THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 2.
CALCULABILITY -Quantity equals quality delivered to the
THE STRMOTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
THOMAS LAKSSON (2001)
Swedish Journalist
Is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting
shorter, things moving closer.
MARTIN KHOR (1995)
Globalization is what he in the third world has for several
centuries called colonization.
Globalization as an economic process
 Global management
 Market integration
Definition of globalization can be classified as either:
Broad and Inclusive -Ohmae (1992) Globalization means
the onset of the borderless world.
Narrow and exclusive -Robert Cox’s definition –the
internationalizing of production, the new international division
of labor, new migratory movements.
GLOBALIZATION (STONER)
-Composed of PROXIMITY, LOCATION and ATTITUDE
MANFRED STEGER -Globalization is the expansion and
intensification of social relations and consciousness across
world- time and across world space.
EXPANSION -Creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional political, economic and ect.
INTENSIFICATION - expansion stretching and acceleration
of these networks.
GLOBALIZATION - is the process through which an
increasingly flow of ideas, people, goods and services.
technology and spital leads.
GEORGE KITZER (2015) - trans planetary process or a set
of process involving increasing liquidity and the growing
multidirectional flow of people and etc.
ARJUN APPADURAI (1994) -world of things that have
different speeds axes points of origin and termination and
varied relationship.
GLOBALIZATION ( CESARE ROPPI) Sociologist -debate,
and the debate is globalization
PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF MODONALIZATION:
1. EFFICIENCY -means that every aspect of the
organization is geared toward the minimization of time.
customer quickly is the same as a high-quality product.
3. PREDICTABILITY -They will receive the same service and
receive the same product every time.
4. CONTROL- standardized and uniform employees.
replacement of humans by non-human technology.
Metaphors of Globalization
Solid and Liquid
Solidity – refers to the barriers that prevent or make difficult
the movement of things. It could be natural or manmade.
Examples: Natural solids – mountains, seas, rivers oceans
and other water and landmasses. Man-made solids – Great
wall of China, Berlin wall, nine-dash line etc.
Liquidity – refers to the increasing easement of movement of
people, things, information, and places in the contemporary
world. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe
globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow.
Flows – refers to the movement of people, things, places and
information brought by the growing “porosity” of global
limitations (Ritzer, 2015).
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the
world as cultural inputs, economic.
Cultural Imperialism – dominance of one culture over
another culture i.e., koreanization.
Heterogeneity –the interaction of elements from different
societies in the world.
DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE
Cultural differentialism -emphasizes the fact that cultures are
essentially different and are only superficially affected by
global flows.
Cultural hybridization -approach emphasizes the integration
of local and global cultures.
Glocalization -or the interpenetration of the global and local
resulting in unique outcomes in different geographical areas.
Cultural convergence -approach stresses homogeneity
introduced by globalization.
Globalization Theories
1. World systems theory refers to the inter-regional and
transnational division of labor, which divides the world into
core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery
countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-
intensive production. It was developed by Immanuel
Wallerstein in 1970s.
2. Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from
a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core"
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the
former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that GLOBALISATION
poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the
way poor states are integrated into the "world system".  social exchange, consciousness and activities
 unified world because of Technology
3. Modernization theory is used to explain the process of  is not a new phenomenon
modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a
model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or The Prehistoric Period
'traditional' to a 'modern' society. Modernization theory
 LASCAUX CAVES
originated from the ideas of German sociologist Max Weber
(1864–1920), which provided the basis for the modernization  Ancient representation of CATAL HUYK, ancient near
paradigm developed by Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons Eastern city.
(1902–1979). The Premodern period
4. Evolutionary theory of globalization is an evolutionary and  cuneiform (writing system) The Rosetta Stone.
‘historical materialist’ approach to the study of long-term  Black dead.
historical change. It explains in evolutionary terms the rise
 Wheel for transportation.
and fall of ancient empires, the emergence of the
contemporary global village, and our inevitable maturation The Early Modern period
into a world state.
 improve technology.
Other theories of globalization  printing press.
1. LIBERALISM  Enlightenment.
-Adam Smith Father of economic The Modern period
-it is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic
welfare and political liberty. American Revolution
-Technical Stand
Alexander Hamilton
2. POLITICAL REALISM -state power
-to achieve world dominance is countered by collective THE CONTEMPOVAVY EVA ORIGINS AND ALSTORY OF
resistance from other state. GLOBALITATION
-The "HEGEMON" state (presently the US, G1/8)
Origins of globalization in five perspectives
defines international roles and institution.
3. MARXISM - made of production social exploitation. 1. Hardwired -Nayan Chanda -human needs to make our
-MARX -capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial live better that globalization started.
barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market. Four aspects (trade, missionary work. adventures and
-Capitalism conquest).
4. CONSTRUCTIVISM -Social would with particular
symbols, language, images and interpretation. 2. Cycles -cyclical process and thus findings it's origin
5. POSTMODERNISM -structural power in the 3. Epoch -KITZEK and THERMOXN (six great epochs) also
constructions of identities norms and knowledge. knows as 'wares".
-Powerful and influential country.
-Social conditions 4. Events -GIBBON argued military conquest
6. FEMINISM -masculinity and femininity
 Kosenthal argued voyages to discovery.
-identifying biological sex
-woman tended to be marginalized silenced and violated  First transatlantic telephone cables (1956)
in global Community.  First television broadcast (1062).
7. TRANS FORMATIONALISM –(DAVID) who expounded  Modern Internet (1988)
-small group into a bigger group global polities I  Twin Toher (2001)
international government.
5. Broader, More Recent Changes -last haf or the 20th
8. ECLECTIONS -Technology and institution building.
century. 3 notable changes.
-Suprasolidarity.
1. power post would war 2
2. Multinational corporations (MN (O)
3. Demise of the Soviet Muron.
MANFRED SIEGEK- Expansion and intensification.
Globalization can be defined as the intensification of
economic, political, social, and cultural relations across
borders (Holm and Sorensen 1995).
The term regionalism refers to the proneness of the
governments and peoples of two or more states.

