [for3Eon4]
5 Oa 5&E
5 3xOx 631
3 3xOx 4,7 3E(5)
2 - (3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'y(Oy -+ Fy 2,8 RAA(3)
- 3xOx-+ - (3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'y(Oy -+ Fy 9 -+1(2)
11 3xOx A [for-+1]
12 Oa A [for3Eon11]
1 Fa 1'v'E
1 Oa- + Fa 13TC
1 'v'x(Ox -+ Fx) 14VI
1,12 Fa& Oa 12,13&1
1,12 3x(Fx& Ox) 1631
1,12 3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'x(Ox -+ Fx) 15,17&1
1,11 3x(Fx & Ox) & 'v'x(Ox -+ Fx) 11,183E(12)
1 3xOx-+ 3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'x(Ox -+ Fx) 19-+1(11)
1 - (3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'x(Ox - + Fx -+ - 3xOx 20Trans
1 - 3xOx+-+- (3x(Fx& Ox) & 'v'y(Oy - + Fy 10,21HI

Sl 12 'v'x(3yFyx-+ 'v'zFxz) ~ 'v'yx( Fyx- + Fxy )

1 ( 1) 'v'x( 3yFyx-+ 'v'zFxz) A
2 (2) Fab A [for-+1]
2 (3) 3yFyb 231
 9 9 9 ' -
fI-~*fI-N~ ~ rn- -\ - - - -~
I 9 '
--- 1j C
1rI1rI
-N- ( --- ~~g>j Ii - -~-

~~
}~~"~tm tIi( i( f ~f tUZ Zq

J
01

( ~J~~ - -(~~ frill

!~ 3AI r ~ N HAl
Chapter

S
-
-cS
.~~ N~~
~ma
a~
Answersto Chapter3 Exercises 175

S127* 3x Fx & 'v'y( Fy-+ y=x & Ox), - Oa'- - Fa

I ( 1) 3x Fx & 'v'y(Fy-+ y=x & Ox) A
2 2
( ) - Oa A
3 3
( ) ( fb & 'v'y(Fy-+ y=b & Ob A
3 (4) Fb& 'v'y(Fy-+ y=b) 3 &E
3 (5) 'v'y(Fy-+ y=b) 4 &E
6 (6) Fa A
3 (7) Fa-+ a=b SVE
3,6 (8) a=b 6,7 -+E
3 ,(9) Ob 3&E
3,6 ( 10) Oa 8,9 =E
2,3 ( 11) - Fa 2,10RAA(6)
1,2 12
( ) - Fa I ,ll 3E( 3)

S130 * ' v' x3y Gyx , ' v' xy ( Gxy - + - Gyx ) r - 3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx )

1 (I) ' v' x3y Gyx A

2 (2 ) ' v' xy ( Gxy - + - Gyx ) A
3 (3 ) 3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx ) A [for RAA]
4 (4 ) ' v' x ( x ~ - + Gax ) A [for 3E]
1 (5 ) 3yGya I' VE
6 (6 ) Gba A [for 3E]
2 (7 ) ' v' y ( Gay - + - Gya ) 2 ' VE
2 (8) Gab - + - Gba 7 ' VE
2,6 (9 )
- Gab 6,8 ~ E
4 ( 10 ) ~ - + Gab 4 ' VE
2,4,6 ( II ) b=a 9,10MTr
2,4,6 ( 12 ) Gaa 6,11=E
2,4,6 ( 13 )
- Gaa 9,11=E
2,4,6 ( 14 ) -
3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx ) 12,13RAA (3)
1,2,4 ( IS )
-
3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx ) 5,143E (6)
1,2,3 ( 16 )
-
3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx ) 3,153E (4)
1,2 ( 17 )
-
3y ' v' x ( x : #y - + Gyx ) 3,16RAA (3)
176 Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises

Exercise 3.4.1

5150 .VxPx -1.- 3x - Px

(a)
1
2
~~
-l ~.m A
A
3 A
3 331
2 2,4 RAA (3)
2 SVI
1,6 RAA (2)

(b)
1 A
2 A
3 A
2 2' VE
3 3,4 RAA(2)
1 1,5 3E(3)

SISS 'v'x(Px-+Q) -it- 3xPx-+ Q

(a) 'v'x(Px-+Q) t- 3xPx-+ Q
---

I 'v'x(Px-+Q) A
2 3xPx A
I Pa-+ Q I ' VE
4 Pa A
1,4 Q 3,4 -+E
1,2 Q 2,5 3E(4)
1 3xPx-+Q 6 -+1(2)

(b) 3xPx-+Q ~ 'v'x(Px-+Q)

1 (I ) 3xPx-+Q A
2 (2) Pa A
2 (3) 3xPx 231
Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises 177

1,2 (4) Q 1.3 -+E

1 (5) Pa- + Q 4 -+1(2)
1 (6) 'v'x(Px-+ Q) 5 VI

-
5156
~ >; 0~. ~-~ 0~
1 ( 1) A
2 (2) 'v'xPx A
2 (3) 2VE
2 (4) 3 vI
2 (5) 4 VI
(6) 5 -+1(2)
7 (7) A
7 (8) 7 ' v' E
7 (9) 8 vi
(10) 9 ' v1
(11) 10-+1(7)
(12) 1,6,11SimDll

5157 3xy(Px& Qy) -i~ 3xPx& 3xQx

(a) 3xy(Px& Qy) ~ 3xPx& 3xQx
1 (I ) 3xy(Px& Qy) A
2 2
() 3y(pa& Qy) A
3 3
() Pa& Qb A
3 (4) Pa 3 &E
3 (5) Qb 3 &E
3 (6) 3xPx 431
3 (7) 3xQx 531
3 8
() 3xPx& 3xQx 6.7 &1
2 (9) 3xPx& 3xQx 2.8 3E (3)
1 ( 10) 3xPx& 3xQx 1.9 3E (2)

(b) 3xPx& 3xQxI- 3xy(Px& Qy)

---

1 3xPx& 3xQx A
1 3xPx l &E
1 3xQx l &E
4 Pa A
178 Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises

5 (5) Qb A
4,5 (6) Pa& Qb 4,5 &1
4,5 (7) 3y(pa& Qy) 631
4,5 (8) 3xy(Px& Qy) 731
1,4 (9) 3xy(Px& Qy) 3,8 3E(5)
1 ( 10) 3xy(Px& Qy) 2,9 3E(4)

SI60 P-+3xQx~J- 3x(P-+ Qx)

(a) P-+3xQxJ- 3x(P-+Qx)
1 ( 1) P-+3xQx A
2 2
() - 3x(P-+ Qx) A
3 (3) P -+ Qa A
3 (4) 3x(P-+ Qx) 331
2 (5) - (p -+ Qa) 2,4 RAA (3)
2 6
() P& - Qa 5 Neg-+
2 (7) P 6 &E
~~t 666
mmm

1,2 (8) 3xQx 1,7 -+E

2 (9) - Qa 6&E
10 ( 10) Qa A
-

10 ( 11) 9,10RAA(2)
1,2 ( 12) 8,113E( 10)
1 ( 13) 2,12RAA(2)

(b) 3x(P-+ Qx) ~ P -+ 3xQx

---

1 3x(P-+ Qx) A
2 P A
3 P -+ Qa A
2,3 Qa 2,3 - +E
2,3 3xQx 431
3 p ~ 3xQx S-+1(2)
1 p ~ 3xQx 1,6 3E (3)

Exercise 3.4. 2

T40 .- 'v'x( Fx - + Gx) - + ('v'xFx - + 'v'xGx)

1 (1) 'v'x(Fx-+Ox) A [for - +1]
2 (2) VxFx A [for - +1]
Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises 179

