Int. j. inf. tecnol.
(August 2022) 14(5):2549–2558
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-022-00954-5
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
An approach to analyse energy consumption of an IoT system
Hanumant Kumar Yugank1 • Richa Sharma1 • Sindhu Hak Gupta1
Received: 23 November 2021 / Accepted: 16 April 2022 / Published online: 8 May 2022
Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management 2022
Abstract Internet of Thing (IoT) has emerged as the one
of best solution to provide service for different applications
such as smart cities and precision agriculture. In the
infrastructure based on an IoT network, multiple sensors or
smart devices are linked to the IoT gateway. These devices
consume considerably more power during the transmission
or reception of data from the transceiver to the gateway, in
comparison to sensing the data through sensors or pro-
cessing data. The electronic devices used in smart build-
ings, smart cities, and smart agricultural system consumes
more energy than traditional electronic equipment. To
sustain the growing demand of smart appliances, opti-
mization of smart electronic devices in terms of power
consumption is essential. Many researchers and scientists
are now working on optimizing energy usage as a central
focus, along with providing comfort atmosphere to smart
application projects. In this paper, energy consumption for
sensors and system on chips (SoCs) has been calculated
with respect to the duty cycle. The threshold region for
operating the device has been obtained by finding the
minimum eigenvalue. Further, the signal to noise (SNR)
has been estimated using the pathloss equation for the
received signal. The central target of this work is to opti-
mize power consumption by using an artificial neural net-
work (ANN). The performance of ANN has been acquired
& Sindhu Hak Gupta
shak@amity.edu
Hanumant Kumar Yugank
hanumant.yugank@s.amity.edu
Richa Sharma
rsharma6@amity.edu
1
Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity
University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
by the mean square error (MSE) function, using the scaled
conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm. The data set of 180
samples, for the training of neural network has been cre-
ated. Also, the other parameters like the SNR, operable
region, and energy efficient region for SoCs using the
concept of duty-cycle have also been obtained for
optimization.
Keywords Artificial neural-network  Duty Cycle  Energy
Consumption  Optimization  Threshold value
1 Introduction
Internet of Thing (IoT) provides a platform to link up
multiple items/devices to the Internet where these devices
can interact with each other, for example, smart electric
vehicles, waste management system, drainage systems,
hospitals, traffic management systems, and emergency
services (i.e., fire alarm system, flood alarm system, and
security alarm system) in a smart city [1]. The purpose of
IoT is not limited to the smart cities only. It also provides a
platform for surveillance of forest areas and endangered
species by connecting various sensors and smart surveil-
lance cameras [2]. Nowadays, IoT is being used in smart
agriculture systems where the management of the crop is
done by help of connecting sensors and actuators to the
smartphone using the internet and cloud services [3].
Internet of Thing (IoT) is emerging rapidly with the
necessity of an increasing number of associated devices,
which are interlinked to perform a specific task via using
the internet. Utilizing ever more devices to achieve goals
such as smart city, which has advance management sys-
tems that uses artificial intelligence to make service easier
and faster with smart monitoring systems [4]. However,
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scaling the number of connecting devices is not that easy,
as it increases the data generated and consumes more
energy. While using normal appliances, they consume less
energy than smart IoT devices, as the smart IoT device has
an additional communication and controlling unit which
requires an additional amount of power. This increase in
the energy demand of the IoT devices puts an additional
load on the energy grid, where a major amount of power is
being supplied through traditional thermal power plants.
This thermal power plant emits greenhouse gases, and it
pollutes the whole environment, which contributes to the
rise of global temperature and increases the sea level [5, 6].
This increase in power demand has attracted many
researchers and scientists’ interest towards discovering
energy efficient devices and optimizing the system to save
unnecessary energy usage [7]. Energy optimization is one
of the major factors while designing any IoT architecture,
specially while deploying the IoT systems in the battery
constrained environment. Many IoT devices run mainly on
power delivered by battery-based sources and replacing or
recharging these batteries is not easy and economical [8].
The components of IoT system are generally very small in
size and have constrained design and battery capacity. So,
it is very important to optimize the lifespan of each device
and select each module of IoT very precisely as different
modules are based on different current consuming capa-
bilities and efficiency [9].
The removal of energy wastage which is consumed
while performing any given task is called optimization.
Even when the task has been performed, the system is on,
and is still consuming energy. For example, if the tem-
perature data has been collected by the heat sensor, the
system is still running and gives another data which is
unnecessary if the temperature change is not very frequent.
This wastage of energy put an unnecessary burden and
increases the energy requirement [10]. The energy con-
sumption of IoT devices depends upon the different tasks
performed by individual elements for different applica-
tions. Many studies and research have been done to opti-
mize energy consumption in IoT systems. Each of these
research aims towards the optimization of specific sections
or techniques of an IoT system [11]. Optimization of
energy consumption for household applications has been
accomplished considerably more in comparison to other
applications, due to the high demand of smart homes
applications [12]. The optimization of IoT devices is also
necessary for applications such as smart agriculture sys-
tems, where the devices are not required to be put at task
for a continuous period.
Nowadays, instead of using separate microcontrollers,
transmitters and receiver modules, a single integrated cir-
cuit Soc is being used. SoC is an integrated circuit that
comprises each essential piece of an electronic element and
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Int. j. inf. tecnol. (August 2022) 14(5):2549–2558
circuitry on a single chip. These Soc have built-in micro-
controller units along with a transceiver module. The
power is mainly drained in either transmitting mode or
receiving mode. Power consumption by the microcontroller
is very less in comparison to transmitting mode and
receiving mode. Sometimes the power used by the micro-
controllers ranges in microwatts [13]. But, when talking
about SoC, power consumption is about a few milliwatts,
and if talking in terms of battery constraint devices, this
amount of power consumption is also huge.
The application of IoT in a smart grid system is to
reduce the energy wastage in grids. But when considering
the low-power IoT application, the optimization of the IoT
system itself is very crucial [14]. There are many ways to
save energy consumption in IoT systems, such as using
different modulation techniques and different computa-
tional techniques (i.e., cloud computing and edge com-
puting) [15]. The ANN is put into practice in the electronic
domain and used for optimization purposes in many fields
for different applications. Generally, for optimizing the
non-linear function, an ANN is preferred for modelling the
function as it can resemble the complex comportment with
the preferred level of precision [16].
In the management of power utilization in smart build-
ings, advanced BMS (building management system) is
been preferred for a long term reliable and better load
handling for smart buildings [17]. The optimization of
energy consumption in a smart city is being carried out
using machine learning, as it is highly reliable and has the
least error rate [18]. A hybrid method for optimization of
power flow can be implemented to enhance the end result.
A hybrid method based on fuzzy algorithm provides the
benefit of both the ANN as well as fuzzy based method
[19].
Many researchers have worked on the optimization of
IoT systems by applying several different methods as
shown in Table.1. All the optimizations were based either
on the number of the end device or on managing the power
distribution. But a void has been detected as none have
implemented ANN to optimize the duty cycle of IoT
devices. Also, the optimal working region of these devices
has not been emphasized much. In this paper, the optimal
performance region of an IoT device as well as energy and
power consumption by various sensors and SoCs for a
given application has been discussed. Further, the opti-
mization of energy consumption using ANN has been
performed.
This paper has been split up into four sections; Sect. 2
presents the proposed system model and discusses the
signal to noise ratio, threshold region, and optimization
using ANN; then Sect. 3 talk about the results and simu-
lation. And the last portion concludes this paper in Sect. 4.
Int. j. inf. tecnol. (August 2022) 14(5):2549–2558 2551

