Armature Winding and Motor Repair

Daniel H. Braymer
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 A R M A TU R E WI N D I N G
A ND

M OT OR R E P A I R

ct i ca
P ra l I n form at i on a n d Da t aC ove ri n g Wi n di ng a n d R e con n e ct i n g

P roce du re for Di re ct a n d A l t e rn a t i n g C u rre n t M a chi n e s C om pil e d ,

for E l ect ri ca
l M e n R e s pons ibl e for t h e Ope r a t i on a n d R e pair
of M ot ors a n d Ge n e r a t ors i n I n du s t ri a l Pla nt s a n d for

Re pa i rm e n a n d A rm a t u re Wi n ders i n
E l e ct r ica l R e pa i r Sh ops

BY

DA N I E L H B R A Y M E R A B E E
.
, . .
, . .

M EM B ER A M E R I C A N I N S TI T U T E O F E L E C T R I C A L E N GI N E ER S — M A N A GI N G E DI TO R
O F EL E CT R I C A L W O R L D —
F O R M E R L Y E DI T O R O F E L E C TR I C A L
E N GI N E E RI N G A N D OF E L E C TR I C A L R EC OR D

Fm s r E
'
DI TI ON

M cG R A W -
H I L L B OOK C OM P A N Y ,
INC .

NE W Y OR K : 239 WE S T 3 9 T H S T R E E T
L ON D ON : s as B OU V E R I E ST .
, E . C . 4

1 92O
 C O PY RIGHT ,
1 920, B Y THE

M C G RA W -
H I LL BO O K C OMP ANY ,
I NC .

T H E M A P L E P R E S S Y O R K P A
 C
i T / w
P R E FA C E

In thi s book n o a tte mpt h a s b e e n ma de to di s cuss t h e s u b

j cet of a rm a ture wi n di n g from theoreti ca l or de s i gn s t a nd

poi n ts On t h e co n tra
. ry
,
i t i s acompi l a ti on of pr a cti ca l
me thods tha t a r e u se d by r e pa i r me n a nd a rm a ture wi n ders .

I n s e l e cti n g t h e m a te ri a l as pe ci a l e ff ort h a s be e n m a de to
i ncl ud e a s fa r a s po ssi bl e d e t a i l s of thos e m e thod s whi ch h a ve
bee n foun d by a ctu a l ex pe ri e n ce to re pre sen t be s t pra cti ce i n

are pa i r s hop of a ve r a ge s i ze I n thi s work t h e wri ter h a

. s

dr a wn from h i s own ex pe ri e n ce i n re p a i r work f r om t h e e x

,

pe ri e n ce s of re p a i rme n a nd a rm a ture wi n ders i n l a r ge a n d s ma ll

re p a i r s ho ps a n d ma n uf a ctur i n g pl a n t s whi ch h a ve be e n
vi s i te d f r om de s cri pti on s of pr a
, ct i ca l me thod s a n d t h e pr o

ce dur e followe d i n t h e s oluti o n of s pe ci a l problem s a s pres en te d

by pra ct i ca l m e n i n te chni ca l journ a . ls

Th e ti tle of r e p a irm a n a s u se d thr oughout thi s book i s on e

tha t agood en gi n ee r ca n be a r wi th pri d e wh e n h e m e a s ur es

up t o a l l i t s qu a li fi ca ti ons S u ch a
. n e n gi n ee r i s on e who i n
i n t h e ma j o ri ty of ca s es n ot o n ly kn ows w h a t to do i n t h e ca se

of a n e le ctr i ca l trouble but j u s t how to procee d to do tha t

‘

pa r ti cul a r thi n g a n d who s e ldom gu e s s es wi thout a good per

ce n t a ge of t h e proba bi li ti es of bei n g ri ght in h i s fa vor Th e
.

ma i n di ffe re n ce be twe e n t h e de s i gn er a n d t h e re pa i rm a n is

th a t t h e for m e r mus t kn ow wha t t o do wh i l e t h e l a tter mus t

kn ow h ow to do i t A ca . pa ble re p a i rm a n combi n e s both

qu a lifi ca ti on s through ye a r s of e x pe ri e n ce .

Whe n Ca lle d upon to lo ca t e tr ouble s i n motors a n d ge n e r a

tors e le ctri ci a ns a n d re p a i rm e n who se e x pe ri e n ce i n th i s ki n d

'

of wor k h a s be e n li mi t e d Oft e n fin d th e m s e lve s won d e r i n g jus t

wha t to do fir s t I t i s fr om just thi s vi e wp oi n t th a

. t t h e i nf or
ma t i on on wi n di n g pr o ce dure a n d t h e hu n ti n g a n d co rre cti n g

Of tr oubl e s h a s be e n pre s e n t e d . Th a ,
t i s i ns te a d of di s cussi n g
t h e fun d a me n t a ls i n volve d i n a n y m e thod of wor ki n g out a

re p a i r probl e m t h e a
, ctu a l p roble m or job a s t h e ca se m a y eb
i s di s cuss e d fr om t h e how to do i t s t a
“
- - -
”
n dpo i n t
. T he n f or
ea ch i n di vi du a l Oper a ti on or pr oce dure t h e a ppli ca ti ons of
v
vi PR E FA C E

fun d a me n t a l la ws a n d rul e s a r e wo r ke d out C o n si d e r a

. ble
re p e ti ti on of s om e d e t a i l s of si mi l a r m e thod s wi ll th e r e for e be

di s cove re d i n conn e cti on wi th i n form a ti on cove ri n g su ch pro

ce dur e a s t h e r e wi n d i n g of m a chi ne s of t h e s a m e cl a s s but

of di ff ere nt type s Thi s h a . s b ee n co n si d e re d a dvi s a ble si n ce

are pa i rm a n s hould n ot be re qui re d to s tudy acompl e t e

volum e when de t a i ls a n d i n for m a ti o n a r e d es i r e d a t a n y on e

ti me on t h e proce dure for ap a r ti cul a r typ e of wi n di n g for a

pa r ti cul a r d e si gn Of m a chi n e .

L i be ra l u se h a s b ee n m a de of pr a cti ca l da taa n d pr a cti ce s

i n re p a i r s hop s s o a s to combi n e t h e good f e a ture s of abook of

me thods wi th ha n dbook i n fo r m a ti on coveri n g these m e thod s .

I f thi s book s h a l l he lp y ou n g r e p a i r me n to a bs orb i n form a ti o n

th a t ca n be s e cure d oth er wi s e o n l y thr ough ye a r s of e x p e r i en ce

i n ha n dli n g one job a fter a n oth e r a n d if t h e old e r a

, n d mo re

e x pe ri e n ce d re p a i rme n fin d i t ah a n dy s our ce of re f e r en ce a s

as upple men t to thei r own s tock of i nfo rm a ti o n the n t h e a , im

of t h e a uthor wi ll be a ccompli s h e d .

Wh e n m a t eri a l ha s be e n t a ke n fr om t h e ex pe ri e n ce s of
e n gi n e e r s a n d th e i r re comm en d a ti on s on re p a i r m e thod s a s

publi s he d i n t h e te chni ca l jour n a ls it h a s b e en t h e a

,
i m to
g i v e cr e d i t to both t h e a utho r a n d t h e jou r n a l i n t h e p ar a
g r a ph ,o r s e c t i o n wh e re t h e m at e r i a l i s u se d S p e c.i a l a c k n o w l
e dg m e n t i s m a d e to A H M cI n t i re e di tor of t h e E l ectri c
. .
,

J ou r na l for pe rmi s si on t o m a
,
ke li be r a l u s e of i n for ma ti on con
ta i n e d i n s e ve r a l a r ti cl e s compi le d a t hi s s ugge s ti o n a n d pub

li sh e d i n t h e J ou rn a l Thi s m a
. te r i a l ha s b e e n i n cor por a te d
i n C ha pters 3 8 9 a , ,
nd 1 1 T o A M D udle y e n gi n ee r of t h e
. . .
,

i n dus tri a l d i vi si on Wes ti nghous e E lectri c

, Ma n uf a ctu r i n g

C omp a ny t he a
, uthor i s a lso e s pe ci a lly g r a teful for s u g g e s
t i on s a n d f or p e r mi s si o n to u se d e t a il s of m e thod s whi ch h e
ha s d e ve lope d for re co n n e cti n g a n d te s t i n g i n d u cti o n moto r

wi n di n gs Thi s i nform a
. ti o n a pp e a rs i n C h a pte rs 9 a nd 1 1 .