I (3) Fa - + Ga i 've
2 (4) Fa 2VE
1,2 (5) Ga 3,4 -+E
1,2 (6) VxGx S' v1
1 (7) 'V'xFx - + 'V'xGx 6 -+1(2)
(8) 'v'x( Fx - + Gx) - + ('v'xFx - + 'v'xGx) 7 -+1( I )

T42 r 3x(Fxv Ox) H 3xFxv 3xOx

-
---

I 3x(Fxv Ox) A [for-+1]

2 - (3xFxv 3xOx) A [forRAA]
2 - 3xFx& - 3xOx 20M
2 - 3xFx 3 &E
2 - 3xOx 3 &E
2 'v'x- Fx 4QE
2 'v'x- Ox 5QE
2 - Fa 6VE
2 - Oa 7VE
10 Fav Oa A [for 3E on I ]
2,10 Oa 8,10vE
10 3xFxv 3xOx 9,11RAA (2)
1 3xFxv 3xOx 1,123E( 10)
3x(Fxv Ox) -+ (3xFxv 3xOx) 13-+1( I )
15 3xFxv 3xGx A [for - +1]
16 3xFx A
17 Fa A [for 3E on 16]
17 Fav Ga 17v I
17 3x(Fxv Gx) 1831
16 3x(Fxv Gx) 16,193E ( 17)
3xFx-+ 3x(Fxv Gx) 20-+1( 16)
22 (22) 3xGx A
23 (23) Ga A [for 3E on 22]
23 (24) Fav Ga 23vI
23 (25) 3x(Fxv Gx) 2431
22 (26) 3x(Fxv Gx) 22,253E(23)
(27) 3xGx-+ 3x(Fxv Gx) 26-+1(22)
15 (28) 3x(Fxv Gx) Dll
15,21,27Sirn
180 Answers to Chapter 3 Exercises

(29) 3xFxv 3xOx-+ 3x(Fxv Ox) 28 -+1( 15)

(30) 3x(Fxv Ox) H 3xFxv 3xOx 14,29HI

T46 J- (3xFx-+ 3xGx) -+ 3x(Fx-+ Gx)

1 ( 1) 3xFx-+ 3xGx A [for - +1]
2 (2) - 3x(Fx-+ Gx) A [for RAA]
2 (3) 'v'x- (Fx- + Gx) 2QE
2 (4) 3'v'E
2 (5) 4 Neg~
2 (6) 5&E
2 (7) 631
1,2 (8) 1,7 -+E
9 (9) A [for3Eon8]
2 ( 10) 5&E
9 ( 11) 9,10RAA(2)
1,2 ( 12) 8,113E(9)
1 ( 13) 2,12RAA(2)
( 14) 13-+1( I )

T59
1 ( 1) A
2 (2) - 3x(FxH P) A
2 (3) 'v'X- (FxH P) 2QE
2 (4) - (FaH P) 3 ' v' E
5 (5) P A
1,5 (6) 'v'xFx 1,5 SP
1,5 (7) Fa 6 ' v' E
1 (8) P -+ Fa 7 -+1(5)
9 (9) Fa-+ P A
1,9 (10) FaHP 8,9 HI
1,2 (11) - (Fa-+ P) 4,10RAA (9)
1,2 (12) Fa& - P II Neg-+
1,2 ( 13) FaP 12&E
1,2 ( 14) 12&E
1,2 ( 15) 'v'xFx 13VI
1,2 (16) P 1, 15BP
1 (17) 3x(FxH P) 14,16RAA (2)
 qHA: 8 q lelet t ~ r
8mqm : 8AqA : 8AqA : 8 q : 8HA t
8 q : 8H qH :

( ~ ( qO ~ ( (
d (

. d 8 ( (
(
80
UH d

( (
Answers to Chapter 4 Rxerci ~ ~

(
: ~
eH qO
(
eo eH

181
-~NU
Answers to Chapter 4 Exercises

- (Fa& Ga& fb & Gb& Fc& Gc)