Table 1 Related work

Reference Objective Method Outcome
no.

[4] Optimization of energy consumption Bat algorithm, fuzzy logic, extreme learning machine Improved comfort index after
and Parameter’s selection according optimization and reduced
to user preference energy consumption
[6] Resource management and improved Lyapunov stochastic optimization approach Improve throughput, reduced
performance of ECIoT end-to-end delay, and delay
trade-off
[8] Calculation of energy consumption of Estimation of consumed power by sensor node in Optimized LoRaWAN
sensor node element different LoRaWAN modes and effect of different parameters and energy
LoRaWAN parameters consumption by the sensor
node
[10] Prediction of energy consumption and System lifetime prediction based on probabilistic More precise prediction of
life span of wireless sensor network approach and Markov’s chains lifetime of sensor network
[11] Energy optimization and scheduling of Device scheduling optimization equation and fuzzy High accuracy for proposed
equipment/device algorithm for the device scheduling model and energy economy
[19] Optimizing energy consumption for Applying genetic algorithm (GA) on Cloud of Things Better performances than
cloud computing (CoT) ETCORA algorithm for
Optimization
Proposed To Analyse and optimise the energy Optimising the threshold region and operable region Improved throughput and
work consumption of IoT devices for SoCs. Obtaining the optimal duty cycle using optimised duty cycle
Artificial Neural Network