T h e di a gra ms a t t h e e n d of C h a pter 1 1 h a ve be e n s e le cte d

fr om ase ri es of e i ghty on e de vi se d by M r Dudle y a
- . nd

s ho rtly to be pub li s h e d i n a va lu a ble t re a ti s e on C on n e cti n g

I n du cti o n M oto rs
”
.

Th e a uthor a l s o de si res to a ckn owl ed ge t h e a s si s ta n ce ren

d e re d by H S R i ch a . . n d A l e x R Kn a . pp i n t h e form of d a ta
 P RE FA C E

a n d i nf or m a ti o n compi le d from thei r ow n e xpe ri e n ces i n s olvi n g

ava r i e ty of motor tr oubl e s m e t wi th i n i n du s tri a l pl an ts a nd

i n ma ki n g re p a i rs T o H e n ry S ch e ri l for me r ly ame mbe r of

.
,

t h e e n gi n ee ri n g de pa r tm e nt of t h e C r o cke r Wh e e le r C omp a
-
ny ,

a ck n owl e dgm e n t i s m a d e for he lpful sugges ti on s i n a rr an gi n g

t h e ma teri a l a n d f or a s si s t an ce i n ch e cki n g an d re a di n g t h e
proof C re di t i s a
. ls o du e a n d i s h e re by accor d e d to t h e e le c

t ri ca l ma n uf acture rs who fur ni s he d t h e photogr a phs from

whi ch m a n y Of t h e h a lfto n e i llus tra ti ons were ma de .

DA N I E L H . B R A YM E R .

NE W Y ORK C IT Y ,

Decem ber, 1 9 1 9 .
 I N TR ODU C TI ON

Through t h e ourtes y of t h e a
c uthor of thi s book t h e wri te r
ha s ha d t h e pri vi le ge of re a di n g t h e pr oofs I h a . ve foun d ,

wi th g re a t d eli ght th a , t t h e t re a tmen t of t h e s ubj ects di s cuss e d

i s n ot on ly cl e a
. r a n d ea s i l y un d e rs tood but a lwa ys fr om t h e
pr a ct i ca l ma n s
’
s ta n dpoi n t . Whi le t h e book wi ll a ppe a l
s tr o n gly to pr a cti ca l m en en ga g e d i n re p a i r s hop wor k po wer
,

s ta ti on w or k a n d t h e ma i n ten a n ce of motors i n in dus t ri a l

pla n ts ,
i t wi ll a ls o a ppe a l i n t h e opi n i on Of t h e wri te r t o
, ,

s tud e n t s of e l e ct ri ci ty S i n ce t h e ma
. te ri a l pre se n te d i n thi s
book w hi ch I d a
, re s a y i s u n i qu e i n i t s fi e ld , h a s b e e n O b
ta i n e d fr om a ctu a l pr a cti ca l e x peri e n ce s a n d outli n e s t h e

pr a ct i cal r e me di e s th a t ha ve bee n a pp li e d by re p a i rm e n i n t he
s olvi n g of puzzli n g p robl e m s i t w i ll be of d e ci d e d a
, s si s t a
n ce

to m e n who a r e i n n ee d of s u ch p r a cti ca l he lp .

I t is a n e l e ct ri ca
“
l book of kn owle dge for i n i t s p a,
”
g e s

re a d e rs wi ll fin d a n s w e r s to p r a cti ca lly a ll a rm a tur e wi n di n g

que s ti on s a n d s oluti on s Of m a n y of t h e re p a i r p r oble ms tha t
the y wi ll me e t i n pr a cti ca l work Th e di a . gr a ms a re cl e a r and

ea s i ly followe d by t h e s hop m a n a n d ru n i n s yn chr o ni s m wi th

t h e te xt . Th e ory wi th m a the m a ti ca l cons i dera ti ons h a ve be en

r e s o r t e d to o n l y i n ave r y fe w ca s es s o th a t t h e re a d er of t h e
book ca n ma ke u se of t h e i n fo rm a ti o n a n d un d ers t a n d t he

di s cus si on s of a ll ph a s es of a rma tur e wi n di n g e ve n though h e

m a y h a v e on ly a li m i t e d k n o wl e dg e of m a th e m a t i.c s

A book Of thi s ki n d i n s pi te of t h e e rr ors th a

, ta r e boun d to

cr e e p i n i s a
, ve r y va lua ble a s s e t to a n y pr a cti ca lma n who de

s i r e s to e n l a r ge h i s ow n s to ck of kn owl e dge by l e a rni n g how

othe r m e n i n si mi l a r po s i ti on s h a ve s olve d t h e ma n y e le ctri ca l

pr oblem s th a t come to t h e re p a i r ma n
.

HE NRY SC HE RIL .

NE W Y ORK C ITY ,

Decem ber , 1 9 1 9 .
 C ON TE N T S
PAC E

PRE F ACE
I NTRODUCT ION

C HA PTE R I

DIREC T CURRENT WINDINGS

-

A ct i on aC om m u t a
Of t or
Typ es of D C A rm a t u re Wi n di n g s .

Wi n di n g P art s a
n d Te rm s

A rm at u re C on du ct or or I n du ct or .

Wi n di n g E l em e n t or S ect i on
A rm a
t u re C oi l s
Wi n di n g Pi t ch or C oi l P i t ch
Fr on t a
nd Ba
ck Pi t ch

Fu l l Pi t ch a
nd Fr a
ct i on a
l Pi t ch C oi l s

S y m bol s U s ed i n Wi n di n g Form u l a s

N um be ri n g C oi l S i de s i n A r m a t u re S l ot s
La p
—
M u l t i p l e or P a r a
l l e l W i n d i n gs
Form u l a s for L a p W i n d i n g s —
M u l t i pl e ; S i n g l e ,
Do u bl e a
n d
Tri pl e Wi n di n g s —
M ea n i n g of t h e T e rm R e e n t ra nt —
M ul t i
pl e x L a p W i n d i n g s .

Wa
ve —
S e ri es or Tw o-ci rc u i t Wi n di n g s
Form ulas for Wa v e Wi n di n g s M ul t i pl e x Wa
—
v e or S e ri e s

Pa ra l l el Wi n di n g s Form u l a
—
s for S e ri es P a ra l l e l Wi n din g s
-

S ym m e t ri ca l Wi n di n g s .

P os s i bl e S y m m e t r i ca l Wi n di n g s for D C M a ch i n e s Of Di ff er e n t
-

N u m bers of P ol es
E qui pot en t i al C o n n ect ors

B es t D— C Win di n g s for aR epa

ir S h op t o U s e
N um be r of A rm a t u re S l ot s
V ol t a
g e be t w e e n C om m u t a t or S e g m en t s .

N u m ber Of C om m u t a t or B a rs

Usu al S pe e ds a n d P ol es of Di ff e r e n t S i z es of Ge n e ra
t ors .

Safe A rm a t u re S pe e ds .

HA PTE C R II

A L TE R N A TrN c - C URRENT WI N D ING S

Ty pes Of A -C Wi n di n g s
Di st ri bu t ed Win di n g s
 C ON TE N TS

C a
on cen t rt ed Wi n di ng s
S pi ra l or C h ai n Wi n di n g s
La p
. a n d W av e W i n di n gs
Wh ol e coil ed a
- n d Ha lf-coi l ed Wi n di n g s
se a
Si ng l e -ph a n d P ol yph a s e Wi n di n g s .

C oil P i t ch .

P ha s e S prea d of Wi n din g
Two p - h as e f rom F ou r -
ph a se W i n di n g s

Th ree -ph a s e from Si x-ph a s e Wi n di n g s .

