International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

Effect of intermittent and sinusoidal pulsed flows on impingement

heat transfer from a concave surface
Javad Mohammadpour a, Mehran Rajabi-Zargarabadi a, *, Arun S. Mujumdar b,
Hadi Ahmadi a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, P.O. B. 35131-191, Semnan, Iran
b
Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effects of square waveform (intermittent) and sinusoidal waveform pulsation are investigated on the
Received 26 December 2012 heat transfer rate from a slot jet impinging to a concave surface. In this respect, a numerical analysis of
Received in revised form turbulent flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional jet is performed using the RNG ke3 model. The
28 August 2013
effects of jet Reynolds number, pulsation frequency, nozzle to target surface spacing in both types of
Accepted 29 August 2013
Available online 8 October 2013
waves and the effect of the amplitude of sinusoidal waves on distribution of the surface time-averaged
local Nusselt number are studied. Results show that in the pulsed jets, the increase of frequency in the
range of 20e80 Hz and the Reynolds number in the range of 4740e7200 cause the increase of the time-
Keywords:
Impinging pulsed jet
averaged Nusselt number compared to steady jet cases. In the pulsed jets, reducing the nozzle-to-surface
Nusselt number distance causes the increase of heat transfer from the target surface. Moreover, the increase of pulse
Sinusoidal waveform amplitude from 0.2 to 1.0 in the sinusoidal waves increases the time-averaged Nusselt number. Finally,
Square waveform the comparison of results indicates a considerable increase of the heat transfer rate for the square form
waves than sinusoidal waves compared to the steady state data.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction neglected. Recently progress in studies of jet flows over concave

Jet impingement is an effective way of providing intense,
localized heat transfer. In this method, through formation of a thin
thermal layer on the impingement surface, higher heat transfer rate
is achieved compared to other heat transfer techniques [1e3].
Some applications of this method include: cooling of electronic
components, gas turbine blade cooling, metal cutting and forming,
and drying of paper and textiles [4e6]. The main application of jets
impinging on concave surfaces is related to the cooling of gas tur-
bine blade leading edge. Due to high heat flux exposure, this
component needs to be cooled efficiently. Also, heating of airfoil
leading edge for anti-icing applications is another use of this
method, which is highly significant in aerospace industry [7,8].
Numerous investigations have studied impinging jet flow on flat
surfaces. Although the analysis of jet flows over flat surfaces is
important, the significance of jet flow over curved surfaces due
their different applications in various industries cannot be
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rajabi@semnan.ac.ir (M. Rajabi-Zargarabadi).
surfaces has been reported in several reports [7e11].
Impinging jets are applied on both flat and curved surfaces
based on their applications. Although the general flow principles
are common in both cases, the physics of flows impinging on
curved surfaces shows some characteristic features different from
flat plate impingement.
One of the most important factors in jet impingement is surface
curvature. This factor, by itself, can create some significant effects
due to centrifugal and Coriolis forces, and can lead to enhanced
development of the wall jet in the circumferential direction. Surface
curvature also has a strong effect on turbulent boundary layer
development [12]. In the recent studies carried out on concave
surfaces, notable improvement in the heat transfer rate has been
reported [7,12].
In recent years, various methods have been presented to
enhance heat transfer from impinged target surfaces. One such
technique is the use of pulsed jets, which has attracted the atten-
tion of many researchers. In this approach, a pulsed flow is used
instead of a continuous flow in the impinging jet.
Zumbrunnen and Aziz [13] experimentally investigated the ef-
fect of intermittent flow on the heat transfer resulting from the
impingement of a pulsed water jet onto a flat surface with constant