2 System architecture

The IoT general architecture is shown in Fig. 1. The sen-

sors are the basic component of the IoT system, which is
connected to the microcontroller unit (MCU). The signal
from the MCU is transmitted to the gateways by using the
transceiver. The gateway acts as a bridge between the
sensor node and the cloud service.
The sensors are devices that transduces the change in the
Fig. 2 IoT architecture modelling using distinct alternatives in
physical parameter into the corresponding amount of sensors, SoCs, and gateways
electrical signal. The sensors are generally used to sense
the difference in temperature, humidity, moisture, pressure, Fig. 2, modules (Sensors, SoCs and Gateway) that could be
motion, etc. These sensors are controlled using electronic used in different applications are listed. The overall energy
chips, called a microcontroller. The microcontroller and utilization of any module is hinged on the active mode in
transceiver unit could be implemented on a single-chip conjunction with the sleeping mode [8].
known as SoC, where the computation and transmission is The overall energy consumption ETotal for communi-
done by a single SoC, as shown in Fig. 1. cating to the sensor through transmitter during one machine
Further, power consumption in different operating states cycle is provided through (1) [8]:
of sensor, MCU, and transceiver has been discussed. In

Fig. 1 General Architecture of

traditional IoT network

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ETotal ¼ EActive þ ESleep ð1Þ
where EActive is energy utilization for the period of the
active mode and ESleep energy consumption during the
sleeping mode by different modules such as MCUs,
transceivers, and sensors. Energy consumption varies in
devices for different operating modes such as sleeping
mode, transmission mode, reception mode, and data pro-
cessing mode. But most of the power is consumed during
the transmitting mode, receiving mode, and when MCU is
processing the data, the power consumed by SoCs and
sensors can be calculated by (2), (3), and (4), respectively
as illustrated in [8].
ESleep ¼ PSleep  TSleep ð2Þ
EActiveSensors ¼ Pon  Ton ð3Þ
EActiveSoC ¼ ½ðPMCU þ PR Þ  TR  þ ½ðPMCU þ PTr Þ  TTr 
ð4Þ
where PSleep is the power utilization for the period of
sleeping mode and T Sleep is the time duration in the
sleeping mode. Pon & T on is the power consumption and
time duration, respectively, by the sensor. PMCU is the
power consumption by the microcontroller, PR is the power
consumption during receiving mode, T R is time duration
during the receiving mode, PMCU is the power consumed
by the microcontroller, PTr is the power consumption
during transmitting mode, T Tr is time duration during the
transmitting mode, and ES is the energy consumed by
sensor during the active mode.
The power transmitted by the transmitter is associated
with the sensitivity of the receiver. The sensitivity of a
receiver is defined as the minimum signal strength required
to convert the electromagnetic waves into a digital signal.
To find the sensitivity, the SNR plays a crucial role. The
ratio of power received signal and noise is defined as SNR,
it is a free space parameter that is important to find out the
total efficiency of a wireless communication system. With
an increase in distance, SNR starts decreasing exponen-
tially. Although when transmitted power increases, SNR
improves linearly. The SNR has been computed in [20] by
the author and is given by:
Pt
SNR ¼ ð5Þ
Pl  No
where Pt is power transmitted, Pl is path loss and N o is the
noise power. In the proposed system model, free space has
been considered as the channel for propagating signals. The
path loss (Pl ) equation has been specified by the author in
[21] and is expressed as:
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Int. j. inf. tecnol. (August 2022) 14(5):2549–2558
 