Wi re , S t ra p a n d B ar W o u n d C o il s

M et h ods Of L a i
y ng ou t a n d C on n e c t i n g A - C Wi n di n g s
Group Wi n di n g s Full a — n d Fr a ct i ona l P i t ch Wi n di n g s
S i m pl e Wi n di ng Di a g ra m —
R ec o nn e c t i n g a W i n d i n g
—
S i rn pel
M et h od for I n di ca t in g P ol a ri t y of C oil Gr ou ps —
C ha n g i ng St a r

t o De l t aC onn ect i on —
A C Wa
- v e Wi n di n g s —
P rog r es s i v e a nd

R et rog ressi v e A -C Wa v e W i n di n g s —
C o n n ec t i ons
'
f or C o i l s

of P ol y ph a s e Wm din g s —
Doubl e l a -
y er Wi n di n g , L a p C on -

m et e d — C onnect in g a C h a
o

i n Wi n di n g Ot h e r C om m on
—

Wi n di n g s .

E a s il y R e m em bered R ul es for A rra n g e m e n t of C oi l s i n a n I n d uc

t i on M ot or
S i m pl e R ul es for C h e cki n g P rope r P h a s e R el a t i on s h i p i n Two
Or Th ree -ph a s e Wi n di n g s

C H A PTE R 11 1
R EPAI R S H OP ME TR OD s P OR R E W INDING D-C A RM ATU RE S
Dis m a n t li n g aD C A rm a t u re
Wi n di n g Da t aN eeded for aDi s m a
n t l e d A rm a
t u re

Wi n di n g D-C A rm a
t ures Ha vin g rt i a
Pa ll y C l os e d S l ot s
Wi n din g aTh rea d ed-i n C oi l I ns u l a
—
t i n g L i n i n g f or S l ot s
I ns e t i ng C oil s i n t h e S l ot s I ns u l a
r
‘
—
t i n g Overl a pp g i n E n d C o n

n ect i ons of C oil s — C onn e ct i n g Fi ni s h E n ds of C oi l s t o C om

a
m u t t or— L oop Wi n di n g s for S m a
l l M ot ors .

Win di n g a
nd I ns ul at i n g C oil s I n sul a
—
t in g Open S l ot s In —

s e rt i n g C oi l s i n Op en S l ot s — Sh a i
p g n E n d C o n n ec t i ons

Tm in g up t h e H ea ds of t h e Wi n di n g —
I ns ul a t i on B e t w ee n
C om m ut a t or E n d C on n ect i ons .

Wi n di ng L a rg e D-C A rm a t u res
C oi l s for L a rg e D-C A rm a t u res —
La p a n d W av e W i n di n g s f or

La rg e A rm a t ur es —
I n sul a t in g t h e C ore —
I n s e rt i n g t h e C oil s
Ba n di n g Wi re B a
—
la n ci n g L a rg e A rm a t u res —
R ot a ry C on

v e rt e rs —
Th r ee-wi re Gen e ra t ors .
 C ON TE N TS

Wi n di n g Rail wa y, M i l l a n d C ra n e Types Of A rm a t ures

Ra il w ay Type A rm a t ure C o si l C oil I ns ul a t i on I ns u l a
t i ng
— —

t h e C ore Of R a il wa y A rm at u r e s —
I n s e rt i n g t h e C oil s — C
on

n ect i ons wi t h Dea d C oil s Hoodi n g a

—
nd B a n di n g.

CHA PTE R I V
M AKING C oN N E C TI ON s TO TH E C OMMUTATOR
L oca t i n g Fi rst C on n e ct i on t o C om m u t at or .

Tes t i n g Out C oil Term i n a ls

C om m u t a t or C onn ect i on s for aL a p Wi n di n g .

R e q ui rem e n t s of aL a p W i n di n g
C om m u t a t or C onn ect i ons for aWa y e Wi n d i n g

L oca t i n g Fi rs t C onn ect i on t o C om m u t a t or for aWa ve Wi ndi n g

Re q ui re m e n t s for aWa v e Wi n di n g .

R e g ress i v e a
nd R et rog r essi v e Wa
v e Wi n d i n g s .

Wa
v e Wi n d i n g a
w it h De d C oil s
C u t t i n g out C oil s of a R et rog ress i ve a n d P r og ress i ve Wave

Wi n di n g
Ta bl es for P l a ci n g C oil s a n d C onn e c t i n g Th e m i n a D C Wi n di n g
Wa v e vs L a
.
p W m d i n gs
La p W i n d i n g s f or D - C A r m at u r es

La p W i n d i n g s f or A -C M a ch i n e s

Wa v e Wi n d i n g s for D C A rm a t u re s
.

Wa v e Win di n g s for A -C M a ch i n es

S in g l e vs aN u m be r of I n de pe n den t Win di n g s
.

La p W i n d i n g s v
. s M u l t i p l e W a v e W i n d i n g s

U s e of E q u a li z e r R in g s

C HA PT E R V

T ES T ING DIREC T -C URRENT A R MAT URE WI N DI N G s

Caus es Of S h ort C i rcu i t s i n a n A rm a t u re .

Test for S h ort C i rcui t s i n a n A rm at u re

Tes t i n g for S h ort C i rcu i t s a
n d Ope n C i rcui t s w i t h aS m a
ll Tra
ns

form er

C a
u ses Of Ope n C i rcu it s i n a n A rm a t ure
Tes t s for a n Op e n C i rcui t in a n A rm a t u re
C u t t i n g Ou t I n j u red C oil s
Ca uses Of G rou n ds i n a n A rm a t ure
Tes t s for Grou n ds I n a n A rm a t u re
U se Of aB a r Ma g n e t a n d M i ll i v ol t m e t e r L
t o o ca te a Re v e rs ed
A rm a t u re C oi l
Us e of aC om pa ss t o L o ca t e aR ev e rs e d A rm a t u re C oi l
L oca t i n g L ow R esi s t a n ce or Dea d Grou n ds
 C ON TE N TS

PA GE
U se of aTel e ph on e R ecei ve r i n Tes t i n g for S h ort C i rcu i t s , Ope n
C i rcu i t s an d Groun ds

Tes t i n g for R e v ers ed a n d De a d Fi el d C oi l s .

Th e C om m ut a t or
T es t i n g E q ui pm en t for aR e pa i r S h op

C HA PTE R VI

OP ERATIO N S B E FO R E A N D A FTER WIND ING D-C A RMATURES

S t r i ppi n g Off a n Ol d Win di n g

C l ea nin g a n d Fi l i n g S l ot s

Tes t i n g C om m u t a t or
Ma ki n g N e w C oil s
Form s for Wi n di ng C oils
I nsul a t i on of C ore a n d S l ot s

Tes t i n g Ou t t h e Wi n di n g
S ol de ri n g C oil L e a ds t o t h e C om m u t at or
'

H oods for A rm a t u res

Ba n d i n g Ar m a t u r es
S ea s on i n g a n d G rin di n g aC om m u t a t or
U n de r cut t i n g M i caof aC om m u t a t or
Ba la n ci n g a n A rm a t u re
Pa i n t i n g t h e Win di n g
R e l in i n g S pl i t B ea ri n g s

C HA PTE R VII

INSU LA ING T C OI L s AND SL O TS D C

F OR - AN D A C -
WI N DI N G s
t i on f or A rm a
In s ul a t u re C oi l s a
n d S l ot s

For
.

For M ech a n i ca
l P rot e ct i on a n d E l ect ri ca l I n su l a
t i on —

H i g h Te m pera t ures a nd E l ect ri ca

l I n s ul at i on For E l ect ri ca
—
l
I ns u l a t i on On l y .

Des cri pt i on s a n d U s es of I n s u l a
t in g M a t e ri a
ls
Tre a t e d C l ot h s —
P ress boa rds , Fi bres a nd P a pers —
C oi l a nd

S l ot I n s u l a t i on U se d i n On e L a rg e R e p a i r Sh op M i ca
—
rt a

fol i u m .

Th i ckn ess of I n s ul a
t i on R e qui red in S l ot s
I n su l a
t i on of Form ed C oi l s
I ns ul a
t i on for C oil s U s ed i n 24 0-V ol t a l D-C M a
ch i n es
n d 500- v o t
C oil I ns u l a
t i on for I n duct i on M ot or Wi n di n g s
C oi l a n d S l ot I ns u l at i on E m pl oy e d by aL a rg e M a nuf a ct u r e r .