THOMAS LARSON -world shrinkage. Different types of actors (states, regional institutions, societal
organizations and other nonstate actors)
THOMAS & FRIEDWAN
There are three possible options regarding the mutual
 Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800) Соuntry relations between regionalization and globalization,
 Globalization 2.0 (1107-2000) Companies especially in the economic dimension:
 Globalization 3.0 (2000 - present) -Individuals
(1) regionalization as a component of globalization
THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF GLOBALIPATION (convergent trends);
3 Periods (2) regionalization as a challenge or response to
globalization (divergent trends);
1. ARCHIAC GLOBALIZARION
-developments from time of the earliest civilization. (3) regionalization and globalization as parallel processes
-New worlds, crops and fruits (overlapping trends).
3 principles of Archaic Globalization Evolution of Asian regionalism
1. Universalizing kingship. Regionalism is an inspirational enterprise in human history
2. Expansion of religious movements.
3. Medical Understanding. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was born
2. PROTO GLOBALIZATION with five original members: Indonesia, the Philippines,
-A.G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly- introduced Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore.
increasing trade links and cultural exchange. Asian NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
-rise maritime Europeans empires and Columbian organization against communism.
exchange.
3. MODERN GLOBALIZATION Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
-modern form
 envisaged by Saburo Okita and John Crawford in the
-cheap production of household
1960s and 1970s
-global politics.
The ASEAN plus Three (Japan, Korea, and China) was
instituted IN 1997.
SLOWBALISATION
The ASEAN plus Six (Japan, Korea, China, India, Australia,
 DUTCH writer Adjiedj Baras and New Zealand) now labelled the East Asian Summit.
 Slowing down of the pace of global integration. In 2010, the East Asian Summit decided to add two more
FACTORS members, the United States and Russia.

1. Improved or technological advancements In 2006, the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) proposal was
2. Changing consumer preferences inaugurated as an economic partnership agreement among
3. Higher tariffs small Asia Pacific countries such as Singapore.
4. Environmental concerns
5. Carbon Taxes
DEGLOBALIIZATION

 Process of diminishing interdependence and integration

between certain units’ arounds the world typically nation
state.
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION