Final 1ST Document

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a global concern, especially in countries like the Philippines where
significant amounts of plastic waste are generated daily. In response, researchers are exploring
eco-friendly alternatives to plastic bags. One promising solution involves utilizing agricultural
waste, particularly finger grass to create sustainable bags. Finger grass (Limnophila Aromatica)
and Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) is rich in fiber and cellulose, offer a viable alternative to
traditional paper bags. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using finger grass with
okra for paper bag production. By utilizing agricultural waste, this research addresses
environmental concerns while promoting sustainable practices. The study's objectives include
examining the production process of eco-friendly bags, evaluating the fiber potential of Finger
grass with Okra, and comparing the effectiveness of Finger grass with Okra paper bags with just
1 variety of paper bag that is made of finger grass alone. The scientific basis lies in the
cellulose-rich composition of Finger grass with Okra, which makes them suitable for paper
production. The methodology involves gathering Finger grass and Okra, extracting fibers, and
forming paper bags for testing. Results indicate that finger grass with okra paper bags perform
well, while the finger grass alone did not meet the expected carrying capacity. Nonetheless, the
study demonstrates the potential of Finger grass with Okra as an eco-friendly alternative for
paper bag production.
Key words: Finger grass, Okra, Paper Bag, Fiber, Cellulose, Eco-Friendly Bags
iii
3
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
A. Introduction
A.1. Rationale
One of the problem the world is facing right now is the problem about the solid
wastes especially plastics. Products made out of plastics contribute the most to this
worldwide problem. In our municipality here in Cagwait, Municipal Environment and
Natural Resources Office (MENRO) collects 2 041.97 kg of residual wastes everyday
and that’s 27% of all the solid wastes they collect (MENRO Cagwait, 2023).
Although there is already a production of paper bags to lessen the amount of plastics
used in our daily lives, this can also contribute to global warming since they cut trees
to produce paper. Others find way to lessen the use of plastic in making paper by
utilizing breadnuts peelings into paper bag but they encountered a small problem
which is they lack main ingredient which is the breadnut peelings that affects the
smoothness and firmness of the paper bag and it turns out not as good compared to
commercialized paper bag. This scenario motivated the researchers to improve the
quality of the paper bag and that is adding another ingredient which is Okra, since
Okra contains tons of components one of it is fiber which help the paper bag become
more firm/strong.
This study aims to investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of using
finger grass as a raw material for the production of paper bags. The objectives of this
study are to examine the physical and mechanical properties of paper made from
Finger Grass fiber, assessing factors such as strength, flexibility, thickness, and
1
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
density to evaluate the environmental effects of finger grass paper bag production
compared to traditional paper bags, considering carbon emissions, water consumption
and waste generation to assess the potential economic benefits and costs associated
with Finger Grass paper bag manufacturing, including raw material expenses,
production efficiency and market demand. This study which is using Finger Grass to
make paper bags hold significant benefits. It contributes to eco-friendly practices by
utilizing a renewable and sustainable resource. It lessens the need for traditional paper
bag production, which requires the destruction of trees. Finger Grass and Okra paper
bag offer a biodegradable alternative to plastic bags, aiding in waste reduction and
environmental preservation. This study provides a valuable contribution towards
promoting sustainability and addressing the global issue of plastic pollution.
2
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
A.2. Significance of Study
This study holds significant promise, offering multifaceted implications
across various domains. This study not only addresses pressing concerns related to
deforestation but also presents viable eco-friendly alternatives to traditional paper
production, thus contributing substantially to environmental preservation efforts.
Furthermore, it is driving innovation in sustainable packaging solutions. In this study,
the utilization of Finger Grass and Okra into alternative paper bags demonstrates
promising potential, paving the way for significant advancements in sustainable
packaging.
i. Environmental Conservation This study suggests that using Finger
Grass and Okra for paper bag production, instead of traditional tree-
based materials, contributes to forest conservation and promotes
sustainable practices. By mitigating deforestation, the study aims to
preserve vital ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, it proposes
that promoting sustainable practices in paper bag production can
reduce the environmental footprint associated with deforestation,
including habitat destruction and carbon emissions.
ii. Farmers. This study provides insights into the potential economic
benefits for farmers by cultivating Finger Grass and Okra for
alternative paper bag production. By diversifying crops, the study
suggests that farmers can create new income streams, enhancing
their livelihoods and contributing to the overall prosperity of
3
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
agricultural communities. The research implies that diversifying
crops also improves the resilience of farming operations against
market fluctuations and environmental challenges, thereby
strengthening the stability of rural economies.
iii. Researchers. This study offers valuable information for researchers
and academia, serving as a foundation for further research and
academic exploration into alternative materials for packaging. By
investigating the viability of using Finger Grass and Okra for paper
bag production, the research suggests an expansion of the scientific
knowledge base and encourages innovation in sustainable practices.
The study implies that this research contributes to ongoing efforts to
develop environmentally friendly solutions in various fields,
including agriculture and packaging.
A. 3. Scientific Basis
Finger Grass has common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are
slender monocotyledonous annual and perennial lawn, pasture, and forage plants; some are
often considered lawn pests. According to Dr. Kerstin Hermuth (2017) Grass has 75% less
lignin and resin as wood, so it should be much easier to liberate the pulp. The production
process of grass paper is easy in comparison to wood-based paper production. Furthermore,
Uwe d’Agnone (2014) founder of Creapaper asked himself “Isn’t there a way to replace this
wood-based fibers and make the paper production more eco-friendly?” the reason why he
discovered the creapaper.
4
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Okra—also known as lady's-fingers, gumbo, or bhindi—is the most important
vegetable crop of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It belongs to the
genus Abelmoschus and family Malvaceae. Okra is a multipurpose crop valued for its tender
and delicious pods. B.R Sharma (1993) the dried stem of the okra serves as a source of paper
pulp or fuel. Firstly, chemical components and fiber morphological properties were determined
to investigate the suitability of okra stalks for pulp and paper production. Holocellulose,
cellulose and lignin contents were found as 76.1 %, 46.4 % and 16.0 %, respectively and the
fiber length, fiber width and cell wall thickness were measured as 0.64 mm, 16.97 µm and 3.66
µm, respectively. According to these data, it has been determined that okra stalks are suitable
for pulp and paper production. Four different cooking experiments were carried out by adding
sodium borohydride (NaBH4 ) in different proportions (0 %, 0.3 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 %) to okra stalks
by the alkali sulfite method. The yield, chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulps
were determined and optimum properties were obtained from the cooking experiment by adding
up to 0.7 % NaBH4 into cooking liquor. With the addition of 0.7 % NaBH4 , pulp yield,
breaking length, and burst index increased about 7.73 %, 3.84 %, and 11 %, respectively.
Consequently, it has been concluded that pulp produced from okra stalks can be used in the
paper industry by blending with long or recycled fibers in certain proportions. (Mustafa Çiçekler
et al., 2022).
A. 4. Theoretical Framework
Utilization of Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) and Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus)
into Alternative Paper Bag will offer theoretical concepts for a possible substitute bag composed
5
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
of okra and finger grass. This will be looked into more in order to obtain the okra extract needed
to make a paper bag that is stronger and more resilient. This is because locals are worried about
the amount of plastic waste being utilized in the market and the removal of wood from our
forest. Grasses grow almost everywhere on Earth because they can survive in many different
climates, so grass is considered as a renewable source of pulp in paper making.
Abelmoschus sculentus okra as whole stalks was examined for its suitability for pulp and
paper production. It’s, fiber dimensions, morphological and chemical characteristics were
reported. The pulping trials with soda- Anthraquinone (AQ,) at different chemical charges. The
pulps produced from okra soda-AQ are suitable for production of printing and writing papers
and it is advisable to use them in blending due to good papermaking properties. (Safaa Hassan
Omer, 2019). It states that okra also is suitable for production of paper because of its contents.
Okra stem waste fibers contain 67.5% a-cellulose, 15.4% hemicellulose, 7.1% lignin, 3.4%
pectin, 3.9% fat and waxes and 2.7% water-soluble ingredients [3]. Plant fibers are natural,
recyclable, renewable, degradable and sustainable materials. (M N Duman et al 2017). Okra also
contains lignin and cellulose that is a component in a paper.
Cagwait is a place where some people are un-oriented with environmental issues and
are ignorant of mother nature’s consequences, concluding the improper waste disposal is indeed
evident in this municipality. Human beings sould take advantage of this and should start
producing their own paper for their own personal uses as it is very simple to produce at home,
and as a way to help mitigate the rising issue of climate change and global warming.
At the end of the study, the durability of the Finger Grass and Okra eco-bag and the
commercial eco-bag will be contrasted. To compare the differences, the researchers will conduct
6
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
a survey to a specific group/section of students at Unidad National High School.
A. 5 Objectives of this study
The general intent of this study is to test if Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica)
and Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) is an excellent raw material for the production of Paper Bag.
Specific Objectives:
Specifically, this seeks to:
1. determine the average amount the following paper bags can carry:
a. Paper bag made out of Finger Grass