4p
Pl ¼ 20log10 þ 20log10 ð f Þ þ 20log10 ðdÞ  GR  GT
c
ð6Þ
where ‘d’ is distance, ‘f’ is frequency, ‘c’ is the velocity of
light, and GR & GT are the gain of receiving and trans-
mitting antennas. The embedded devices are designed to
perform certain work, which requires some minimum
duration of time. Different peripheral devices connected at
the node take a different amount of time. For this duration,
the device is said to be in an active state. After completion
of a designated task, the device goes into the sleep state.
The combination of sleep state and active state is referred
to as the duty cycle, which is briefed in the next paragraph.
The embedded System works efficiently when the heat
generated during the active state is well dissipated. Dissi-
pation of heat is directly proportional to the time duration
in which the heat is transferred to the environment from the
electronic component. To increase this duration, the con-
cept of the duty cycle is introduced. This provides more
duration for heat dissipation than the heat generation time
slot. In Fig. 3, the calculation of duty cycle for one period
(i.e., one machine cycle) has been demonstrated, where one
period is equal to T Total .
The ratio of time in which the device is working or is in
active state in comparison to the total time period (i.e.,
active state and sleep state) is referred to as its duty cycle
and is specified in [25] as:
Tactive
Dutycycle ¼  100% ð7Þ
TTotal
The threshold is the limit, range, or level on a scale to
which the device works properly, without any permanent
damage or any degradation of its output efficiency. To find
the threshold value of power consumption, the covariance
matrix of power consumption with respect to duty cycle
(D) needed to be obtained using (9). The covariance matrix
is a square matrix obtained by arranging the table of energy
consumed by the device into a square matrix.
Then compute the Eigen-value using the covariance
matrix. A special set of scalars correlated to a linear system
of equations are described as eigenvalues. The ratio of
maximum power consumption and minimum eigen-value
Fig. 3 Graph of duty cycle for an electronic device
Int. j. inf. tecnol. (August 2022) 14(5):2549–2558
is referred to as threshold power limit (PthÞ and the area
nearby this point is called threshold region and is illustrated
in [22] and expressed as:
Maximum power consumption ðPmax Þ
Pth ¼ ð8Þ
Minimum Eigen Value
here, the minimum Eigen-value is the lowest number of
eigenvalues obtained from the covariance matrix.
After finding out the threshold region, ANN is applied to
obtain the optimised value of power consumption with
respect to the respective duty cycle, which is discussed in
the next section.
3 Optimization using ANN algorithm
Formulation: The optimization of power consumption to
realize the optimised value of duty-cycle for a given SoCs
by applying the ANN using a neural network fitting tool.
A non-linear function can be modelled using ANN, and
it could optimize the power consumption for the proposed
IoT application. By using (1), (2), and (4) power con-
sumption for an SoC be calculated as,
PDA  TActive þ PDS  TSleep
PTotal ¼ ð9Þ
TTotal
where PdA is power consumption by the device during the
active state and PDS is the power consumption during the
sleeping state by the respective device.
From Eq. (9), it can be observed that power consump-
tion depends on power consumption during the active and
sleeping state and the total duration of the considered duty
cycle. The power consumption is directly proportional to
the given duty cycle. Power consumption by the SoC is
detected to be a non-linear function and has been acquired
as a targeted output to perform the optimization using the
ANN tool. The proposed setup has five input vectors in the
input space and requires a regression model. Using the
SCG algorithm gives the desired result when it renews
weight and bias values agreeing to this method [20].
In Fig. 4, the ANN model is shown consists of 3 layers;
an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. A
dataset consisting of 180 samples of power consumption,
duty cycle, and energy consumed has been used to train the
neural network. This dataset has been created using the
Fig. 4 Neural Network training
model
2553
current consumption information during various states by
the device, which is easily available with datasheet of
corresponding element. Then this current consumption
value is being used in calculating the power consumption
value of that device, which is being used in Eq. 1–4, for
calculation of values in dataset. This dataset has been
created for different value of duty cycle, which is discussed
further in this paper.
For the hidden layer, the number of neurons has taken in
order to avoid underfitting, overfitting, and incresed com-
putational time [23]. The five inputs that have been con-
sidered are duty-cycle, energy consumption in an active
state, power consumption in an active state, power con-
sumption in the sleep state, and total energy consumed.
And the total power consumed has been taken as out-
put/targeted value [24].
The performance of this model has been carried out
using MSE function. The square of the difference between
the input data and targeted value gives the MSE as illus-
trated in [17] by the author and is given by:
1X n
MSE ¼ ½Input data  Targete value2 ð10Þ
n i¼1
where n is the number of sample data. By using the SCG
algorithm, the MSE function can be generated and further
use for find the optimized value of power consumption.
SCG belongs to the class of conjugate gradient method and
is a learning algorithm for the neural network. In this type
of algorithm, the weight is updated at each iteration [20].
In Table 2, a sample data set is calculated using the
value of current consumption at a particular voltage
obtained from the datasheet of an SoC (ATZB-X0-256-3-0-
C). The Duty-cycle (%) is obtained using Eq. (7) and
EActive is derived using Eq. (4). Then the PActive & PSleep is
obtained for the same value of duty cycle, for which the
EActive has been calculated. PTotal is the overall power
consumed, and it acts as targeted output for ANN, which
has been obtained using Eq. (9).
The output of the ANN has been deliberated in the next
section, along with the effect of duty-Cycle on energy and
power consumption. The output and graph of SNR, effec-
tive operable region for an SoC (FMLR-STM-SX1280) has
been also illustrated.
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Table 2 Sample dataset of