- (Fa& - Ga)
- Fa & - (Ga& Gb & (Fb& - (Ga& Gb )
- Fa & - (Oa&Ob&Gc & (Fb&--(Oa& Ob&Gc & (Fc& - (Oa&Gb&Gc )
- (OaH .Ha& - Fa)
- (Oa& ObH (Ha& - Fa) v ( Hb& - fOb
- (Oa& Ob& GcH (Ha& - Fa) v ( Hb& - fOb
) v (Hc & - Fc

Exerdse 4.1.2

u
~

u
T
tl

~
ib
-

.u
.~

F lib
F iiib
T ivb
F vb
T vib
T viib
T viiib
F ixb
F xb

Exerdse 4.2

U:{a,b} F:{a} G:{ }

Fa& fb -+ Ga& Gb.- (Fa-+ Ga) & (fb -+ Gb)

U: {a, b} F:{a} G:{b}

Fav fb -+ Gav Gb.- (Fa-+ Ga) & (fb -+ Gb)

Samemodelasii
(Fav fb ) & (Gav Gb) .- (Fa& Ga) v (fb & Gb)

Samemodelasi
(Fav Ga) v (fb v Gb) .- (Fa& fb ) v (Ga& Gb)
Answers to Chapter 4 Exercises 183
v Same model as i

(Fa-+Ga) v (Fb-+Gb) r (Fav fb ) -+ (Gav Gb)

U:{a,b} F:{a,b} G:{a}

(Fa-+ Ga) v (fb - + Gb) I- (Fa& fb ) -+ (Ga& Gb)

Samemodelasi
Fa& FbH Ga& Gbl- (FaH Ga) & (fbH Gb)

Samemodelasii
Fav fb H Gav GbI- (FaH Ga) & (fb H Gb)

U:{a,b} F:{a} P is FALSE

(Fa& fb ) H PI - (FaH P) & ( fbH P)

U:{a,b} F:{a} Pis TRUE

(Fav fb ) H PI- (FaH P) & (fbH P)

Samemodelasix
(FaH P) v (fbH P) I- (Fav fb ) H P

Samemodelasx
(FaH P) v (fbH P) I- (Fa& fb ) H P

xiii U: {a} F:{ } G:{ } H: {a}

Fa-+ Ga, Ga-+ HaI- Ha-+ Fa

U: {a} F:{ } G:{ } H: { }

- -
Fa-+ Ha, Ha-+ GaI- Fa& Ga

U: {a, b} F:{a} G:{a,b} H: {b}

Fa v fObH Oa & Ob, - Fa - + Ha) & ( Fb- + Hb ~ Ha v Hb - +- Oa v - Gb

U:{a} F:{a} G:{a} H:(a}

Gav - Ha, Ga& Fa.- - Ha
 l { { t81
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q
no
no {

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Chapter
Answersto Chapter4 Exercises 185

vii U:{a, b} T:{(a, b)}

- (Taa& Tab) & - (Tba& Thb) ..- - (Taav Tab) & - (Thav Thb)

viii U:{a.b,c} F:{(a.b), (h,c),(a.a),(c,a)}

ix U:{a.b,c} F:{(a.b), (h,c), (c,a)} G:{(a,b)}

x U:{a.b} F:{(a,a)} G:{(a,b), (b,a) }

Exerdse4.4

i U: {m, n} a: m b: m c: n d: n

m= m, n= n ~ m= n

U: {a, b, c} F: {a, b}
[ Fa & Fa) & ~ ) v Fa & Fb) & a$b) v Fa & Fc) & a#C)]
v [ Fb & Fa) & ~ ) v Fb & Fb) & ~ ) v Fb & Fc) & ~ )]
v [ Fc & Fa) & ~ ) v Fc & Fb) & ~ ) v Fc & Fc) & t * )]
I- Fa& Fb& Fc

