STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Second Semester, Third Quarter

School Year 2023 – 2024

LESSON # 5
IDENTIFYING REGIONS UNDER NORMAL CURVE CORRESPONDS TO DIFFERENT STANDARD NORMAL VALUES

Note:
1. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.
2. The standard normal distribution is defined as normally distributed random variable having a mean of zero ( μ= 0 ) and
standard deviation of one (𝜎 = 1)

Z-Score
• Standard Score
• A measurement of how many standard deviations below or above the population mean a raw score is.
• z-score is equal to 0, it is on the mean
• positive z-score, the raw score is higher than the mean average
• negative z-score, the raw score is below the mean average

Table of Areas under the Normal Curve

• also known as z-table
• the value from this table negative z-score, the raw score is below the mean average

STEPS ON HOW TO FIND THE AREA THAT CORRESPONDS TO Z –VALUE

1. Draw/sketch a normal curve and locate the given z-value on the normal curve
2. Shade the region of the curve according to the condition of z-value whether it is below, above, or between.
3. Use the table of the area under the normal curve to find the corresponding area.
4. Choose the appropriate operation based on step 2 and 3
4.1. When the z-value is to the left or any related terms (e.g. below, less than) just write the value we obtained in step
3
4.2. When the z-value is to the right or any related terms (e.g. above, greater than), subtract 1 by the obtained value
in step 3
4.3. When the shaded region is in between of the two z-value, subtract the biggest by the smallest value obtained in
step 3
5. Label the shaded region and draw a conclusion
LESSON # 6
CONVERTING A NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE TO A STANDARD NORMAL VARIABLE AND VICE-VERSA
“Standardizing” or “Standardization”
✓ The procedure of converting a random variable x to a standard normal variable or z-score (standardized value)
✓ A z-score is a measure of the number of standard deviations (σ) a particular data value is away from the mean (μ).

𝒙 − 𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
z = standard normal score
x = any data in normal distribution
𝝁 = mean
σ = standard deviation

Given any value x from a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ, to convert x to a z-score (standard normal score),
you need to;
(a) Subtract the mean μ from x.
(b) Divide this quantity, 𝑥 – 𝜇, by the standard deviation σ.

Example 1.
Suppose IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10. If your IQ is 85, what is your z-score?
(Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths)

Example 2.
On a nationwide placement test that is normally distributed, the mean was 125 and standard deviation was 15. If you scored 149, what
was your z-score? (Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths)

Example 3.
The heights of teachers in Sta. Catalina National High School are normally distributed with a mean of 150 cm and standard deviation of
15 cm. The height of Sir Victor has a z-score of 3.25. What is the actual height of Sir Victor? (Round off your answer to the nearest
hundredths)
LESSON # 7
COMPUTING PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES USING THE STANDARD NORMAL TABLE
Percentile
- a measure of relative standing.
- a descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement to the rest of the data
- Example, the 90th percentile would be located at a point such that 90% of the total area under the relative frequency
histogram lies below the 90th percentile and 10% lies above.

• A normal distribution curve can be used as a probability distribution curve for normally distributed variables. The area under
the standard normal distribution curve can also be thought of as a probability.
In finding probabilities, the following notations will be used:
a) 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) – probability at the left of 𝑧
b) 𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑧) = 1 – 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) – probability at the right of 𝑧
c) 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏) – the probability of 𝑧 that is in between two other 𝑧 values, say 𝑎 and 𝑏
d) 𝑃(𝑧 < 𝑎 ) ∪ 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑏 ) – the probability of 𝑧 is in the opposite direction of two values, say 𝑎 and 𝑏
e) 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑥) – probability at the left of a normal random variable 𝑥
f) (𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑥) – probability at the right of a normal random variable 𝑥
g) 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏) – the probability of a normal random variable 𝑋 that is in between two other normal random variables, say 𝑎 and
𝑏.
h) P(𝑋 < 𝑎 ) ∪ 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑏 ) – the probability of 𝑋 is in the opposite direction of two values, say 𝑎 and 𝑏

TRY TO ANSWER
A. Find the probabilities for each of the following.
a) 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.32)
b) 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.05)
c) 𝑃(−0.75 < 𝑍 < 1.56)
d) 𝑃(𝑍 > −0.88)

B. Let 𝑋 be a normal random variable with mean 𝜇 = 15 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 3. Find the probabilities of the following:
a) 𝑃(𝑋 < 19)
b) 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19)

C. The mean number of hours a Filipino worker spends on the computer is 3.1 hours per workday. Suppose the spending time is
normally distributed with a standard deviation of 0.5 hour, find the percentage of workers who spend less than3.5 hours on the
computer assuming that the variable is normally distributed.