I n sul a t i on of E n d C onn ect i on s of C oi ls

Pha s e I nsu l a t i on Wh en R e conn e ct i n g f rom 2 ph a - s e t o 3 ph a
- se

M i caI ns u l a t i on for A rm a t u re C oi l s .

R epa i ri n g C oi l s D a ma g e d i n W i n d i n g P r oce s s

V ol t a g e t o U s e W h e n T es t i n g C o i l a n d C o m m u t a
t o r I n s u l a
t i o n .
 C ON TE N TS

Fi e l d C oil I ns u l a t i on
Va r ni s h es a n d I m preg na t i n g C om pou n ds for C oi l s
C ha ra ct eri s t i cs of I ns u l a
t in g V a rni s h es

S ol v e n t C h a r t for I ns u l a
t in g V a rn is h es

M e t h od for M a k in g Ta pe f rom C ot t on C l ot h
Dry i n g Ou t I ns ul a t i on of D C Ge n e ra t ors
Dryi n g Ou t I ns u l a t i on Of S yn ch r on ou s M ot ors
Dry in g Ou t I n du ct i on M ot ors
M ea suri n g I nsul at i on R es is t a
n ce

C HA PTE R VI I I

R E P AIR S HO P M ETH O D S F OR E INDING

R W A -C M AC HI NES
Wi n di n g Sm a l l S i n g l e-ph a s e M ot ors

I ns u l a t i n g L i n i n g for S l ot s —
Wi n din g t h e S ke i n C oi l I ns e rt
—

i n g S k e i n C oil i n S l ot s Wi n di n g for aR e pu l s ion —s t a

—
rt M ot or
—
n n m a a
Wi di g S ll M ot ors by H d Wi n di n g s for Odd Frs
n —

q u e n ci es —
C o n n ec t i ons f or M ai n a n d S t art i n g W i n di n g s
Tes t i n g S m a l l I n du ct i on M ot or Wi n di n g s Wi n di n g s for —

Sm a l l P ol y ph a s e I n du ct i on M ot ors .

Wi n di n g S m a l l I n duct i on M ot ors wi t h Form e d C oil s i n P a

rt i a
l ly
C l os ed S l ots
I ns u l a
t i on for S l ots Ba s ke t
—
C oil s Wi n di n g a 3 —ph a
—
se

Sta t o r wi t h B a s k e t C oil s —
Th rea d ed Di a m on d C oil —
Wi n di n g
a3 —ph a se Sta t or w i t h Di a m on d C oi l s .

Wi n di n g I n du ct i on M oto rs H a v i n g Op e n S l ot s

Wi n di n g a2 ph a - se St a t or H a v i n g Op e n S l ot s Tes t i n g t h e
—

Win di n g s I n s e rt i n g aN e w C oi l i n aWi n di n g C on n ect i n g

— —

the C oi l s —
P oi n t s to C ons i de r w h en C onn ect i n g C oil s —
C l ea
ts
a
n d Te rm i n a
ls —
Pa
i n t in g Wi n di n g .

I n du ct i on M ot or S e con da ri es

S q ui rr e l ca
-
g e S econ d a
r i es —
P h a
s e w
- ou n d S eco n da
ri es .

Wi n di n g rg e Al t e rn a
La ti ng C u rre n t St a
t ors
rt i a
C oil s for P a l l y C l os ed S l ot s —
C oi l s f or Op en S l ot s —
La
p
a
nd Wa
ve C onn ect i ons —
I ns u l a
t i on of C oi l s —
I n s e rt i n g
S h ov ed Th rou g h C on ce n t ri c C oi l s —
ra
Ba nd C o n n e ct o r Wi n d
i ng —
Di a m on d C oi l Dou bl e Wi n di n g s Tes t i n g Wi n di n g s
s—
—

o f L ag M a
r e chi n es —
C onn e ct i n g t h e C oi l s B r a ci n g N e e de d —

for H e a v y Wi n di n g s .

Wi n di n g t h e S t ato O A
r f l te rn at i n g C u rr e n t T u rbo-
g en e rat ors .

C oi l s f or A - C Tu rbo-g e n e ra t ors Form i n g t h e C o i l s

—
I nsu l a —

t i on for Th rbo—g e n e r a t or C oi l s Te s t i n g Tu rbo-g e n e r a

—
t or
W di n g s I ns e rt i n g t h e C oi l s i n aTu rbo-g e n e r a
i n —
t or B ra ci n g —

for Wi n di n g s — C on n e ct i n g t h e Wi n di n g B rea k- dow n Tes t —

.
XV I C ON TE N TS

C HA PTE R IX
PA GE
TE s TI N G I ND U CTI O N M OTO R WI N D I N G s FOR M I s TA KE s A N D FA ULTS
Tes t i n g for Grou n ds a n d S h ort -ci r cui t s

R ev e rs a l of On e or M ore C oi ls or Grou ps
Ope n C i rcu i t s
P la
ci n g Wron g N u m ber of C oi l s

Using a n I m prope r Grou p C onn ect i on

Orde r i n Wh i ch Tes t s S h ou l d be M a de
C on n ect i n g for t h e Wron g N u m be r of P ol es
A ppl yi n g Di rect C u rren t a n d E xpl ori n g wi t h aC om pa ss .

C HA PTE R X

A DAPT ING D IRECT C

- URRENT M oT OR s TO C HA NGED OPERATING C ON
DI TI ON s

C ha n g es i n S pe e d .

C ha n g es i n Ope ra t i n g V ol t a ge
Ope ra ti g a
n M ot o r o n O n e ha
- lf or Dou bl e V Ol t a g e

S i z e of Wi re for D C A rm a t u r e C oi l s
Ope r a t i n g aGe n er a t or a s aM ot or a n d V i ce V ers a

M ot o r S p ee d w h e n R e co n n ec t i n g a D -C M ot or W i n d i n g Wa ve

to L a p
A dj u s t i n g t h e Ai r Ga -C u rr e n t M a
'

p o n D i r ec t ch i n es

C ha n g e i n B ru sh es w h en R e co nn ect i n g D - C M ot or from aHi g h e r

to aL ow er V ol t a
t u re W
ge
R e wi n di n g a n d R econn e ct i n g D C A rm a - i n di n g s f or a
C ha n g e I n V ol t age
R econ n ect i n g a La p Wi n di n g R e con—
n ect i n g aW av e W i n di n g
—
R econn ect i ng Du pl ex Wi n di n g s .

C HA PTE R X I
PRACTI CAL WA Ys FOR R E C O NNECTI N G I N D U CTION M OTO RS
P oi n t s t o C ons ide r before M a
ki n g R e con n ect i ons
Di ag ra m s for Di ff e re n t C h an g es Of C on n ect i ons

Di ag r am s f or Th r e e - ha
p s e M o t ors

U se Of T a bl e of C onn ect i ons

Tw o-ph a s e Di a g ra ms
M ea n i n g of t h e Term C h ord Fa ct or .

s e I ns u l a
P ha t i on
R e conn ect i n g M ot ors t o M ee t N e w C on di t i on s .

P r oce du r e w h en C ons i deri n g aR econ n ect i on of Wi n di n g s

P ra ct i cal E xa m pl e for R e con n e ct i on C ha n g es i n V ol t a
—
ge
on l y w i t h a l l Ot h e r C on di t i ons R e m a in i n g t h e S a me
C ha n g es Of P h a s e Onl y —
C ha n g es i n Fre q u en cy —
C han g es i n

N u m ber of P ol es Tes t i n g aR e con n ect e d Wi n di n g

—
.
 C O N TE N TS

PA G
I

E fie ct s of Hig h a n d L ow V ol t a g e o n M o t or O p e rat i on

Oper a t in g Sta n da rd A -C M ot ors on Di fiere n t V ol t a g es a nd

Fre q u en ci es
Fa ct o rs whi ch L im i t a C ha n g e i n N u m ber of P ol es of a n I n du ct i on

M ot or
S i ng l e -ci rcui t Del t aa n d Dou bl e - ci rcui t S t ar C on n e ct i ons

C u t t i n g Ou t C oil s of a n I n du ct i on M ot or

P rocedu r e Wh en C onn ect i n g C oils of a n I n du ct i on M ot or

Win di n g
C onn ect i n g P ol e-ph a -
se g ro u ps of a W i n di n g
—
Gen e ra
l
Th eory on Wh i ch C on n ect i on Di a g ra ms a re C ons t ru ct e d

Det e rrn i ni n g N u m be r of P ol e s f rom Sl ot Th row of C oi l s

Typi ca l C i rcl e Di a g ram s fo r C on n e ct i n g I n du ct i on M ot ors .

C H A PTE R XI I
C OMMUT ATOR R EPAI R S
us es of C om m u t a
Ca t or Trou bl es
Troubl es R es ul t in g from Hi g h M i ca
R em edy for Hi g h a n d L ow B a
rs

P l ug g i ng aC om m ut a t or .

R e m ovi n g B a n d M i caS eg m e n t s f or R
rs a e pa
I rs

R epa i rin g aB u rn ed C om m u t a t or B a r

R e pl a ci n g aR e pa i red C om m u t a t or B ar

Ti g h t e n i n g u p aR epa i red C om m ut a t or
Ba k i ng C om m ut a t or wi t h E l ect ri c Hea t
Re m ovi ng a n d R e pa i ri n g Grou n ds i n aC om m u t a t or
T urni n g Down aC om m u t a t or wi t h ou t R em ov i ng A rm a
t u re
T e m pora ry C ov er f or U se Wh en Turn i n g Down a C om m u t at or
R e fil l i n g aC om m u t a t or
B ori ng Out t h e E n d of aC om m u t a t or .

M i caU s ed i n C om m u t a t ors
Sha p in g M i caE n d R i n g s

Te m pl et for M a kin g M i caE n d in g s R

M i ca ni t e a s aC om m u t a t or I n su l a
t i on .

P reca ut i ons wh e n Ti g h t e n i n g aC om m u t a
t or
Ma ki n g M i cani t e E n d R i n g s .

Ca uses of E x cessi v e C om m u t a t or Wea r

C Op per U s e d f or M a ki n g C om m u t a
t or B a rs

Tes t for Oil -sa t ed M i cai n aC om m u t a

t u ra t or
Bla ck e n i n g of aC om m u t a t or at E qu al l y S pa ce d P oi n t s

U n de rcu t t i n g M i caof C om m u t a t ors

Tool s for U n dercu t t i n g M i ca S i z e of C i rcu l a
— r Sa w R e qu i red
—
Fi n i s hi n g S l ot s an d C om m u t at or S urfa ce a ft e r U n d e rcu t
- Ha
t i ng —
B rus h es fo U r s e on U n d e rcu t C om m u t a t ors n d
Tool s for Undercut t i ng M i caof C om m u t a
t ors .
x vi i i C ON TE N TS

C HA PTE R XI I I
PA G E

A D J USTING B R USHES A N D C ORREC TING B RUSH TROUB LES

Fi t t i n g or Gri n di n g -in B ru s h es 326
A dj u s t m e n t of B rus h h ol de rs . 329
C a
us es of Ra
p i d B ru sh Wea
r 33 1
S tt i
.

t i n g t h e E l ect ri ca
M et h ods f or L oca l N eu t ra
l In e ng B ru s h es . 332
A ng l e a
t Whi ch B ru s h Is S et . 3 33
C h eck i n g B rus h S et t i n g 334
B rus h P r es s ur e . 334
C om m on B rus h Term s 3 34
P roce du r e for L oca
t in g C a
u s es of B rus h T r ou bl es 337
Too L ow B rus h P r ess u re I n correct S pa
—
ci n g Of B ru s h es
B ru s h es N ot O p e r a
t i ng on E l ec t ri ca
l N eu t r a
l I ncorr ect —

Thi ckn ess of B rus h es —

U s in g B ru sh es of Wron g C h a ract e r

i s t i cs .

C a
u s es a
n d R e m e di es for S p ark i n g a
t B rus h es
Ca
u s es a
nd R e m e di e s f or Fl a
t S pot s on C om m u t a
t or
Ca
u s es a
nd Re m e di es for B l a
ck e ni n g of C om m u t a
t or
Ca
us es of He a
t ing In aM ot or or Gen er a
t or
Ca
u s es a
nd R e m e di es f or H on ey-com bi n g of B ru s a
ces hF
Ca
u s es a
nd R e m e di e s f or B ru s h es P i ck i n g u p C opp er
Ca
u s es a
nd R e m e di es f or B ru s h es C h a t t eri n g
Ca
us es a
n d R e m edi es f or L oos e ni n g of B rus h S h u n t s

C HA PTE R XI V

I NSP ECTION A ND R E P AIR OF M OTOR ST ARTERS ,

M OTORS AND GE N

E R A T OR S .

C os t of irs for P ol yph a

R ep a s e M ot o rs

f Moto
.

P oi n t s t o C ons i der Wh e n E s t i m a
t ing C os t o r R epa
i rs .

I ns pect i on Ov erh a
a
nd u li n g of

Di r ect -C u rr e n t M ot or S t a rt e rs

A u t o—s t a r t e rs for A -C M ot ors

Dru m Type C on t r oll e rs

La rg e C m
o p ou n d D C M ot or
-

5 0-Hp I n du ct i on M ot or
.

2 5-H p S li p-ri n g M ot or
. .

S i n g l e-ph a s e C om m u t a t or M ot or .

D i rect -C urrent E ng i n e Ty pe G e n e r a t or .

C HA PTE R XV

D I AGNOSI S OF M OT O R A N D GENERAT OR T ROUB L ES

La ck Of P r op e r C l e a
ni ng

Ope r at i on i n D a m p Pla ces .

E x pos u re t o A ci d R i m es a n d Ga

Wo P a
s es .

La ck of Fre qu e nt I ns pe ct i on a n d R epl a
ce m e n t of rn rt s .
 C ON TE N TS
PA GE
C l ea ni ng M otors wi t h C om press e d Ai r 42 0
Tes t i ng ou t Ph a s e Ro t at i on 42 0
A n I n du ct i on M ot or Troubl e Due t o Wron g S t a t or C on n ect i on s . 42 1
Sta l li n g of Wou n d Ro t or I n du ct i on M ot or E x pl a i n ed 422
l o os e B e a ri n g C aus ed I n du ct i on M ot or t o Fa il t o S t a rt 42 3
Th ree -P h a s e M ot ors U s ed on S i n g l e -ph a
s e L i n es 42 5
A n A p pa r e n t Ov erl oad Trou bl e Th a t wa s Tra ced to a D e f e ct i v e
42 7
C a us e of N oi s e i n Th ree -ph a s e M ot or Dri v i n g E xh a us t Fa n . 42 8
C a us e of B u r n e d ou t S t a rt i n g Wi n di n g in a S i n g l e ph a
- s e M ot or 42 9
.

C a u s e of On e M ot or Fa il i n g t o S t a rt Wh il e A n ot h e r w a s Ru nnin g

on S a m e C i r cu i t 43 0
Ca us e of S y n ch ron ous M ot or Fa i lin g t o S t a
rt 43 2
E ff ect of Decre a s e d Freq u e n cy on I n du ct i on M ot or Ge n er a
-
t or S e t 43 3
S i m pl e R u l es for R econ n ect i ng A -C M ot ors 43 4
C ha ng i n g 440-v ol t M ot or for Ope r a t i on on 2 2 0 V ol t s 435
l
M u p e on
t i l C n ect i on i a r a
D g m fo A C M oto r Win di n g s
r - 43 6
B rus h a n d Sl i p-ri n g S p ark in g Tr a
ce d t o A bs e n ce of Ro t or B a lanc

i n g We i g h t s
Ove rh ea t i n g of a n I n du ct i on M ot or Tr a ce d t o V a ri at i on i n Fre

Re l i ef f or aHot B ea
ri n g

Sta t ic S pa rk s f rom B e l t s
.

Ra t in g s of A —C Gen er a t ors
A l t ern a s e Ro t a
t i n g C u rre n t M ot or Ph a t i on
E n d B ell s or Hea ds
S
.