Inputs Output
inputs for training of ANN
Duty-cycle (%) EActive (mJ) PActive (mW) PSleep (mW) ETotal (mJ) PTotal (mW)

0.55 222 0.61 0.000895 222.00 0.61

1.66 666 1.85 0.000885 666.00 1.85
3.33 1332 3.7 0.00087 1332.00 3.7
7.22 2886 8.01 0.000835 2886.00 8.01
8.33 3330 9.25 0.000825 3330.00 9.25
9.44 3774 10.48 0.000815 3774.00 10.48
10.55 4218 11.71 0.000805 4218.05 11.71
11.66 4662 12.95 0.000795 4662.00 12.95
12.77 5106 14.18 0.000785 5106.00 14.18

4 Result and discussion
The effect of the duty cycle on energy and power con-
sumption of sensors and SoCs have been illustrated in this
section. To find the value of power consumed, current
consumption during active state and sleep state has been
multiplied with the value voltage supplied to find the power
consumption in an active state and sleep state, respectively.
The product of voltage and current consumption gives the
value of PActive and PSleep .
In Fig. 5a the power utilization vs. duty cycle has been
mapped for different SoCs. In this figure, it could be
noticed that spiralling the duty cycle boosts the power
utilization of the SoCs. Similarly, in Fig. 5b, the total
energy consumed versus duty cycle has been plotted for
numerous SoCs. Now while increasing the duty cycle, rises
the energy spending of SoCs. From Fig. 5a and b, it can be
observed that ATZB-X0-256-3-0-C consumes the most
amount of power and energy, and STM32WB55xx con-
sumes the least amount of power as well as energy amongst
different SoCs.
In Fig. 6a and b, energy utilization for the period of the
active mode and sleeping mode has been mapped for var-
ious SoCs. In Fig. 6a and b, it can be observed that ATZB-
X0-256-3-0-C consumes most of the energy in an active
state, but STM32WB55xx consumes the most amount of
energy in a sleep state. Whereas STM32WB55xx con-
sumes the least amount of energy in the active state, and
STM32WB55xx consumes the least amount of energy in a
sleep state.
While optimizing the IoT system, it is also necessary to
select the optimum value of transmitted power as per
application requirements. In Fig. 7, a graph of SNR vs.
distance at different transmitted power has been plotted. It
could be observed from the graph that by either increasing
the frequency or the distance, the signal to noise ratio gets

(a) (b)
Fig. 5 a Power Consumption vs Duty Cycle for different SoCs. b Total Energy Consumed vs Duty Cycle for different SoCs

