 ENER 412 – Energy Efficiency & Management

 Lecture 4

 2023 – 2024 Session

 4. ENERGY AUDITING

At the end of this module the learner will be able to:

❖ Define energy audit i.e.What is an energy audit?
❖ Discuss reasons for carrying out an energy audit
❖ Explain the different types of energy audits
❖ Carry out the procedure for energy audits
❖ Use energy audit diagnostic tools
❖ Critique and evaluate Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs)
❖ Write Energy audit reports
❖ Implement a Monitoring and evaluation after implementing EMOs

ENER 412 Energy Efficiency & Management 16

 These are to:
❖ Clearly identify types and costs of energy use
❖ Understand how that energy is being used and
possibly wasted
❖ Identify and analyse more cost effective ways of
using energy
❖ Improve operational techniques
❖ Select appropriate new equipment
❖ Perform an economic analysis on those
alternatives and determine which are cost
effective for your business or industry.
 Energized Systems
- are systems which consume energy directly. Typical
energized systems include heating, cooling, refrigeration,
lighting, production equipment and ventilation.
- The quality of maintenance performed also helps determine
equipment efficiency.
• Non-energized systems
- Do not consume energy, but affect how much energy an
energized system must use to get its job done. Typical non-
energized systems include the building envelope, glazing on
the windows and skylight, surface finishes on interior walls
and ceilings, insulation, doors and orientation of the building.
• Human systems
- Consist of the people who affect energy consumption in the
buildings, manufacturing plants and institutions. The number
of people in a building at any given time determines how
much energy it consumes and how efficiently it consumes it.
 This one page general form is designed to
capture the energy saving potential
resulting from the plant energy survey.
The same form could be used for detailed
energy systems evaluation. It records:
 System existing conditions.
 Recommended improvements.
 Calculated benefits.
 Implementation cost; and
 Simple payback or return on investment.
 The Audit must begin with detailed analysis of
the energy bills for at least the previous
twelve months. This is important because:
 The bills show the proportionate use of each
different energy source when compared to the
total energy bill.
 An examination of where energy is used can
point out previously unknown energy wastes
and;
 The total amount spent on energy puts an
obvious upper limit on the amount that can
be saved.
 A complete analysis of energy bills for a
facility requires a detailed knowledge of the
rate structures (tariff) in use for the facility.
 To accurately determine the cost of
operating individual pieces of equipment,
break down energy bills into components.
 For example, demand charge and energy
charges for the electric bills.
 This break down is also used for more
accurate savings calculations for Energy
Management Opportunities (EMOs) such as
high-efficiency equipment, rescheduling of
some on-peak electrical uses, etc.
 Identify layout and operating schedules
of a facility.
- Make a plan or sketch of building(s)
which shows building size, room size,
window areas and wall and roof
composition and installation.
• Compile an equipment inventory.
- All energy consuming equipment, with
hours of use each year and energy ratings
or efficiencies.
 Determine the pattern of building use
and show annual needs for heating,
cooling and lighting.

 Conduct a room-by-room lighting

inventory
- Light fixtures.
- Lamp types, sizes and numbers
- Levels of illumination
- Use of task lighting
 Obtain the facility layout plan;
review it to determine:
- Facility size
- Floor plan
- Construction features (wall and
roof materials, insulation levels,
door and window sizes and
construction).
 Obtain operating hours for the facility
 How many shifts does the facility run
 Is there only a single shift, two or
three?
 Knowing the operating hours in
advance gives some indication as to
whether any loads could be shifted to
off peak times.
 Get equipment list for a facility and review
it before conducting an audit
 Identify all large pieces of energy
consuming equipment such as:
- heaters, air conditioners, water heaters,
and specific process related equipment.
• Equipment list and data on operational
use of equipment provide understanding
of major energy consuming tasks or
equipment at a facility.
1) Building Envelope
2) HVAC system
3) Electrical supply system
4) Lighting
5) Boiler and steam system
6) Hot water system
7) Compressed air system
8) Motors
9) Special purpose process equipment.
10) Discuss contributions of the highlighted
systems above to energy management in
a facility – deadline 10/10/22
1) What function(s) does this system
serve?
2) How does this system serve its
function(s)?
3) What is the energy consumption of
this system?
4) What are the indicators that this
system is probably working?
5) If this system is not working, how
can it be restored to good working
condition?
6) How can energy cost of this system
be reduced?
7) How should this system be
maintained?
8) Who has direct responsibility for
maintaining and improving the
operation and energy efficiency of this
system.
 During the on-site audit, take note of
potential EMOs that are evident.
 In general, devote the greatest effort to
analysing and implementing the EMOs
which show the greatest savings, and the
least effort to those with smallest saving
potential.
 Identifying EMOs requires a good
knowledge of energy efficient
technologies available to do the same job
with less energy and cost.
 The Energy Audit Report:

- Explains
the final results of the
energy analysis.