B rus h es a n d B rus h Hol de r

Th e Ro t or
Th e S t a t or .

f f
S i z es o Fus es or A -C M ot ors

C HA PTE R XV I I

M AC HINE E Q UI P M ENT A N D T OO LS N EE D ED I N A R E P AIR S HO P

Arm a t u re Wi n de r s Tool s
’

Dev i ce for S h a i
p gn I nsu l a
t i n g C e ll s of A r m at u re S l o
.t s

Tool for C u t t i n g C e ll L in i n g a t Top of S l ot

S pe cia l Wi n di n g Tool s
R ep a i r Tool s t h a t ca n be M a de f r o m Ol d H ak s w B l a
c - a
de s
S peci a l C oil -wi n di n g De v ice
S tea d y i n g B ra ce f or R e pa iri n g S m a l l M ot ors
.

Ten s i on B l ock for U s e wh en B an di n g A rm a

t u res
A rm a t u re S l in g
P in i on P u l l er .

C oi l Wi n di n g M a ch i n es

C o ta
il -
p i n g M a ch in e s
 C ON TE N TS

C om m a
utt or-sl ot t i n g a
n d Gri n di n g Ma
ch i n es

A rm at u re B a ndi n g M a ch i n e

C om bi na t i on M a ch i n es

A PPE N D I X

D AT A A N D R EFE R EN CE TAB L E S
HOW t o Re m em ber t h e Wi r e Ta bl e
C op pe r for V a ri ons S ys t em s of Di s t ri bu t i on

C la s s i fica t i on Of Wi re Ga u g es

Ge ne ra l Wi ri n g Form ul a s for A-C a n d D C C i rcu i ts

Da t afor C on n ect i n g M otors t o S uppl y C i rcu i t s

V ol t a g e , Hors epowe r a n d S pee ds of M ot ors

Tra ns form e r R a t i n g for A -C M ot ors

S i z es of Fu s es , S wi t ch es a n d L ea d Wi r es for M ot ors of D i ff e ren t
S i z es on Di flerent V ol t a g es
C ircu i t B re a k ers for Overl oa d P rot e ct i on of M ot ors .

B e l t i ng
R ul es for Pul l ey S i z es .

C ha i n D r i ves
P oin t s t o C ons i der wh en C a l cu l at i n g S i z e of C h a
in
Hors e po w er Tr a n s m i t t e d by S t e e l Sh a ft i n g
Hors e pow er Tr ans m i t t e d by S in g l e Rop es

Ge ar Ta bl e
S om e Ha n dy R ul es

I N DE x
 A R M A TU R E I N DI N G
A ND

M OT OR R E P A I R

C HA P T E R I

DIR EC T C UR R EN T
- WIN DIN G S

Th e es se n ti al phys i ca l di ff e re n ce s be twee n acomplet e direct

curr e n t a nd a compl e t e a lter n a ti n g c urre n t a
- rm a tur e wi n di n g
i s tha t t h e form er is wou n d on t h e rota ti ng me mb er of t h e
ma chi n e W h i l e t h e l a tter i s woun d on t h e s ta ti on ery me mbe r
a n d th a t t h e di re ct curre n t wi n di n g re qui res acommuta
- tor
whi le t h e a lte rn a ti n g curren t wi n di n g doe s n ot Howe ve r
- .
,

s i n ce t h e p ra ct i cal ma ke u p a
-
n d co n s tr u ct i o n of wi n d i n g s

wi ll be di s cuss e d la ter for p a rt i cula r type s of di re ct a nd

a lte rn a ti n g curre n t ma
-
chi n e s , t h e g en e r a l the ory of a rm a

ture wi n di n gs will li ke wi s e be t a ke n up firs t for di re ct curr en t

-

a n d th e n f or a ltern a ti n g curr e n t m a
-
ch i n e s (s ee C h a pte r II)
.

A ct i on of aC om m u t a t or
.
—
Th é e m f a n d curr e n t pr odu ce d

in ea ch a rm a ture co n du ctor of adirect curr en t ge n e ra

- tor is
a lte rn a ti n g in cha ra ct e r
. I t i s t h e fu n ct i o n of t h e commut a tor
to deli ver from t h e a rm a ture wi n d i n g a n el ect r omot i v e fo r ce

a n d cu rre n t tha t is u n i di re cti o n a l tha

, t i s s u ch tha
,
t on e te rmi
na l wil l be a lwa ys of po s i ti ve pol a ri ty a n d t h e othe r of n e g a

ti ve pola ri ty . T h e commut a tor a n d i t s bru s he s a ccompli s h e s

thi s by be i n g con n e cte d i n seri e s be tween t h e ge n era tor l e ads

a nd t h e a rma ture wi n di n gs s o a s to r e v e rSe (i n e ff ect ) t h e con

n e ct i on s of t h e a rm a ture coi ls (co n n e cte d to t h e commuta tor

ba r s ) w i th re s pe ct to t h e m a chi n e l e a d s e v e r y t im e t h e e m f
a n d cu rr e n t i n du ce d i n th es e co i l s re v e r se upo n movi n g out of

t h e i n flue n ce of on e pol e i n to t h e field of t h e n e xt a dj ace n t

1
2 A R M A T UR E WI N D I N G A N D M OTOR R E PA I R

pole Th e a
. ltern a ti n g e m f a n d cu rre n t ge n er a te d i n t h e
a rm a ture wi n din g is thus re cti fie d or commuta ted in to au ni
d ire ct i o n al em f a n d curre n t .

I n t h e ca se Of a n a lt e rn a t g curre nt gener a
i n - t or no s u ch
re ct i fyi n g Of i n du ce d e m f a n d curr e n t is n e ce ss a ry so t h a t t he
co i ls or e l e m e n t s m a ki n g up t h e a rm a ture wi n di n g ca n be

co n n e ct e d d i r e ctly toge th er wi th t h e res ult i n g t ermi n a l s of

t h e wi n d i n g b e com i n g t h e t erm i n a ls of t h e m a chi n e .

C A n na t ur e W in di n g s I R ge n er a l a rm a
’
Type s of D - . . . ture
—
,

wi n d i n g s a re e i the r Of t h e O pe n ci r cui t or t h e clos e d ci r cu i t

type Th e la
. tte r i s used i n a ll mod e rn di re ct c urr e n t m a -

chi n e s wh le a
,
i lt n t g curre n t m a
e r a i n - chi n e s m a y h av e e i th e r

Ope n or clo s e d wi n d i n g s I n t h e close d ci r cu i t wi n di n g Of

.

t h e di r e ct curre n t m a
- chi n e t h e e n d jo i ns up wi th t h e be gi n

n i n g or r e e n t e r s i t se lf wi th t h e commut a
— tor t a pe d to t h e wi n d
ing a t e qu a lly di s ta n t po in t s I n t h e ca s e of op e n ci r cu i t
.

w in di n g of a n a lte r n a t i n g-curre nt ge n e ra tor wou n d on t h e

r e volvi n g m e mb e r t h e e n ds t e rm i n a
, t e in coll e ctor ri n gs a nd

t h e wi n d i n g i s thus Ope n u n til close d by t h e bri I s h e s Of t h e

e x te r n a l cir cui t Whe n t h e wi n di n g i s on t h e sta
. tor Of a n

a lte rn a ti n g curre n t m a
-
chi n e t h e e n d s a r e j o i n e d thr ough t h e

loa d ci r cui t Th e followi n g cl a

. s s i fi ca ti on Of close d ci rcui t or
d ir e ct curre n t wi n d i n gs m a
-
y b e m a d e

D ire ct urr e n t wi n di n gs (close d

-c
ci r cui t ) .

1 . Lap mult —
i p l e o r p a
r a
l l e l .

a
( ) S i n gl e l a p .

b
( ) M ult i pl e x l ap .

2 Wa. ve se ri e s or two cir cui t

— - .

a
( ) S i n gl e w a
v e .

( b) M ult i ple x wa ve or s er i es pa
ralle l wi n d i n gs -
.