b. Paper bag made out of Okra
c. Paper bag made out of mixture of Finger Grass and Okra
2. To evaluate if Okra and Finger Grass eco bag can be an alternative paper bag.
3. To determine which paper bag component is effective to carry more loads.
A.6 Null Hypothesis
The researchers assume the following null hypothesis:
1. The eco bag made out of Finger Grass cannot reach the expected carrying
capacity which is 1 kg.
2. The eco bag made out of Okra cannot reach the expected carrying capacity
which is 1 kg.
3. The paper bag made out of Finger Grass and Okra cannot reach the
expected carrying capacity which is 1 kig.
7
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
4. There is no significant difference between the eco bag made out of Finger
Grass, Okra and the mixture of Finger Grass and Okra.
A. 7. Scope and Limitation
The sole focus of this study is to determine whether using paper bags made from Okra
(Abelmoschus Scrulentus) and Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) is a useful substitute for
paper bags. to ascertain whether it is stronger and more resilient than commercial paper bags.
The experiment's plant is gathered in Brgy. Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. The current
study will be carried out at Unidad National High School over the course of eight months,
beginning the first week of October. This study aims to determine whether using Okra
(Abelmoschus Sculentus) and Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) as potential sources of
lignin can result in the production of paper from these two raw materials.
B. Review of Related Literature and Studies
B.1 Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents and indicates what has already been studied by others which have
hearing upon the present study. It highlights the related literature and studies in local and
foreign sources. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that
are relevant and similar to the prior study conducted with the in-depth knowledge and thorough
research done by the researchers.
Foreign
The market for pulp and paper has been growing rapidly. As a result, there has been a
significant demand for pulp and paper's raw materials. Three categories apply to the raw
materials used in papermaking: non-wood, wood, and recycled wastepaper (Abd El-Sayed et al. 2020).
8
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
This study is classified as non-wood based since it uses okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) and
finger grass (Limnophila Aromatica) to generate pulp, which is then used to make paper without
the need for tree branches. Due to growing environmental issues such excessive carbon
emissions, pollution, and contributions to climate change and global warming, the amount of
non-wood-based raw materials used to make pulp and paper has increased recently (Soderholm
et al. 2019).
As a result, this study was conducted. The use of non-wood-based raw materials for
pulp manufacturing and paper production has been the focus of numerous studies, one of which
looked at psedo-stem as a potential source of pulp for paper. Since grass is abundant almost
everywhere on Earth, it can be used as a renewable source of pulp for paper production;
additionally, because grass contains 75% less lignin and resin than wood, liberating the pulp
should be much easier. The production process of grass paper is easy in comparison to wood-
based paper production.
Due to the rise in demand and production of paper, alternatives to wood as a source of
raw materials have gained appeal (Kazi, 2018). Naturally, these alternatives should be able to
generate high-quality paper.
Local
After China and India, the Philippines was the third-largest producer of bananas
worldwide in 2014, according to Taleat et al. 2021. The fact that over 350 million tons of paper
are produced annually indicates the considerable global demand for paper goods. The fiber from
banana fruits can be used in place of wood pulp to make paperboard, tissue, blotting, tracing,
and writing paper. In addition, the pulp and paper industry bears some of the environmental
9
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
blame for this. Eight thousand white sheets and 93% of the basic materials needed to make
paper may be found on a banana tree. Deforestation is one of the main environmental problems
that humans are currently facing. According to Jiang et al. (2021), the pulp and paper industry
would also release dangerous gases into the environment, which would harm the ecology.
Due to the high time, labor, and financial costs associated with paper manufacture, this study
examines the use of okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) and finger grass (Limnophila Aromatica) in
paper production. Studies have indicated that the cost of producing paper using non-wood fiber
is substantially less than that of using wood fiber (Deshmuk et al. 2019). To put it simply, paper
is simply a collection of fibers that have been adhered to one another to create a smooth surface.
Over time, the paper dries out and becomes readable. Based on this, the proponents calculated
the fiber content of the following: Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) at 67.5% a-cellulose (M.N
Duman, 2017) and Finger Grass (limnophila Aromatica) at 28.8% to 36% (Ankita Juneja et al.,
2011).
According to Thomas (2017), there are three messages that are being conveyed by this
issue within the Pulp and Paper Industry regarding climate change and natural disasters: first,
human-made factors are having an increasing impact on climate-related disasters; second,
because of this connection, there is an urgent need for climate mitigation; and third, prevention,
including climate adaptation, should not be seen as a cost to economic growth but as an
investment. Having said that, innovations are necessary to help lessen the effects of these
environmental issues.
10
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
B.2. Related Study
Foreign
The changing climate poses a serious threat to the viability of human society. More
accurate calculations are being made regarding the quantity of carbon emissions that humans
create. Given that the pulp and paper business uses a lot of energy and harms the environment, it
is critical to monitor the carbon emissions it creates. There are issues with the pulp and paper
business; the majority of studies on the subject focus on waste management, pollution control,
and cleaner production techniques.
According to Subagyo & Chafidz (2018), banana is one of the most well-known and
useful plants in the world. It is possible to use almost every components of this plant, including
the fruit, leaves, flower buds, trunk, and pseudo-stem, and conclude that it is indeed very
effective to utilize in the making of high-quality paper. This is because banana pseudo-stem is
rich in fiber which is very useful in paper production (Giri et al. 2018).
The pulp and paper industry has seen significant transformation recently, and new
technologies have been used to build products in quite different ways. It could be brought on by
new difficulties and limitations such as lack of raw resources, excessive energy use (such as that
from fossil fuels and electricity), the need to manage the pollutants they produce, environmental
concerns, ongoing legal requirements, and cleaner production techniques (Akhundzadeh et al.
2017). With these emerging challenges, new studies have come up and studied other raw
materials to serve as Mapping alones for new moovations that are eco-friendly and promises
efficien, high- quality products, and also with this, this stady was encouraged to look for new
alternatives to producing high-grade paper.

11
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Going back to the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem that makes applicable for
paper production, Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) and Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus)
have significantly more fiber content compared to banana pseudo-stem so it would be able to
build up, and will eventually be useful in the production of paper. A total of 10.8 grams of fiber
is present in 100g of Finger Grass and 3.2g grams of fiber in 100g of Okra. The justification of
this waste material as a raw source of pulp for paper production and experimentation of the
produced paper are performed.
Local
Because they are naturally perishable, fruits and vegetables are among the food types that
are roost frequently wasted (Esguerra et al. 2017). At Dole's farms in the Philippines, about 1
million tons of fruit side streams (fruit waste) are produced. Annually; this is equivalent to about
50,000 40-foot containers, many of which will be repurposed as feedstock and upcycled at the
DSI. Much of this waste is classified as biodegradable (waste that may be degraded by other
living organisms). These wastes in small numbers do not pose threats to the environment as they
will naturally degrade over time, but with all these ridiculous amounts, it may be possible to
affect the globe.
As the modernization of our current generation continues to elevate, many innovations
were also discovered, of course with the help of Science and Technology. The world we live in
now requires rapid saving and treatments as it is nearing its destruction. With this, many
innovators, inventors, and researchers continue to search for eco-friendly alternatives, to change
the average way humans live. Many innovators applied the idea of using fibers to make paper as
12
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
a concept in also using fruit fibers for textiles, this is according to Rurnawat et al. 2016. For the
past years, we've witnessed a shift in many of our needed products’ packaging, from plastic
containers to waterproof cardboard, plastic straws to paper straws, and plastic bags to paper
bags, even plastic cups were changed. These extensive measures proved the problem's existence,
Innovators were also successful in proving the effectivenes of using Finger grass (Limnophila
aromatica) and okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus) in the making of textiles, which require
tremendous amounts of fiber, in relation to this, we assume the use of Finger grass (Limnophila
aromatica) and okra (abelmoschus Sculentus) in the production of paper to be successful.
C. METHODOLOGY
This part presents the discussion of the research design, research locale,
research materials, research framework, and data gathering procedures, experimental
procedures and statistical treatment of data.
C.1. Research Design
This work uses qualitative research methods to create durable paper bags using okra
(abelmoschus sculentus) and finger grass (limnophila aromatica). Through testing,
experimentation, and observation, qualitative research will be utilized to characterize the
properties of the paper made from finger grass (limnophila aromatica) (abelmoschus sculentus).
Since the survey questions use a Likert scale, which has a numerical distribution to the
respondents' responses (5-strongly agree, 4-agree, 3-undecided, 2-disagree, and 1-strongly
disagree), quantitative research will also be used in this study. Additionally, quantitative
13
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
research will be used in the data treatment process by using statistical tools, particularly the
mean. Ideas for the subject and a description of the types of variables that will be used in the
study will be provided by descriptive research.
C.2. Research Locale

