THE UNIVERSITY OF PEOPLE

SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BIOL 1121-01 Biology 1 for Health Studies - AY2024-T3

STUDENT NAME: JOSEPH NJOVU

STUDENT ID: C2054363

PROGRAM: Associate degree in Health Science

GROUP: 0013

TASK : BIOL 1121 ASSIGNMENT ACTIVITY 4

Aerobic Conditions: in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria
where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to shape acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then enters
the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) to similarly oxidize and generate lowering equivalents
(NADH and FADH2) and ATP.

Anaerobic conditions: in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation. In

organisms like yeast, pyruvate is transformed into ethanol and carbon dioxide. In certain
bacteria, pyruvate is decreased to shape lactate, regenerating NAD+ for endured glycolysis.

importance of the Citric Acid Cycle: The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, is pivotal in
eukaryotic strength metabolism for numerous motives:

It completes the oxidation of carbon molecules derived from glucose, fatty acids, and amino
acids, generating excessive-power electron companies (NADH and FADH2) that fuel the
electron shipping chain (and so forth).

It serves as a central hub wherein carbon skeletons from diverse nutrient sources are damaged
down and their electricity harvested within the form of ATP and lowering equivalents.

It offers intermediates for biosynthesis of different molecules important for cellular function.

Its law is tightly linked to mobile energy status, making sure coordination among energy
manufacturing and mobile needs.

essential Electron companies in etc: the main electron carriers concerned inside the electron
delivery chain are:

NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) these providers donate electrons to the electron
transport chain, which enables the generation of a proton gradient throughout the inner
mitochondrial membrane, using ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

benefits of ATP utilization:

efficiency: ATP acts as an intermediate power service that can be effortlessly used by various
cellular strategies. It allows for controlled launch of electricity, averting wasteful warmth
manufacturing.

Versatility: ATP may be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi to release energy in diverse mobile
strategies together with muscle contraction, energetic delivery, and biosynthesis.

regulation: The reversible nature of ATP hydrolysis permits cells to finely music energy
expenditure based totally on on the spot wishes.
ATP as a excessive-electricity Compound:

ATP is taken into consideration a high-strength compound because of its triphosphate tail.
The repulsion among the negatively charged phosphate organizations creates strain, making
the terminal phosphate bond rather reactive.

whilst this bond is hydrolyzed, a massive amount of unfastened strength (about -30.5 kJ/mol
underneath physiological conditions) is launched, which can be used to drive endergonic
cellular reactions.

The strength released for the duration of ATP hydrolysis powers severa cellular procedures,
making ATP the number one strength currency of the cell.

REFERENCES
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