Win din g P a
rt s a
nd formula
Te rm s for a
s. rm a
—
ture
In
w i n d i n gs an d i n la yi n g out are pa i r j ob cer ta i n t e rms a re u s e d ,

whi ch re fe r to pa rt s Of t h e a r ma ture wi n di n g t h e a rm a ture ,

cor e a n d de ta il s Of t h e a rr a
n ge m e n t Of t h e form er i n t h e s lots

on t h e s urf a ce Of t h e l a tter I n wha t follows thes e te rms a

. re

e x pl a i n ed I n mo s t ca
. s e s th e y are u se d a li ke both i n wi n di n gs
for d i re ct curr e n t a
- n d for a ltern a ti n g current m a chi n es -
.
 DI RE C T-C UR R E N T
’
WIN DI N GS

A rm a
tur e C on du ct or Tha t pa rt Of awi re
or I n du ct or .
—

whi ch li es i n an a rm a ture slot an d cut s t h e m a gneti c li n es Of

fo r ce or fie ld flux a s t he arm a tes , is ca
ture rot a ll ed an a rm a ture
co n du ctor or a n i n du cto r .

FI G . 1 .
—
D i fle re n t t y p e s O f coi l s us e d in a
rm a
t u re wi n di n g s .

( )
A O n e -p i e ce s e ri es d i am on d s t r ap c o il L e a d s a t e n d o f s t r ai g h t a
p t r 3 ) O n e - i e ce
p
ser i es d i a L ea ds a a a
. .

m on d coil t e d of s t i h
g t p r t ( )
C T w o - i e ce s en es on d coi l
n r p
a
.

a a a
. .

D O i
( )
(
n i m l t l d i m d o il L e d t O i n t o f d i m o d E ) T w o - i
fi
e n p e e
e ce u e o n c s
c
( F) C on ce n t ri c 001 1 be n t ow n a
:
.

mu l t i pl e 0n d c o t bot h en ds G) C on ce n t ri c
( H ) One i e ce wi r e w ou n d I n vol u t e cod L e a ds a
.

C OI I , s t r a om t of I n v ol u t e
.

Ig h t t
a a a e di a
. . .

T - i e ce i n v ol u t L d i f i l ( J ) T h d -i n t nd
'

w o p e o t p o n t o n v o u t e r e p m o
fl
c e s r
Le a on ti be f ore a ak
.

coi l ds a nd a K B ( a
t Oi n t of M ft e r p u l l i n g ( ) s e t o
I ) S m e
I
c
a s B Of t h r ea a a a ar a
. .

(M) S f h d d B n d I n v ol u t e
deI -in
t y pe m e s I ? o t r e e -In t
y p e
0) G r ou p of co n ce n t rI c a
. .

e n d con n e ct or . n d con n e ct or s .
(P ) on ce n t n o s h ov e d
t h r ou g h t yp e coil n t d own on on e e n d .

Wi n din g E l em e nt or S e cti on T h a t pa n a
rt Of a rma ture .
—

Wi n d i n g whi ch is co nn e cte d be twe en two commut a tor b a

rs i s
 A RM A T UR E WI N DI N G A N D M OTOR R E PA I R

c a lle d awi n d i n g ele m e n t I n i t s S impl es t form awi ndi n g

.

e l e m e n t co n s i s ts Of aco i l Of on e tu r n of w i re or two co n du e

to rs A n e le m e n t the re fore mus t h a

. ve a t le a s t two co n du e

tors but m a y c o n s i s t O f mo r e th a n o n e tu r n O f w i r e o r e v e n

n umb e r Of co n du ctors .

Am a t ur e C Oil . Whe n awi n d i n g ele m en t co ns is ts Of mo re

—

th a n on e tu r n Of wi r e or two co n du cto r s i t i s u s u a ,
lly k n own
a s aco i l a n d t h e wi n d i n g i s aco i l wi n d i n g a s d is t i n gu is h e d

from aba r wi n d i n g where t h e co n ductors i n t h e a

,
rma tu re
s lot s a r e coppe r b a rs .

From ame ch a n i ca l sta n dpoi n t a n a rm a tu re wi n di n g con

s i s ts of an umb e r Of co i ls co n n e ct e d to acommut a tor i n t h e
ca s e Of ad i r e ct curr e n t m a
-
ch i n e or co n n e ct e d tog e th e r i n t h e

ca s e Of a n a lter n a ti n g curre n t m a -
ch i n e to fo r m as e r i e s or

group E a . ch co i l m a y b e m a d e up O f o n e tu rn Of w i r e w i th
ea ch s i d e for m i n g on e a rma ture co n du ctor or i n du ctor or a ,

co i l m a y b e m a d e up O f s e v e r a l tu r n s O f w i r e o r O f C opp e r

s t r i ps . A cl a s s i fi ca t i on Of t h e d iff e r e n t types a n d u s e s Of

a r ma ture coi ls whi ch h a s be e n ma d e by R A S ma . ,

. rt

( E l e c t ri c J ou r r
t a
‘
l V ,o l V I I . N O 6 )
,
i s g i
. v e n i n t h e a e c om
pa n yi n g t a ble .

Th e s o ca — lle d form wou nd di a - mo n d co il s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e

,

ta ble a r e for m e d a n d comple t e ly i n s ul a te d be fo re be i n g a s

s e mbl e d on t h e a rm a t u re The y ca . n o n ly be u s e d i n op e n

S lot s C o n ce r n i n g t h e a dva n ta ge s Of d i a mo n d coil s i n volut e

rt h a
,

co i ls a n d co n ce n tr i c co i ls M r S ma ,
. s t h e followi n g to
,

sa y :
“
T h e g r e a t a dv a n t a g e O f d i a mo n d c o i l s i s t h e e a s y a n d
s i mpl e m a n n e r i n wh i ch th e y ca n be m a n uf a ctur e d e s pe ci a
,
lly
i n la r g e qu a n t i t i e s whi ch m a
,
ke s the m well a da pt e d for st a nd

a rd m a ch i n e s . S i n ce a l l t h e co i ls u s e d on one m a chi ne a re

Of t h e s a m e S i ze a n d s ha pe o nly on e wi n di n g mould Ove r

,

whi ch to form the m i s n e ce ss a ry M o re ove r t h e n umbe r Of

.
,

S pa re p a rt s wh i ch mus t be ke pt on h a n d for r e p a i ri n g i s r e
du ce d a n d re pa ir s ca n be m a de e a s i ly a n d qu i ckly . From
t h e e l e ct r i ca l poi n t Of vi e w t h e di a ,
mo n d type Of wi n d i n g
p o s s es s e s t h e a dv a n t a g e O f b e i n g a b s olut e ly s y m m e t r i ca l
.

H e n ce the re i s n o t e n d e n cy for u n b a la n ci n g Of volt a ges du e

to d iff er e n ce s Of s elf i n du ct i o n ; a - n d i n clo s e d w i n d i n gs th e re

i s n o t e n d e n cy to p rodu ce i n t ern a l ci rcula t in g curren ts ”

.
 A R M A T UR E WI N DI N G A N D M OTOR R E PA I R

e a s y to w i n d e i th e r on a mould or by h a nd The y ca n be a de .

q u at e l y i n s ul a t e d a n d c a
,
n b e s e cu r e ly b r a
ce d w i th s i mpl e a n d
re li able coi l support Howe ver t h e coi ls be lon gi n g to t h e
.
,

sa me group a re of d i ff e re n t s i ze a n d t h e co i ls i n di fi e re n t ,

gr oup s e xce pt on s i n gle pha

, s e ma ch i n e s a r e b en t i n a
- t lea st ,

two a n d oft e n i n thr e e di ff e r e n t s h a pe s This i s adi s a dva n ta ge .

from t h e ele ct ri ca l poi nt of vi e w s i n ce there will a lwa ys be a

,

t e n d e n cy towa rd un b a la n ci n g due to d i ff ere n ce s i n s elf

i n du ct i o n a ,
n d tow a r d t h e pr odu ct i o n of ci r cul a t i n g curre n ts
i n cl ose d wi n d i n gs A n d it is a ls o adi s a dva n ta ge fr om t h e
’

me cha n i ca l poi n t of vi e w si n ce for one m a ch i n e

,
al a r ge ,

n um b er of d i ff e r e n t mould s w ill be r e qu i r e d a n d co i ls ca n n ot

be i n te r cha n ge d H e nce t h e n umb er of s p a

. r e pa
,
rt s n e cess a ry

for re p a i r s i s gr e a tly i n cre a s ed a n d both t h e m a n uf a

,
ctur i n g

a n d re p a i r i n g of t h e wi n di n g wi l l r e qui re more t i m e a n d be

more e xpe ns i ve .