The study will be conducted at the researcher’s residence at Brgy. Unidad, Cagwait,
Surigao del Sur, where the sample of Finger Grass, which is the main ingredient, will be available
within the locality of Cagwait, Surigao del Sur.
14
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
C.3. Research Framework
Collection of Finger Grass

and Okra
Boiling of Main Ingredients
Crushing/Cutting of Main
Ingredients into Rough Pulp
Crushing of Main Ingredients into

Finer Pulp
Forming of Paper
Folding of Paper to Paper

Bag
Durability Testing
15
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 1. Flow Chart of the Research
C.4 Data Gathering Procedures
A. Plant Material
The plant sample of Finger Grass will be collected around barangay Unidad, Cagwait,
Surigao del Sur. While the samples of the stems of the Okra will be collected in the researcher’s
residence. Okra and fresh Finger Grass will be cleaned under running water. Then it will be
crushed the grass until it turn into a rough pulp then it will be put in the blender to turn it into a
finer pulp..
B. Procedure
a. Gathering finger grass and okra.
The finger grass is collected at Brgy. Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. The okra
will be collected at the researchers residences.
b. Boiling
The collected finger grass will undergo boiling for 30 minutes in a casserole that
contains 5cup of water. upon boiling, the chemical "sodium hydroxide" is then added. about two
(2) tablespoons will be added to further decompose the grass. the okra will be boiled in different
casserole with an amount of 3cups of water.
c. Pulping
Pulping is the process of turning fubrous materials into pulps. after the finger
grass are boiled, they are then blended as a another alternative procedure for pulping. This
process will result in fine pulps ready to be made into paper. The pulped finger grass will be
16
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
placed in a basin with water. Then, they are strained and shaped using the strainer of paper.
d. Air Drying
After being strained and shaped, they are then placed in a sheet of cloth, with the
use of a sponge, pat the shaped pulp to absorb any excess water. The paper will be placed under
the sun for 2 consecutive days for it to dry.
e. Forming of Paper Bag
Two papers will be folded to form a paper bag another paper will be fold to form
a handle.
C. Experimental Procedure
Adding of Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide will be used to increase the pH in the pulping process of fibers.
There are three of it for set-up A, set-up B, and set-up C. In set up 1 2 tablespoon of
Sodium Hydroxide will be added after it boils, the same procedure will be conducted to the
remaining 2 set-ups.
C.5. Statistical Method
To evaluate the manufacturing costs associated with using okra and finger grass to make
paper bags. You can apply the cost-benefits analysis statistical method. This methodology will be
17
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
applied to the identification and measurement of all production-related costs. such as labor, time,
organic materials, and other costs; also, the profit margin from the sale of the finished product is
compared. To examine the manufacturing costs associated with using finger grass and okra to
make paper bags, it will also provide light on the viability and profitability of doing so as an
alternative to employing resources that are more readily available. You can apply the cost-benefits
analysis statistical method.
C.6. Conceptual Framework
The approach system will be the input-process-output model in describing the conceptual
framework of the study. The input consist Of Finger (Limnophila aromatica) and okra
(abelmoschus sculentus). The process shows the gathering of production, materials, testing for
permeability, and survey response. The expected product in this study is paper bag.
The finger grass (limnophila aromatica) and okra (abelmoschus sculentus) signify a great
deal when acquiring the data needed to conclude this study. The fiber content found in the okra
will help the researchers to determine its effectiveness to produce good quality of paper bag.
The next box contains the production process for the making of paper. After gathering the
