Dato:

Vo DuLE- ULTRASONIS
Ultragonic wawe
Proper hec p _ultaconic
Proouchion _ouLbasonc
Piozoelechrio Methool
_Magnetocticthon Mehol
Dekechon oL ulbracone waLIe
AppLirdhouO O ltmsonic uVeo

lhe couo nue of meQuenayQeator

han. 20 kHzae calLleol ulbiason_uaee
They ShrGTaL
hae oreat penetaton poLuOr due tD
h e r shortuwa Lelbngh_

Propernee O4 LbaonicwOLves

L_trequoncs_oL uLbacan k waeosreater

han20kHz
2Thoi_unelongh_iSomL co hes hae_bjh
penehahon pober
hes canbavmlol9 onq distanceg o a
a Theu-
htahly_dle chOnal Deam
hae hih_enemy content.
iñceae
-5hair pmpaiathonSpood Increaeg_with
i n feaueay_
 Page No.:

(2) Date YOUVA

1 Magnmetocbrichbn Methoo

NaGngtctmicbion ELect
When o orromaGnott_mo 19Suojecteodh
an alteraabing madhehe olol paxallo to *
lengh he m utergoes alternato Contracho
und exAansLonetoroquenu eQLalto tho
gueny appleo maanehe Hek.hs pheron
is called naghetoctricthn efkect
MaQ rog

Smau
chango n_length
he small change in he lenghohe rocd
doponcis on.
rength of aternalunz magnenk feld
Alotu oferromagndhk ~oa!
Dooc not deponol ondirecthion of msgnetic held.-

ConcteiuChbn
L
X

Ulbroo ni'c ubrasonic

wave

MA
 Page No.:
YouVA
| Date:

XYis
amdOforromagnehe_materal
clampeol in the midd
Tho alernatlnq
thot is.
hoele magnhe frool 1s gene
chrical OScill ator. ratedl by- J

Coil L ig_w0und
the riQht h a wih_yariable Capacutoyoon n
rOson ant clrui poYhon_oIool TKie forma
fora Yhe
of_colector tuneol occilatorhe
whosofequeny is onblod by capacitor
Cail La is wounol on the left
rool, hich ik onneced to tho hanolportion o
bace of bansicfDr
Ti acts ac eedbacks loop.
lorkiag
OhonHhe haHery _aoiehed on the Collpcor
circuitoscillatesl_uoith_a fmquency,
2LC
hi alternatin4 urrout flousina hrough coll L
producos an alkernalii magHehe dld along the
length_D rodho uelt i atLho romtors
vibrabng diue to Magnetosblctiorn Effect

longth oroo
20 unge 00chduc
P_Denoit oroal.
Capacitor Ce Q0dtueted_ hat ho freauuena,
ooailLhhing ci'rcu y e2ttalto tho mhim
nuy_a_oc andl Ehur pec0nance take place
r0uo
longitludnally uoith
Alon he molviarates ulfasonte
mavimLLm_ampllde and o0neratds
hiah_4reAuenus po t s enas
waMog Of
 Page No.:

Date:
yoUYA
Arec0 nonce

27T NLC 20e

Aoluantogog_or Meris
Toian 2pscilator io ers elmpe a cost i
lotu
>A Louwer ultracon iofcequencieo, laygey output
por pogsible
nenucnuy an9!ngrom 00 H to 3000kHz_can
hpreoTcco.
DisadluQntag ooor Domeris
annon n o e onoxato 4toqLuonCIOg_abovo 3000ktte
reuOneyenemtool,deponde_oh
here can bo
temporahie
laseo due w lustosis

2PiozoelectricMethoal
Pio zaeloobic epipck
alben precaum _applied to
Dpposite facs of a ceyctal liko one pouro=
@oual and opmoite hoaroos 'quartz
othor facoS [hio phonomendn ieappear ocro it
oltect. colledPiozOelec
resstume
Opb'cal ax1's
 Pago No.
YouvA|
Date:

Lhe waeme othe pie

zoo lectr ic Offect
lsorue. ig
n electric frelol
capplied! to one palr of
Lacos the Corresponal'ng
of Qthor pal of hangos in dimenioic-
This phenomenon facds_of OCrystal are prroluced.
piozocectr ic effect. naLon0 InYerce.