1290-0729/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.08.018
 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127 119

heat flux. In another experimental study, Sheriff and Zumbrunnen

[14] evaluated the effect of two sinusoidal and square form waves
on convective heat transfer in the impingement of a water jet on a
flat surface. They reported the reduction of the local Nusselt
number in the stagnation region for the sinusoidal pulsed jet.
Hofmann et al. [1] numerically investigated thirteen different tur-
bulence models for the prediction of heat transfer obtained from
impingement of pulsed and steady jets on a flat surface. They
concluded the SST Keu model as the only model able to predict
correctly the laminareturbulent transition occurring at the small
nozzle-to-plate distances (transitional flow option). In their nu-
merical study, Liewkongsataporn et al. [15] reported an increase in
the impingement heat transfer resulting from a pulsed jet in
comparison with a steady jet. They demonstrated that at constant
Fig. 1. Computational domain and the boundary conditions.
Reynolds number, with the increase of the pulse amplitude and
reduction of nozzle-to-surface distance, impingement heat transfer However, almost all previous studies have focused on flow and
increases considerably. Behera et al. [16] numerically investigated heat transfer characteristics of pulsed jets impinging onto flat
the heat transfer rate obtained from impingement of a pulsed air jet surfaces. The present work is a continuation of the previous at-
on a flat surface. In this study parameters such as the jet Reynolds tempts to examine the effect of impinging pulsed jets on the rate of
number, the shape of the pulsed waves, pulse frequency and nozzle heat transfer from concave surfaces. Hence, a numerical simulation
to surface spacing were investigated. They have shown that by is performed to investigate the flow and heat transfer field in a
using intermittent pulsations, the time-averaged Nusselt number in pulsed jet (with two common square-shaped and sinusoidal wave
the impingement zone and in the wall-jet region increase up to 12% forms) which impinges on a concave surface. The effects of Rey-
and 35%, respectively, in comparison with the steady jet case. nolds number, pulse frequency, nozzle-to-surface distance in both
However, the maximum enhancements in the mentioned areas types of waves and the effect of pulse amplitude in the sinusoidal
have been calculated to be up to 5% and 10% for sinusoidal pulses. wave are evaluated. In addition, almost all results are compared
Liewkongsataporn et al. [17] investigated the effect of velocity with steady results in each case.
amplitude ratio changes on the heat transfer enhancement
resulting from the pulsating impingement jet with confinement 2. Problem statement
wall on a flat surface. They showed that with the increase of ve-
locity amplitude, the time-averaged surface heat transfer increases. 2.1. Boundary conditions
It should be mentioned that in this type of jet, the recirculating flow
produced in the impingement zone due to the acceleration of According to Fig. 1, the geometry of problem in the present study
pulsed jets has reported as the key factor in the heat transfer consists of a two-dimensional impinging slot jet. Due to the phys-
process. ical and geometrical symmetry, only half of the flow field has been
Recently, Xu et al. [18] studied the effect of large temperature considered for numerical analysis.
difference between the jet and target surface on the heat transfer The boundary conditions used for the present problem in the
from the impingement of a turbulent pulsed slot jet on a flat sur- steady state are similar to those in the experimental study of Choi
face. Their numerical results indicate that for temperature differ- et al. [9].
ences higher than 100
, the Nusselt number decreases due to
temperature dependent thermophysical properties of the fluid. 2.1.1. Inlet jet
Demircan et al. [19] numerically analyzed the effect of sinusoidal Velocity at the inlet jet is assumed to be steady or to vary in two
pulses in jets impinging on flat surfaces. They reported that the pulsed waveforms. The pulsed jet in the present study includes two
general flow field structure in the two cases of pulsed and steady common forms of square-shaped and sinusoidal waves, which are
jets are the same; however, due to the formation of circulating flow illustrated in Fig. 2.
regions in the pulsed jets, the Nusselt number exhibits oscillatory
variations in the wall-jet region. They have also shown that with
increase of jet Reynolds number and oscillation amplitude, the
predicted Nusselt number increases. By intermittently changing the
velocity of a square form jet (ON/OFF), Xu et al. [2] investigated the
variations of heat transfer rate from a flat surface. In their study, it
was shown that the observed effects of intermittent pulsation could
be attributed to higher turbulence, larger vortices, increased
entrainment and mixing promoted by fluid instabilities as well as
reduced instantaneous hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers
in the flow domain. Bazdidi Tehrani et al. [20] studied the
impingement of an oscillating synthetic jet on a flat surface with
constant heat flux. By comparing various turbulence models, they
demonstrated that with increasing the distance of nozzle to target
surface, the time-averaged Nusselt number increases. They also
showed that the Nusselt number distribution is influenced by the
wall boundary layer and circular-vortexes formed in the flow. Choi
et al. [9] performed a comprehensive experimental investigation on
the measurement of heat transfer rate due to impingement of
steady slot jet on a concave surface. Fig. 2. Velocity profiles at inlet jet.
120 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127