- Provides
energy cost saving
recommendations.
 Executive summary
 Brief summary of recommendations and
cost savings
 Introduction
- Purpose of the energy audit
- Need for a continuing energy control
programme
• Facility description, product or service
and materials flow (size, construction,
facility layout and hours of operation)
• Equipment list with specifications.
 Energy bills analysis
- Utility rate structures
- Tables/graphs of energy
consumptions and costs
- Discussion of energy cost and energy
bills
• Energy Management Opportunities
- listing of potential EMOs
- Cost saving analysis
- Economic evaluation
• Energy action plan
- recommended ECOs and schedule for
implementing EMOs
- Designation of an energy monitoring and
on-going programme
• Conclusion
- Additional comments not otherwise
covered
 Duringyour Mid Semester
break, carry out an energy
audit of your residence at
home or where you live. Write
a brief report and submit on
23rd October 2023.
 To obtain the best information for a
successful energy cost control
programme, the auditor must make some
measurements during the visit.
 The equipment needed depends on the
type of energy consuming equipment
used at a facility, and on the potential
EMOs
 For example, for waste heat recovery
EMO, the auditor must take substantial
temperature measurement from potential
heat sources.
 Portable digital thermometer to measure
the temperatures of exposed surfaces of
steam pipes, boilers and furnaces or
refrigerating systems
 light meter to assess the level of
illumination;
 Tachometer to check the speed (RPM) of
rotating parts of an equipment
 Psychrometer to establish the properties
of air.
❖Voltmeter – voltage
❖Ammeter – current
❖Wattmeter – real power
❖Cosine Phi Meter –
apparent power
❖Light meter – light levels
❖etc
2. Temperature 3. Combustion
Measurements Measurements
❖ Thermometer Orsat apparatus
❖ Surface Pyrometer Combustion
analysers
❖ Portable Electronic 0₂, CO, CO₂
Thermometer Sometimes Noₓ
❖ Thermocouple No of particles
particulates (ppm)
probe.
❖Anemometer – deflecting vane
❖Anemometer – rotating vane
❖Pitot tube
❖Hot wire anemometer.
5. Pressure 6. Humidity
❖ Manometer Psychrometer
❖ Bourdon Gauge Hygrometrer
The real temperature of an object can
be found by measuring its emitted
radiation:
❖Infrared cameras
❖Infrared Thermograph
❖Hand held units
8) Compressed air leak detectors
❖Ultrasound leak detectors

9) Steam leak detectors

❖Ultrasonic leak detectors
❖Use of steam traps
Safety – a crucial part of any energy audit
❖ All auditors should have a basic knowledge of
safety equipment and procedures
❖ Before touring a facility, auditors should be
thoroughly briefed on any specialised safety
equipment and procedures for the facility
❖ Auditors should never place themselves in a
position where they could injure themselves or
other people at the facility.
Safety equipment – a vital precaution for
any energy auditor:
❖ Safety glasses – generally a necessity
❖ Hearing protectors needed in noisy
facilities or in areas where high
horsepower motors are used to drive fan
and pumps
❖ Steel-toe and steel-shank safety boots –
needed in facilities where heavy, hot,
sharp or hazardous materials are being
used.
❖ Cannot change the building envelope without a
major refurbishment
- Unfortunately the payback periods for retrofitting the
building envelope tend to be long.
- Payback periods typically vary from seven years
upwards
- You will seldom get paybacks of less than five years
❖ Options available for existing buildings are
- insulating building roof, air conditioning ducting and
piping
- Use of reflective and tinted glazing
- Installation of shading devices.
 STOP ON 12/09/2023
Building Envelope
❖Energy managers to be aware of the
influence of the building envelope and
its characteristics
❖Although most buildings will not
present a business case through
retrofitting of the envelope, good
understanding of the envelope’s
characteristics are essential for proper
energy management.
❖ The best time to implement energy
efficiency measures is during the design
stage of a building.
❖ Keep in mind what the intended use of
the building will be:
-Day lighting cannot be used efficiently in a
cinema.
-Don’t use windows that open to an operating
theatre.
❖Boiler
❖Turbine
❖Feed water
❖Steam
❖Heat recovery

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❖ Insulation
❖ lighting

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Responsibilities of energy managers or co-
ordinators include:
❖monitoring consumption and costs,
❖setting targets,
❖identifying and correcting faults,
❖motivating staff to conserve energy
and
❖identifying and implementing
energy saving measures.

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 Actual cost Budget Variance ($) % Variance
($) ($)
Dept. A
Electricity
Natural gas
Steam
Water
Others
Total
Dept. B
Electricity
Natural gas
Steam
Water
Others
Total
etc

Table: Summary of Energy performance report for different units

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An “energy master plan” links
energy management with an
organization's overall business
strategy and incorporates financial,
business management, and
communications concerns along
with technical considerations.

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❖Centralised grid system: large-scale power
generating and auxiliary plants and massive
transmission lines.
❖Some end users are in very distant remote
areas from the power source.
❖The generating capacities of power plants are
huge and still increasing.
❖Distributed generation: “power generation
technologies below 10 MW electrical output
that can be sited at or near the load they
serve.”
❖Most renewable sources e.g., PV can easily
operate on distributed systems.
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❖ Ifwe must change our energy technologies over
a relatively short period of time, where are the
best alternatives?
❖ How should we invest in developing better
alternatives?
❖ What are the drivers that will encourage timely
development and market penetration of these
technologies?
❖ Do we also have to change behaviors?
❖ Climate change
 Shifting regional weather patterns impacting
agriculture, water, storms, floods, human comfort
etc.
 Most impact on the poor: wealthy countries can
better afford mitigation strategies.

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 Improve combustion & conversion processes
 Use of filters and catalytic converters could
considerably reduce the emission of air
pollutants, making energy utilisation more
sustainable.
 Use energy efficient technologies: lowering end
users' energy bills and the emissions associated
with energy use.
 Commitment to energy management e.g.,
energy efficiency of buildings.
 Deploy distributed power systems.

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❖ In order to provide a reasonable material quality
of life to every citizen on Earth, while at the
same time saving energy, energy should be
utilized more efficiently in terms of technology,
social structures, and lifestyles.
❖ It makes sense then to be cautious and conserve
non-renewable fuels for use by future
generations and to control the global
greenhouse effect. So, energy use should be
decreased, and renewable sources of energy
should be the preferred or be the primary
option. Such a paradigm will save the
environment from adverse effects of increasing
energy consumption.
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