main ingredients they will then be boiled along two(2) table spoons of sodium hydroxide to
decompose the finger grass (limnophila aromatica) and okra (abelmoschus sculentus), followed
by the pulping process which will be through the Blending method. Then, the formation of
paper start, using the mold and deckle, a material used when making paper, it helps to shape the
paper, and keep the pulps intact together, the paper is then placed under the sun to get the
finished product.
18
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
The product will then be up for survey, respondents will testify the durability of the paper
bag. The water Absorbency Test will be used in determining the paper's capability of absorbing
liquids.
Lastly, the third box shows the final output. The paper product that will be produced in this
study will be used by students, professionals, company owners, and employees, and will also be
used, and eco-friendly bags.
 Gathering of
materials
 Boiling of main
ingredients Paper Bag made out
from Finger Grass
 Crushing/Cutting (Limnophila
Finger Grass
(Limnophila of Main Ingredients Aromatica) and Okra
into Rough Pulp (Abelmoschus
Aromatica) and
Sculentus
okra (Ablemoschus  Crushing of Main
Sculentus) Fibers Ingredients into
Finer Pulp
 Forming of Paper
 Folding of Paper
to Paper Bag
 Durability Testing
19
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Study
ACTIVI Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
TIES 2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1.
Planning
of
Research
2.
Visiting
MENRO
Cagwait
3.
Writing
of
Research
Introduct
ion
4.
Conducti
ng of
trials
5.
Writing
of
Research
Paper
6.
Making
of Paper
Bag
7.
Conducti
ng a
survey
8.
Finalizati
on of
Research
Paper
G. Work Plan and Target Deliverables
20
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
H. REFERENCES CITED
Ainun, Z., Sapuan, S. M., & Ilyas, R. (2023). Pulping and papermaking of nonwood
plant fibers. Elsevier.
Pivnyak, G., Bondarenko, V., Kovalevs’ka, I., & Illiashov, M. (2013). Mining of
mineral deposits. CRC Press.
Vijayendran, B. R. (2023). BioProducts: Green Materials for an Emerging Circular and
Sustainable Economy. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Hueda, M. C. (2017). Functional food: Improve Health through Adequate Food. BoD –
Books on Demand.
Oecd. (2002). Towards Sustainable Household Consumption? Trends and Policies in
OECD countries: Trends and Policies in OECD Countries. OECD Publishing.
Hernandez, A. L. (2023). A Project Feasibility Study on Developing a Seed Bag and its
Marketability in Santa Rosa City, Laguna. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=19694
Duman, M. N., Koçak, D., Merdan, N., & Mistik, I. (2017). Nonwoven production from
agricultural okra wastes and investigation of their thermal conductivities. IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 254, 192007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-
21
26
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
899x/254/19/192007
Flood, S., Columbié, Y. J., Tissier, M. L., & O’Dwyer, B. (2021). Creating resilient
futures: Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals and Climate
Change Adaptation Agendas. Palgrave Macmillan.
Jawaid, M., & Khan, A. (2021). Vegetable Fiber Composites and their Technological
Applications. Springer Nature.
Jideani, A. I. O., & Anyasi, T. A. (2020). Banana Nutrition: Function and Processing
Kinetics. BoD – Books on Demand
Ainun, Z., Sapuan, S. M., & Ilyas, R. (2023). Pulping and papermaking of nonwood plant
fibers. Elsevier.
E3S Web of Conferences. (n.d.). https://www.e3s-conferences.org/
Jawaid, M., & Khan, A. (2021). Vegetable Fiber Composites and their Technological
Applications. Springer Nature.
22
27
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
I. Appendices
i. Curriculum Vitae
Name : Nathalie O. Rupin
Nickname : Thal
Address : Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur
Date of Birth : January 16, 2008
Place of Birth: Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur
Age : 16
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Mother : Maryflor O. Rupin
Father : Armando O. Rupin
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto : “Don't let yesterday take up too much of today.”
Educational Background
Elementary : Unidad Elementary School
Year Graduated: 2020