L
Constauuchon:

uhaoniec
ware Z
HT batery
L

The 4uartzcructali placeol botween tuo meta

platesA LB
he plates connectea to tho primary of
ae
tYanaformer (la) which i induLchvely coupled to_
he _electroric ascillator
T s a bae tunec oscillator
Colla L& L2 p olLlator ane takon
ocoolars of tansormer rom-
rom
 (6
Ihe wllockex coil 2 ircltcetivety couood to
he base cbil. L
h coil Li and capacitor foYrn he ton
othe ascillator

alorking
when the batlery is aoltchecl on, Orillator
protueceshiph Fregueny atternating voltage
cwith frequêny
f: 2x C
Duo to this, an_alternatäny onmf o inducedlin
nlixnta the coil La This high eactenuy alkernatiiguoltoae
x fedon the platoe A B
nerxe pietoolechric olect takec_plao and
Cysta_expande and ontacts alkernati'voly
roquenay of vih.rahin_ia en by
' L whene, P=l2,3,4 for_dinclameat
24V ir Oercone @cond avertore.
: Young aodulue
Densits o crustal.
AAL r@conahco

P
2TLC 26/e
Aduantage Mecis
Tismore efpcient_than Yagneho.e trichbn
accilatoY
hegueAA i0 X10 _ax 500M_con
 NO..

YouvA
pe produed Date:

2utput is very_ high

te not afoctod by humtdiky or tompe
ratu
PIOdvantagog or Demerits
Cos vexy hgh
Cuthng Qno ohaplng s
very_complex
Detecbon oE ltacon ie_wa ves
PreconcO f Lkzasonie (waves can o letecheol
by anu of tho fpllouuing methodle
uarEz Cry stal Mothaol (piozoelecbic dloteckor
Thermal detecthlonm@thol
Sengihe £lame m0thod
A)Kundlt's tube mothdd

uartz_crytal _mothd

u ltrapni
t t t t+ Taei

utbasonic
Ophc

AJuraorital
Plezoelectrie
oletector

Thk ie quantitahe metho of deteching

a
hrasonic waves that is baceol an tho principle
o iezoelectrieeffect
 0u
/8
DAaQua2
When one pair of oppo.cite 4ALON
cryatoliexpogeol t ulhaonic uWaveg, chom houge
go doelopeol in_the other palr_oOCOaite
Thecechargeg oaro amplfiec ana hen measured
by come uitable micrD-Volem@ter.
A CRO_Can bo ueo to meaUre_he frquenty_ad
shrengh o ulbaoAiC SiQna!._

2 Thermal detechon Mothool:

Principle
Whenultraona_uavao ane prapa4ated hrougk
a meduOthe temperahie of meduim dan
cue ho _altornate compresaious and ramachous.
Ln caSO of C otahonars wa ve theyo ica
changein temeraht Qt nodes ancd no change-
in temperature at anhnodoo).
Bapedon the above pyinciple y eneing the
change in temperaftueLohq outable
the ulbrasoniewaveg aan bo dletectod _component-
E the most commonls _uceol methool o detat
LLtroonic ua0o
Plahnum_ole 12 ueodo_ erusonaihve
to changeo in temp@rqture

D-
 Page No.
YoUvA

(2 Date:

Callender anol anfpth_briolae_o ohoon in_Fn

une
he aboe circuit ic placed in the
repion_cohere
prosonce of elrasonicugws s to bedotoched.
I hee ig_a presonce_ofLALbasonte wo e in.
he Aedliunm, thendue to alterngte comprckoiE
and
anc
raefathono, alternate heahinq aol cCOLing
Lelfect is_produCed in_plahium_wir
htschame n tempera ture_ brihg9 abouta-
ohango inelechec.al recistonco fplahinum
olro Hhat can bo dotectod coiLh he h0lp_
an elecbricalcirul (The balanced
posinon of ciroit_gofs dicturbed).
he tmperahire aries pnlsat node2 d
anbnódes iE e ma/nc constaut, this s
ndcated bu uncdicturbeal balanceaPosithbn
o bridge.
2Ceneihe Elame Mothool: Aon-ttnerTca
Compresseo
reion Parehed regTon

Hame
Aame rermanU stUNOnary
flickerS
E aqualitaturé mehoo to detect tlharonic
wa ves
In a
When a naYOW Onstivo Aame is moved
medunm O ultxason'o uLves, he {0Me_reMOuns
teasly letotionary)Qt he antnolec but t
ickers at the nodog.due nMaxima m_chonge
 1 0Date:

p_precSLLYO
the bohowoLuY O he Ao
by_ohæruing
This
he_proconce_oLuLbraonl'cU eQ de/or
cted
Kundlt TuboMethod:

Gtasa tttbe-
ietoeleti
Crystal
ycopeeliung poweler wlfrasanic

The mettaool ia u0a to domct uLbacone une

A Kundts tub0 appayafiu Congiok eO long 4lahbe
o ao1e han Lm lenoth and 5m dianmater hat
kepthorizantalls _alth twocuppOA_on a wpoOEn
Lbose hoovo
Ono em of tube i tkeok_uih an ollestobl
pistonrml with cork
Aquarz_chygtol placed bekupe uuoplates
i ploceo at the mauth OLother onok b tube-
ho qlag tube k thoroug hly_dried bu_phesin4
Chroghin a hot blact o dix A thi lduero
lucopoduupo 2o Uder_Dr cork_ourlor k red
dlong the onho length_eglaosg tube.
uheh stationary Lihaonia counolaVeo e
in the air onkained in lonq qlace caeo ao
a p
hahe Ehe
LLucaocdium Acder oot cotlockeol n bae torm
heang 0at the_Nadeo dnd i_
the antnooleg
blown_OLtat
 Page No.
YouvA
Date:

heeormahon ofheape at_tho noolog_conrns

Hhe natum af tranomLtHed
Lltxasonie ua Veo sPunod wavet o b e
Thoae rao dictance bottwcon
heapg Qiudo tho alue _0 ha two Consecutiie
Lhe a olength.
LAing VE¢d=2f0l velacils eE uLEraOniC_
ua Can alco bocalcultecd.

Doterminahon_o velotil p Ultrasonic uno

AcouCb'e arabine Methbd,
Principl0
when ulkrQ conic wa vao ae pamed through_
a tyanopamAt_huid medum n aOntoiner
the wa ivog got eflected Thooe wae am ca led
echoos
The diect_anol eplected waies superimpose
|to 4orm a tOtonau POtternhee wavesin
turn Qve ricO to a periodi 1arlaton_indensih
LiQLuid
Thi echange in denorls qioorio to _Variahon
eArachise inclex öf liguid The densiay i
mayimuum at nodalPointsQndminimum at
anh'nadal poinlo
Taparall el beam of Làht ie possed thraLgh_
the
Lthe liguud at rightE angloo tho wave,
e oue ack às adfra chbn grmtiag
Stuch_a araing i CaLleo_"acoLche4¥atin4
 Pago No.:

12)Dato:
YOuY

Retloctor (R)_

order
Telesco pe
makimng
Cental
maxima

olllmatur Porder
max imq
Socum| (device that
Tamp PYDcuc
Screond
paralll
bams of rau A
Osill ator

EXperiment:_
Conasts a_a9laco mccol_contalning Liauid
with a eflector R) at_is np.
sA quartz crytal bekuen huo metal platea
A and B ic placeo at ho bOtlom.
Ihe metal plates qre connecte.ol to the occillator
uohoge froienau_o aduete ol such hat the
Crystal
Crustal vibmtes n
es0nance. wh
LoP accillator and proaluuces ultrasonic the reqc/enu
the ula Vin-
Liguid. Honco tho Liauid bebaveo_aoa
grating
h s oYangexment lo _mountod on prkm
Lo pechrom@ter and o mrallel tabe
beam_o
mondchromatne Murceig paOa_at pjakt ag
o the wave
Ag the unLu cts as q_Qahing_, the ught beam
pasatn throughtots difractod andN_
DYoLices aditacion_ttorn
 Page No.:
YOUVA
|Dato:

J 3
onSists D Q_ontral maximaand
princple
mOkimum of variousorclers on both sideo.
9 ie tho angle of clfcacthon
maxima hen for th prde
_dein 9 nà 0 dE_wa elengEh q
monochromabc
Light_cOurce.
damb'ng eknmeut
Ldictanco Leto eon
agliacent nmles)
sYahng element,
dd: du duzAO IOlength of
2
lbrasontc une
By_o&_2
du n d z nd
2

du 2nd
Sing
IrOsonant fQuehY_ OF lbasonte Aonéator
tg Ehen velotik of ultcasonia wdves o
oyen bs_
V:fdu
meghool
Uolnq acouchO Arabng (dffrachon
une
wan ength ao hend elocals ef ulbasoni
oletermined
hrough Liauidoand 4aLes an he
Aplicah'one ULbosonit avog

CONAR
for ound Nawigahpn_and
SOALARtande
LanqingHbased _on the principh oecho s0unding
E
 Pago N0.
( 4Date:
youv

Hih equenay_lta0On NVes_Qre_uged_=

ha
onCmiHed hroLgh uaten
hco ua vOo aro uncley_Lhe
by_the objock
hey ot 0lectpcl
Cuator
change_in 4reqLuencsoecho 9hpal due ho
The dotermine he elod
Doppler eheck helpa_p to
dictanceano dinechon_oohect
whenhere le_an_obgta cle prgcentthe ulboconic
uavo_Qlt eplected and ao pkedup bs he
rece lviiq hansolucer Knowing he elecil o
ultasonc cae ond the dlapsed hnme he
dictanco o Obiect on bo doterminga.
LSIngLONAR, the distanco ana direcbbn o
cubmarne depth aeq, depth rocks in the
0 a hoal o hish in ea e caD be alefornaine
Determinahlon o Depth oL spa
The lbasonic wQvo_anbo _ceseol to And te okgi
lof a Ta based on tho principe ofEchospund

>Shp
Tramiting F >koctiy
trarscbttter-
trersottteer
 Page No.:

Dato:
YoUvA
ho ultasonb LwOveoSOnt_ deom the
tyauelthough_0a _wotor point_A
om bO ttom_Cf seqheseand got_refloctod
recoive0 at tho_point 'B. oflected_Oe a
The hme takon _by tho ultmsonic
ravelto the bottom A unvefO
bck to tho_top aurface 90aai taeot eLecte
noteo taoing a
Jthe vOlocl 'y of CRO-
Olre0cdy knoton WLraconic_uDave Le
thenn
veloil Distorco baveLled
lime token
VE ACF CB 2CO
t
CO = depth_D{0a2d
:V= 2
t

or du
2
The depth ofSCabedan b calulatecl_cecine
Hhe_above oxmula
Fqthometer or fchomoter s ha cleuceha ie
ckinoctiy_calibrnta.d to dotormine depth of ea
Ultrasop Coaning
Iho _utrasonic cleannq atem conQCA Of an
ulbraconic qonerator à transducer anda tonk,4lle-
requiired cleanng coluton
 pate: oUVA
do-onifeo w a t e

Stoynle
steet turk-

eleatn9-
Lunuud
Tagcluucer
fulse gonerator

The tonk o madle up o stainlec steo he

he
LLLbrasonie tancducer ig_mounted at_he obbkm
o ho tank-
he size and frequenuy_of tonSducer LAecthoo
depenos on the _capacils of_tank
he tonk is fUod iEh ether acaueOo Or.
0lvenE_LigLi
When he ulbasone tancaluucor ig wltchalon
provialos a auitable a sional to Bhe hraxoaluce
anc thue he tranoodLucer goheroteo he ulasoni-
wavoe D decired 4eQLONL hece S0uncd wno
pOse intv the Liouicd medium Lolthln he tank
Tcand pYocang o cavit0fbN ACCurg ly the loLuid-
Due o the oLuitabon proceg fine arhtleco0-
ojeck ane pielled into the paco 0lèaoing her
top he obiectCno
LiQio bs coaA becomocuoponded in he
T ingreako eftect o
Lbrasonic
cleaning Meduum oLLld have_ louncleandng, the-
low ytoo.eiks e . aLrfäco tenae

Aluantag09
PoLlhon 4ree enuifonmentalls_
2)Enhanced cleaning spe0d soybothandsbluent
low cog
ang
acoueaLOMeduund.