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(a)
Fig. 6 a Energy Utilization in Active mode contrasted with time duration for different SoCs. b Energy Utilization in sleep mode contrast with
time duration for different SoC
Fig. 7 SNR vs. Distance at different transmitted power
reduced. The values of SNR in Fig. 7 have been plotted
using values given in Table 3 in (5). The value of SNR
ranges between 110 and 128 dB over a distance of 1–50 m.
In Fig. 8, the graph of Energy and power consumption
vs. duty cycle has been plotted. Ideally, 50% of the duty
cycle for any embedded system is recommended, and the
region nearby this is called threshold region. This region
generally lies between 40 and 60%. If the device is
Table 3 Values and units of parameters used in (6) to obtain SNR
Parameter Value
h 1
Pt 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1
No -137
f 2.4
2555
(b)
working below 40% duty cycle, the system is considered as
energy efficient. Although when it is working for more than
60% of its duty cycle, the system is considered as energy
inefficient.
In Fig. 9 Graph of the different operable regions for SoC
(FLRM-STM-SX1280) has been plotted. The threshold
power has been obtained using Eq. (9). The region above
this value is referred tto as the non-operable region as it is
not recommended to exceed this limit. The region below
this point is divided into two sections, threshold region, and
operable region. A similar graph could be obtained for
other SoCs using the same technique, but to reduce the
length of paper, only the result of FLRM-STM-SX1280 has
been plotted in this paper.
Optimization of Output:
In this section, the performance of the ANN model has
been plotted. In Fig. 10, the regression curve fit for the
output and input data set has been plotted. For training,
validation, and testing sets, the regression plot is it obtained
with respect to the Output (Y) = targeted value (T), where
R shows the relation between the output and target. The
value of R is around 0.98 for training, testing, and vali-
dation, this means that system has an accuracy is around
98%.
Figure 11 shows the gradient and validation checks for
Unit
the ANN model. The gradient is the measure of change in
weights with respect to change in error, whereas validation
mW is the process in which the accuracy of the trained network
dBm is calculated for the testing dataset. At epoch 13, gradient
dBm and validation checks are 345 and 6, respectively, for the
GHz considered model.
In Fig. 12a, the ANN model performance has been
evaluated in the provision of MSE versus the number of
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Fig. 8 Energy efficient region,

threshold region, energy
inefficient region for SoC
(FLRM-STM-SX1280)

Fig. 9 Operable region,

threshold region, non-operable
region for SoC (FLRM-STM-
SX1280)

epochs. For the best output of the trained ANN algorithm,
the difference between the ANN’s and the target value for
the training dataset should be minimum. Here, the best will
validation comes at 7 epochs. In Fig. 12b, the error his-
togram for the ANN model has been plotted. After training
the neural network, a histogram of the errors among the
predicted values and the target values is called an error
histogram. The errors in Fig. 12b are mostly distributed
between - 11.58 and 14.48, but the maximum error occurs
between - 0.608 and 2.135, respectively. The minimum
error value of Power consumption (58.5 mW) is obtained
which can be further used to optimize duty-cycle and
energy consumed.
The optimization of power consumption of SoC will be
very helpful in improving the link budget of similar system
models. Optimization of embedded systems used for
implementing the IoT system also plays a decisive role in
increasing the system performance. Whether it’s a sensor,
micro-controller, or the transmitter, reducing the duty cycle
helps maintain the heat dissipation as well as avoid throt-
tling of electronic components. Using the ANN technique
for optimization at different level of IoT provides better

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Fig. 10 Regression output for testing, training, and validation
Fig. 11 Variation in performance of validation checks and gradient error
(a)
Fig. 12 Execution of ANN model a best validation. b Error histogram
insight into a way to reduce the unnecessary reduction of
lifespan of IoT devices. This can increase the service time
of implemented system and would also increase the
applicability of low powered IoT devices in innovative
applications.
2557
(b)
5 Conclusion
In an IoT configuration, power consumption occurs most
during the wireless data transmission, rather than in sensing
and processing the data. The transceiver or SoCs should be
chosen in a manner that meets the requirement of the
applied applications. Different SoCs work on different
modulation techniques and have different abilities with
respect to data transmission power and range. The same
concept is applicable to the sensors also, as they work on
different techniques and technology, choosing the
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appropriate and compatible sensor is also valuable. But
only selecting the specific element in the IoT system is not
sufficient, one should also take care of its operable range,
which could be observed by calculating the SNR and
threshold region for operating these devices. The concept
of the duty cycle plays a significant role in the safety of
embedded devices used in an application. The system
architecture illustrated in this paper gives a vision towards
selecting the component for an IoT application and oper-
ating it in a permissible range. Using the ANN tool, the
power consumption of the devices could be optimized.
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