Wi n di n g P i t ch or C oil P i t ch Th e d i st a n ce b e tw e e n t h e
.
—

be g i n ni n g of on e wi n di n g e le me n t or coi l s i d e to t h e be gi n n i n g

an d a wa an d l a w i n di n g s
$
1 05 . 2 3 .
—
C om p r i so n of ve p .

A t t h e l s t aw a v e w i n di n s h ow i n g fr on t i t ch of c oi l a 31 ck
1 ; ba p i t ch a t ot a l
g p s s s 11 3;
i t ch 1! an d co m m u t a t or p i t ch a s uh A t ri g h t , aa ae
l p w m d m g wi t h t h e s m a
n ot t i ons
F
.

or t h e d i fi e r e n t p i t ch es of 001 1s .

of t h e ne xt ele me n t or coi l si de co n ne ct e d to t h e fir s t on e i s
ca lle d t h e tot al wi n d i n g pi t ch Thi s is s hown a s y for both l a .
p
a n d wa v e wi n d i n gs i n Fi g s 2 a nd 3 Wi n d i n g pi t ch i s mea
. s .

u r e d i n n umb e r of s lots or by n umb e r of e l e m e n t s or co i l

s i de s s p an ne d by a s i n gl e co i l or by t h e n umb er of commut a tor

ba r s b etw ee n t h e co n n e ct i o n s to t h e commut a tor of t h e two
e l e m e n ts or co i l s i d e s I n t h e th ir d ca s e t h e me a
. s ur e m e n t i s

k n own a s com m u ta tor pi tch a n d i n di ca te d a s yk i n Fi g 2 .

 DI R E C T-C '
UB R E NT WIN DI N GS
a
nd Fi g 3 . . I n thi s cha pter unl ess othe rwis e s ta te d coil
pi t ch wi ll be d es i g n a
te d by t h e n umbe r of w i n d i n g s pa ce s or

c oi l des s pa
si nne d There . a
re two wi ndi n g s pa ces per s lot

i n adouble l a yer win di n g .

Fron t P i t ch Th e d i s t a
. n ce be twee n two si de s of aco i l
—

co n n e cted to t h e s a me comm uta tor ba r me a s ure d i n co il , .

s i d es at t h e fro n t or commut a tor e n d of t h e a rm a ture is ca lle d ,

I t is i n d i ca te d a s yl i n Fi gs 2 a
'

t h e fr o n t pi t ch . nd 3 . .

Ba ck P i t ch Th e d i s t a
.
—
n ce be twee n two s i d e s of aco il ,

m ea s ur e d i n co i l s i d e s a t t h e ba ck e n d o
,
f the a rm ature i s
k n own a s t h e ba ck p i t ch I t is s hown a s yz i n Fi gs 2 a
. nd .

3 . Th e tot a l wi n di n g pit ch y is e q u a l to t h e a lge brai c s um

Fro . 4 .
—
La
p a
nd wav e w i n di n g s s h ow i n g co n n ec t i o ns o f for m e d coil s to t h e
co m m u t at or i n dou bl e l a y e r wi n d i n g s .

fro n t a n d ba Tha t is s i n ce i n al a
‘

of t he ck p i t ch es .
, p w i n d i n g
t h e fr o n t a n d ba ck p i t ches a r e of Oppos i t e s i g n be i n g l a id ,

off i n Oppo s i t e d i r e ct i o ns on t h e a rma ture t h e tot a l pi t ch 3; ,

will be t h e diff e re n ce b etwee n them I n awa ve wi n d i n g whe re

.

t h e fr o n t a n d ba ck p i t che s a re l a i d off i n t h e s am e di re cti on t h e ,

t ot a l p i t ch y will be the i r s u m .

Ful l P i t ch a n d Fra ct i on a l P i t ch C oil s Wh e n acoi l s pa —

. ns

e xa ctly t h e d is t a n ce b e tw ee n t h e ce n t e rs of a dj a ce n t fie l d pol e s
'

( k n ow n as p o l e p i tch ) i
- t i s s a i d to b e a ful l p i t c h c o i l I n -
.

ca s e s wh e r e aco i l is l e s s th a n full p i t ch i t i s s a i d to h a
, ve a
f r a cti on a l p i t ch o r to b e a s h o r t- i tch co i l
p S u ch a w i n d .i n g is

ofte n referred to a s as h ort-cord w i n d i n g .

Fra ct i o n a l p it ch wi n d i n gs a r e m u ch us e d be ca u se of t h e
foll owi n g a dva nt a ge s : ( 1 ) T h e y m a ke po s s i ble s horte r e n d
co n n e ct i o ns a n d th e re fo r e ca ll for le ss coppe r (2 ) A rm a ture .
 A R M A T UR E WI N DI N G A N D M OTOR R E PA I R

rea ct i o n is re du ce d s i n ce t h e cu rre n ts i n t h e n e ut r a
l zo n e flow
pa rtly i n Oppo s i t e d i r e ct i o n s an d ne utr a li z e e ach oth e r (3 ) .

In a ltern a ti n g curren t ge n er a tors as moothi n g out of t h e wa ve

of i n du ce d em f is produced so a s t o m ore n ea r ly appro a ch a

S ym bol s U s ed i nWi ndi ng Form ul a s Th e s ym bols wh i ch .

—

are mu ch u s e d i n wi n d i n g for mul as for t h e p a rt s of wi n d i n gs

d e fi n ed i n t h e preced i ng parag r a
phs ar e as foll ow s

Z l n umber of a
Tot a rm a ture condu ctors , (2 90) or (2 g K) .

C N umbe r of wi n di n g e l e m en t s or co i l s us ua
lly e qua
l to K .

9 N umb er of tur ns pe r wi n di n g e lem e n t or co il .

29 N umb er of co n du ctors per wi n di n g elem ent or coi l .

N N umb er Of co i l s i d es of wi n di ng .

y W i n d i n g p i t ch o r c o i l p i t c h .

y 1 F r o n t p i t ch O f w i n d i n g e l e m e n t o r co i l .

y z B a c k p i t c h of w i n d i n g e l e m e n t or co i l .

y ) C
. o m mut a to r p i t c h .

K N u m b er of commut a tor b a rs .

19 P a i r s of fi e ld m a g n e t pol e s .

21) N umb er of fi e ld m a g n et poles .

2a N umb er of se cti o n s of a rm a ture wi n di n g i n pa

rall el .

s N umber of slot s on t h e a rm a ture .

N um beri n g of C oil S i d e s i n A rm at ure S l ot s Fo rm wou n d .

—

c re u s u a
o i ls a lly arr an g e d i n t wo l ayers wi th on e s i de of e a
ch

FI G 5 —
Wi n di n g wi t h t w o FI G 6
. Win d i n g w i t h fou r coi l si d e s
—
.

ca
. .

coi l s i d e s pe r s l ot
. p e r s l o t T
. h e c oi l p i t ch i n t h i s se i s

7w i n di n g s p ace s or coi l s i de s .

co il pl a ce d i n t h e bottom of a s lot a n d t h e oth e r s i d e i n t h e

top For co n ve n i e n ce i n la
. yi n g out wi n di n gs t h e co il si des ,

fo rm i n g t h e top la yers i n t h e s lot a re g i ve n odd n umb e r s a nd

those formi n g t h e bottom la yers e ve n n umbers This s chem e .

of n umb e ri n g i s shown i n Fi gs 5 a nd 6 I n those ca

.
s es .

where t h e wi n di n g ele me nt co ns is ts of aco il Of an umb er of

turns of wi re i nst ea d of t wo c o n du c t ors o r b ars n um b e rs a r e ,
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