Fig. 3. (a) Structured grid use in the computations; (b) Effect of grid density on the time-averaged Nusselt number distribution.

Two velocity profiles applied at the inlet pulsed jet have been
defined as follows:

e The profile of inlet velocity with pulsed sinusoidal wave:

ujet ¼ uavg þ Auavg sinð2pftÞ (1)

In the sinusoidal waves, the first half of a cycle is related to time

that ujet > uavg and the second one is related to time that
ujet < uavg. One completion of the sinusoidal repeating pattern is
called a cycle.

e The profile of inlet velocity with pulsed square-shaped wave:

(     !
ujet ¼ upeak / 2n 2s < t < 2n þ 1 2s
    n ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3; .
ujet ¼ 0/ 2n þ 1 2s < t < 2 n þ 1 2s
Fig. 4. Comparison of time-averaged local Nusselt number with experimental results
[23]. (2)

Fig. 5. The steady case at H/B ¼ 4.0 and Re ¼ 6000. (a) Velocity magnitude contour; (b) Temperature contour.
 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127
Fig. 6. Velocity magnitude contours of square-shaped pulsed case at H/B ¼ 4.0, f ¼ 40 Hz and Re ¼ 6000 in one representative cycle: (a) t ¼ 0.25s; (b) t ¼ 0.5s; (c) t ¼ 0.75s and (d)
t ¼ s.
In the square-shaped waves, the first half of a cycle is related to
time that inlet jet is opened (upeak) and the second one is related to
time that inlet jet is closed. One opening and closing of the inlet jet is
called a cycle.
The inlet jet temperature is constant and is set at 298 K. The
turbulence intensity and hydraulic diameter at jet inlet are
assumed to be 5% and 2B, respectively.
2.1.2. Impingement wall
A constant heat flux of 5000 W/m2 is imposed to the concave
wall. The no-slip condition has been considered for all walls.
2.2. Problem parameters
According to the experimental study of Choi et al. [9] on the
concave surface and also by considering some recent studies on the
pulsed jets [3,18], the important parameters which have been
selected in the present study are the jet Reynolds number (Re), the
jet-to-target spacing (H/B), the frequency of pulsed waves (f) and
121
the pulse amplitude (A). The values are taken as Re ¼ 4740, 6000,
and 7200; H/B ¼ 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10; f ¼ 20, 40, and 80 (Hz); and
A ¼ 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0.
2.3. Physical properties of fluid
In the present study, the working fluid (air) is treated as
incompressible and Newtonian fluid. Meanwhile, dynamic viscos-
ity m (1.7894  105 kg/ms), specific heat at constant pressure and
CP (1006.43 Nm/kg K) are used for all calculations.
2.4. Initial conditions
In order to analyze the jet in the unsteady (pulsating) state,
initial conditions are needed. The following initial conditions are
considered for the present problem:
at t ¼ 0 : u ¼ v ¼ 0; P ¼ PN ; T ¼ TN ; k ¼ 3 ¼ 0
122 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127

Fig. 7. Temperature contours of square-shaped pulsed case at H/B ¼ 4.0, f ¼ 40 Hz and Re ¼ 6000 in one representative cycle: (a) t ¼ 0.25s; (b) t ¼ 0.5s; (c) t ¼ 0.75s and (d) t ¼ s.

3. Governing equations

The governing equations of the problem are the continuity, mo-

mentum and energy conservation equations, respectively, which
have been expressed as follows:
vr vðrui Þ
þ ¼ 0 (3)
vt vxi

 !  
vðrui Þ v rui uj vP v  
þ ¼  þ m 2Sij  ru0i u0j (4)
vt vxj vxi vxj

   !  
v rcp T v rcp ui T v vT
þ ¼ K  rcp u0i T ’ (5)
vt vxj vxj vxi

where u0i u0j and u0i T 0 are the Reynolds stress tensor and turbulence
heat flux vector, respectively, which need to be modeled.
The RNG-ke3 turbulence model is selected as the appropriate
model for the present problem. Studies indicate that compared to Fig. 8. Turbulence intensity variations of square-shaped pulsed case at H/B ¼ 4.0,
the other turbulence models, the RNG-ke3 model possesses a f ¼ 40 Hz and Re ¼ 6000 at different times during a cycle alongside the target surface.
 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127 123

Fig. 9. The effect of average Reynolds number on the time-averaged local Nusselt Fig. 10. The effect of pulsation frequency on time-averaged local Nusselt number.
number.

higher accuracy in predicting the complexities of flow impinge-

case of h/B ¼ 4, and the obtained results have been presented in
ment on concave surfaces along with a higher convergence
Fig. 3b. A mesh configuration with 150  180 cells (in the r and s
speed [8].
directions, respectively) provided the highest accuracy in solving
( ) the problem. Similar calculations are also performed for the other
vðrkÞ vðrkui Þ v mt vk
þ ¼ mþ þ Pk  r3 (6) geometries.
vt vxi vxj sk vxj Numerical simulation of the flow field and heat transfer is car-
ried out using the control volume method in a two-dimensional
 geometry under steady and transient conditions. Mass, mo-
vðr3 Þ vðr3 ui Þ v mt v3 3 3
2
þ ¼ mþ þ C13 Pk  C23 r mentum and energy conservation equations have been discretized
vt vxi vxj s3 vxi k k
by the control volume technique. The pressureevelocity coupling
Cm h3 ð1  h=h0 Þ 3 2 has been established through the SIMPLE algorithm [22]. The
 (7)
1 þ bh3 k second-order upwind method and central difference method have
been used for calculating the convective and diffusive terms,
It should be mentioned that the most common model used for
’ respectively. The normalized residuals are considered as the solu-
the heat flux vector ðu0i q Þ is the Simple Eddy Diffusivity (SED)
tion convergence criterion, which in the steady case is 106 and in
model [21].
the transient case, for all the parameters (except energy, 106), is
104. The independence of time step is also checked for every case
4. Numerical solution such that the time step used for the transient case is 104. The
simulations are run as long as the oscillation of flow and temper-
A computational grid used for the impinging jet flows over the ature fields become stable; i.e., repeating the same results over one
concave surface is represented in Fig. 3a. The non-uniform grid cycle are as the previous cycles.
system with the considered structure has a strong clustering close
to the wall in the wall adjacent cells. To be sure of the accurate 5. Results and discussion
mesh quantities used in this geometry, the process of grid inde-
pendency comparing the convergence of the local Nusselt number The predicted Nusselt number distribution obtained in the
variations along the concave surface has been performed for the present study is compared with the experimental data of Mladin
124 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127

Fig. 12. Variations of stagnation point Nusselt numbers for different H/Bs.

Fig. 11. The effect of jet-to-target spacing on the time-averaged local Nusselt number.