U: {a, b,c } F: {(a, b), (a. c) }

Faa H ~ ) & ( FabH ~ ) & ( FacH ~
v Fha H b:I:a) & ( FbbH b#b) ( FbcH b#c))
v ( FcaH c:#:a) &: ( FcbH ~ ) ( FccH t * ))
t- ( Faa& Faa - + a=a) & ( Faa& Fab - + a=b) & ( Faa& Fac - + a=c)
& ( Fab& Faa - + b=a) & ( Fab& Fab - + b=b) & ( Fab& Fac - + b=c)
& ( Fac& Faa - + c=a) & ( Fac& Fab - + c=b) & ( Fac& Fac - + c=c)
& ( Fha& Fha - + a=a) & ( Fha& Fbb - + a=b) & ( Fha& Fbc - + a=c)
& ( Fbb& Fha - + b=a) & ( Fbb& Fbb - + b=b) & ( Fbb& Fbc - + b=c)
& ( Fbc& Fha - + c=a) & ( Fbc& Fbb - + c=b) & ( Fbc& Fbc - + c=c)
& ( Fca& Fca - + a=a) & ( Fca& Fcb - + a=b) & ( Fca&Fcc - + a=c)
& ( Fcb& Fca - + b=a) & ( Fcb& Fcb - + b=b) & ( Fbb& Fbc - + b=c)
& ( Fcc& Fca - + c=a) & ( Fcc& Fcb - + c=b) & ( Fbc& Fbc - + c=c)
186 Answers to Chapter 4 Exercises

Exerdse 4.5.2

'v'xyz(Fxy& Fyz-+ Fxz), 'v'x3yFxy r 3xFxx

U: N.
F: {(m,o) : m<n }

I st premise: T
2nd premise: T
Conclusion: F

'v'x3y'v'z(Fxy& (Fyz- + Fxz ~ 3xFxx

U: N.
F: {(m,o) : m<n }

Premise: T.
'
( Every numberis less than someother number, and if this other numberis
legsthan a third numberthen the first one is also lessthan the third one.' )
Conclusion: F.
' '
( Somenumberis lessthan itself. )

Vx3yFxy, Vxyz(Fxy& Fyz- + Fxz), Vx- Fu

r Vxy(Gx & - Gy -+ Fxyv Fyx)
U: N.
F: ({m,n) : n is anevennumbergreaterthanm}
G: (m : m is even}

I st premise :T
(
'Foreachnumberthereis anevennumberthatis .' )
greater
2ndpremise :T
' z is anevennumbergreaterthan
( If Y is anevennumbergreaterthanx, and '
y, then z is an evennumbergreaterthan x. )
3rdpremise :T
' '
( No numberis anevennumbergreaterthanitself. )
Conclusion : F.
'
( If x is evenandy is odd, theneitherx is anevennumbergreaterthan y or y
is anevennumbergreaterthanx.' )
Answersto Chapter4 Exercises 187

Vx3yz( Fxy & Fzx), Vxyz( Fxy & Fyz - + Fxz) ~ 3xy( Fxy & Pyx)
IJ~N-
F: {{m, n) : either m and n are even and m<n , or
m and n are odd and m> n ,
or m is odd and n is even. }

'v'x- Fxx, 'v'x3y'v'z( Fxy &; ( Fyz - + Fxz J- 'v'xyz( Fxy &; Fyz - + Fxz)
U: N
F: {(m, n) : 3k( k>O&; (n=2k(m+ l ) - 1 or n=2k(m+ l ) }

'v'xyz(Oxy &; Oyz - + Oxz), 'v'xy(Oxy - + - Gyx),

'v'x3y Gyx, 'v'x(x~ - + Ou ) J- 3y'v'x(x* y - + Oyx)
U: N
G: {{m, n) : m > n }
a: zero
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