23
28
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Curriculum Vitae
Name : Jasmin Erica C. Entrada
Nickname : Kang
Date of Birth : November 16, 2007
Place of Birth: Imus, Cavity
Age : 16
Mother : Virgie C. Entrada
Father : Ricardo A. Entrada
Motto : “If you get tired, learn to rest not to quit.”
24
29
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Curriculum Vitae
Name : Mark Nathan M. Bobiles
Nickname : Than
Date of Birth : October 28, 2008
Place of Birth: Sampaloc, Manila
Age : 15
Mother : Ivemeshel S. Mantilla
Father : Philip Mark P. Bobiles
Motto : “Be yourself.”
25
30
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
26
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 4. Making of Paper Strainer
Figure 5. Collection of Finger Grass
32
27
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 6. Boiling of finger grass
Figure 7. Pulping through

blending
33
28
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 8. Making the paper

from pulps
Figure 9. Drying the

pre- made paper
34
29
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
Figure 10.
Final
product
Figure 11. Testing of product
35
30
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
ii. Documentation
Figure 3.
Collecting Data from MENRO CAGWAIT
31
31
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph
SCHOOL
32
214214-607-6 and 214-608
304924@deped.gov.ph

Final 1ST Document

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final 1ST Document

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

worldwide problem. In our municipality here in Cagwait, Municipal Environment and

Natural Resources Office (MENRO) collects 2 041.97 kg of residual wastes everyday

compared to traditional paper bags, considering carbon emissions, water consumption

make paper bags hold significant benefits. It contributes to eco-friendly practices by

environmental preservation. This study provides a valuable contribution towards

promoting sustainability and addressing the global issue of plastic pollution.

A.2. Significance of Study

This study holds significant promise, offering multifaceted implications

deforestation but also presents viable eco-friendly alternatives to traditional paper

production, thus contributing substantially to environmental preservation efforts.

Furthermore, it is driving innovation in sustainable packaging solutions. In this study,

promising potential, paving the way for significant advancements in sustainable

i. Environmental Conservation This study suggests that using Finger

based materials, contributes to forest conservation and promotes

sustainable practices. By mitigating deforestation, the study aims to

preserve vital ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, it proposes

that promoting sustainable practices in paper bag production can

reduce the environmental footprint associated with deforestation,

including habitat destruction and carbon emissions.

benefits for farmers by cultivating Finger Grass and Okra for

alternative paper bag production. By diversifying crops, the study

suggests that farmers can create new income streams, enhancing

their livelihoods and contributing to the overall prosperity of

crops also improves the resilience of farming operations against

market fluctuations and environmental challenges, thereby

strengthening the stability of rural economies.

iii. Researchers. This study offers valuable information for researchers

and academia, serving as a foundation for further research and

academic exploration into alternative materials for packaging. By

bag production, the research suggests an expansion of the scientific

knowledge base and encourages innovation in sustainable practices.

The study implies that this research contributes to ongoing efforts to

develop environmentally friendly solutions in various fields,

including agriculture and packaging.

process of grass paper is easy in comparison to wood-based paper production. Furthermore,

discovered the creapaper.

Okra—also known as lady's-fingers, gumbo, or bhindi—is the most important

Utilization of Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) and Okra (Abelmoschus Sculentus)

climates, so grass is considered as a renewable source of pulp in paper making.

contains lignin and cellulose that is a component in a paper.

A. 5 Objectives of this study

Specifically, this seeks to:

a. Paper bag made out of Finger Grass

3. To determine which paper bag component is effective to carry more loads.

A.6 Null Hypothesis

The researchers assume the following null hypothesis:

capacity which is 1 kg.

expected carrying capacity which is 1 kig.

A. 7. Scope and Limitation

(Abelmoschus Sculentus) and Finger Grass (Limnophila Aromatica) as potential sources of

B. Review of Related Literature and Studies

B.1 Review of Related Literature

research done by the researchers.

based paper production.

generate high-quality paper.

human-made factors are having an increasing impact on climate-related disasters; second,

B.2. Related Study

and cleaner production techniques.

alternatives to producing high-grade paper.

produced paper are performed.

affect the globe.

As the modernization of our current generation continues to elevate, many innovations