It should be noted that the time-averaged Nusselt number can

and Zumbrunnen [23] in the pulsed case. Due to lack of numerical be calculated by:
and experimental data concerning pulsed jet impinging on concave
surface, the present study is validated using experimental results Zt
available for pulsed impinging jet onto flat plate. 1
Nuavg ðxÞ ¼ Nuðx; tÞdt (8)
Fig. 4 shows the time-averaged local Nusselt number at the fre- Dt
0
quency of 41 Hz. In experimental data processing [23], the film
temperature is usually adopted. The comparison of numerical results
with the experimental data in Fig. 4 indicates that the prediction of
time-averaged local Nusselt number is in good agreement with the
experimental data of Mladin and Zumbrunnen [23].
Figs. 5e7, show the flow and temperature fields of steady
impinging jet and the pulsed jet with squared-shaped wave.
Fig. 5(a) and (b) shows predicted velocity magnitude and tem-
perature distributions in a steady impinging jet, respectively.
Figs. 6 and 7 present the velocity magnitude, the temperature
distributions for the square-shaped wave case at different times
during a cycle. Due to presence of stronger vortices and their
movement from stagnation point to downstream region, turbulent
intensity varies (see Fig. 8) and consequently, the heat transfer rate
increases in some regions compared to the steady case. The higher
turbulence intensity of the pulsed jet results in an increase of the
heat transfer rate in comparison with the steady jet case [2]. Xu
et al. [2] have reported the formation of stronger turbulence eddies
in the pulsed jets with respect to the steady jets. Hence, further
reduction of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers
thickness in the wall-jet region, lead to increase of heat transfer in Fig. 13. Effect of sinusoidal wave amplitude on the time-averaged local Nusselt
the case of pulsed jets. number.
 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127 125

Fig. 14. Velocity magnitude contours in the sinusoidal waves at H/B ¼ 4.0, f ¼ 40 Hz, t ¼ 0.25s and Re ¼ 6000 (a) A ¼ 0.2; (b) A ¼ 0.6.

Fig. 9 shows the variations of the time-averaged local Nusselt

Fig. 15. The comparison of local time-averaged Nusselt numbers.
number at various Reynolds numbers for the steady and pulsed jets.
As can be seen, increase of Reynolds number leads to the increase of
heat transfer rate from the surface, as expected.
The validation of pulsed impingement heat transfer results in a
cycle depends on whether the pulsating heat transfer in the first
half of the period is strong enough to compensate for the very low
heat transfer during the second half of the period [15]. By
increasing the jet Reynolds number, high jet velocity in the first half
of the period results in creation of recirculation flow in the second
half of the period. These changes lead to the heat transfer
enhancement [16] (see Fig. 9).
It is seen in Fig. 9 that at the frequency of 40 Hz, the predicted
time-averaged Nusselt number in the stagnation region for all three
Reynolds numbers in both types of pulsed jets does not differ much
from the steady case data. This occurs while in the downstream
zone the amount of heat transfer by pulsed jets increases compared
to steady jets for the three cases. From Fig. 9(a), it is observed that
the square-shaped wave pulsation of the pulsed jet has a significant
effect on Nusselt number enhancement, especially at the middle
section of the target surface (S/B z 10).

Fig. 16. Velocity magnitude contours in the pulsed case at H/B ¼ 4.0, f ¼ 40 Hz, t ¼ 0.25s, A ¼ 1.0 and Re ¼ 6000 (a) Square-shaped wave; (b) Sinusoidal wave.
126 J. Mohammadpour et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 76 (2014) 118e127

The existence of low gradients in the distribution of time- common types of oscillating waves (i.e. square-shaped and sinu-
averaged local Nusselt number in the pulsed jets (relative to soidal) are considered for the pulsed jets impinging on the concave
steady jets) from the stagnation point to downstream of the flow surface. Using pulsating jets causes a higher value of the average
causes higher rate of heat transfer from the target surface. Nusselt number on a concave surface in comparison with the steady
Another parameter which plays a major role in the rate of jet. Also, the results obtained for square-shaped waveform show
impingement heat transfer caused by pulsed jets is the frequency of the higher heat transfer rate. The increase of jet Reynolds number
pulses. Fig. 10 indicates the effect of pulsation frequency variation and consequently increase of the jet’s impingement velocity causes
on the time-averaged Nusselt number along the target surface for the enhancement of local Nusselt number. Increasing the pulsation
sinusoidal and square form wave jets. frequency induces the formation of stronger vortices, and conse-
It can be observed from this figure that the time-averaged local quently the average rate of heat transfer from the target surface
Nusselt number increases with increase of the pulsation frequency enhances. By reducing the distance between jet nozzle and concave
from 20 to 80 Hz. Even at 80 Hz frequency, the time-averaged local surface, an increase in the time-averaged Nusselt number is
Nusselt number for square-shaped case at the stagnation point observed. Also, the maximum value of stagnation Nusselt number
(x ¼ 0) is predicted to be almost higher than the corresponding occurs in the range of normalized jet-to-target spacing which is
value in the steady jet case. from 5 to 6. Finally, the increase of pulse amplitude leads to
It can also be deduced that the increase of pulsation frequency enhancing heat transfer rate in the sinusoidal waves.
from 20 to 80 Hz induces the formation of stronger vortices, and
consequently the average rate of heat transfer from the target Nomenclature
surface enhances.
Previous studies on flat surfaces have shown that by increasing
the distance of a steady jet nozzle to target surface, the rate of heat Latin symbols
transfer from the target surface diminishes [24]. The effect of jet-to- A pulse amplitude
target spacing on the distribution of time-averaged local Nusselt B slot width [m]
number for sinusoidal and square form wave jets is demonstrated f frequency of pulsation [Hz]
in Fig. 11. In the pulsed jets, the reduction of distance between jet H nozzle to plate distance [m]
nozzle and concave surface leads to increasing the local Nusselt K thermal conductivity [Wm1 K1]
number. The results indicate that the effect of jet to target distance k turbulent kineticenergy [m2s2]
on the local Nusselt number diminishes with increase of S/B for Nu Nusselt number ¼ KðTÞ q00 2B
DT
both sinusoidal and wave jets. Nuavg time-averaged local Nusselt number
Fig. 12 shows the variation of stagnation Nusselt number for five Nus,0 stagnation Nusselt number
nozzle-to-surface distances and three different Reynolds numbers P static pressure [Pa]
in both types of pulsed jets. It can be seen that for almost all pulsed q00 heat flux density [w m2]
cases the maximum value of stagnation Nusselt number occurs in Re Reynolds number (¼ruavg2B/m)
the range of 5  H/B  6 as same as some steady cases [9]. S arc distance along the concave surface [m]
Liewkongsataporn et al. [17] reported that for a jet impinging s time period [s]
onto a flat surface, by increasing pulse amplitude, the time- T temperature [k]
averaged Nusselt number is increased. Since the increase of pulse t time [s]
amplitude creates stronger and larger vortices, the rate of heat U velocity [m s1]
transfer along the surface enhances. Effect of sinusoidal wave uavg time-averaged velocity component of a pulsating jet
amplitude on the time-averaged local Nusselt number is shown in [m s1]
Fig. 13. It can be concluded that by increasing pulse amplitude from ujet jet velocity [m s1]
0.2 to 1.0, due to formation of stronger vortices (see Fig. 14), slight upeak maximum velocity component of a square wave jet
increasing the time-averaged local Nusselt number is observed. [m s1]
The computed results confirm previous studies which have
investigated jet impingement on flat surfaces and indicate the
Greek symbols
dominance of square-shaped waves over sinusoidal waves with
r density [kg m3]
respect to the amount of heat transferred from the target surface
m dynamic viscosity [kg m1s1]
(see Fig. 15). This result can be justified by referring to Fig. 16 and
3 dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy [m2 s3]
comparing two types of pulsed jets at a specific frequency and pulse
amplitude. According to this figure, the existence of stronger eddies
in the presence of square-shaped waves, as compared to the sinu- Subscripts
soidal waves, points out to the advantage of this type of waveform. f film temperature
The numerical results show that increasing the rate of heat s surface-target
transfer in the wall-jet region is much more than the impinging
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