2 Cleantng_ie_oiLALEALQm_Ohigh Quaig
auitahon
One Of the major applrcah'on o high pouer
ano ow reuêny ultyasonic sound wave
is LEQsOnic procensor and cleaner --

In a processor anod cleaner, the principle

o vitah'on ic_uced

IAhat s Muitahon?
When high frequLenay eounod woes Qm pacsed
into a coluhiontprmducea_mechanital vibabon-
elect withio he liquud Thu he uolent-
dichaybance in the liqwuid ecults in the
formahlon o minute VaCum bubbleeLalca
called microsrapite vihe) lhieproceRR_cf hiubbk
£ormathbn Qncd its quba0qLLent collapoa ic
calleo eavitalien
Aa the coruno uwa vee conhnLDLLols_propagae
through the liquwd each _pmint in_he o.cuid
isoibjected tn alternate neahie and posihve
pr@coio at he ompresaidns andarefachorg

The bubblos ae_Qroun at the microscopic leel

**

during ranefaon aclit becomes vers_largor

durinq comprOsSion_Dharo

Ao the bubbl grow_Largerthoybecome-

Lery unstable and e/nhialls coLlapse
& releacinq a hock uave_of ene rqy. The
restalhl9 chock uave providec the necessary
enerqy
JU
to arsiet cleanung
 = 18
Date:
youh
he iMplostonmdate h_poOred_h0ck
LwQvQ that dice1pale repeatédly_a t ao
o 25000 to 30000 hmes po secon
The implostons DE auitohion bubblegs 4eneLat
tomperahere_arnund LO000E anol Surg
ho an exceeo 10000 Pa
LOLasonic cleaning procO e LUOStais auito
implosion ekect Eor cle ani
Applicathbns

DIhe_ulbrasonio ProcesOr ie useo for emcuksih

Dfimmigcible LaLudedisruphon and kiung
mLcrO-OYQaniSmc.
2 The ulhrasontc cdeaner io used to_clean
omiconclucko Compenonks PCRLe,guoitches
tD.ole moulds, bail- bearings euwelleriee
Surgicalinshumonts , CamerQ lenseo_ete
 Page No.:
YoUvA
Date:

ALiah afetiu
S)OccupIO hse epluce and
reduce_abour

3 ta.conieDrillinq qnol Cutting

lbaSonico_ae ucod Lbr makinq_holec in _ory
hard nmate rialc such_ao glago oliomadl, eor
coramies efe- hat poarOso_hiah japact
brittencoe
Thi metaad, q tool bt ldnilliaq doyuee
olriwen bs a2LLitobeLLltraconlecoerator
e used. Abmoio materinle like boron carbde.
or ciliecon carhido isuged
An wlmsoundLunbaonie waopraduceol a-
the9one rato_maka obool 'hi to moe.
up and doun Wrus Quueky apo force Hho
ollorasive parhtloc a9alns ho materinl
_ pe uttherebu MDmO ui'na sonme matera!_
mm Haeplae
h e proco g nDnuee wnhl Hho dosiYeol
doph of_a holo e dorm0A Ae he plate.
I a eimilar moanner Lbasonik cuLE'ng io
done
a m n i e alelding Colodupldlng)

lbrasonic anlding i e apncee oE producng a

motallLurgical boM bokuicen the materiale
uwithout mettng-
LTealoo knoon as he cola! _ueloltng teChniGue Ao
no external. heat te uel in _uedlng-
 Date OUy

Procoge
The surface o the 00rk_preces arecleangol.an ans
hel to9ether.h ultrasonic_UellIng_ Ehe bonding
between tho ucetding picces Isprocluced_due
vibrabokg
the local applicotbn ofhigh frequenay vihrabie
eenly by keepin9 the LooYk piece toheHhor
Lunclør pregaLine-
ueing_an_ultaonie oonerntpr, he uutaconic
vibrahoue ano kanomitted into the _work_
PLOce through a olpling SUStOM_or Dnobrade,
thQt_rests on Dhe oE he LOQrkpieces
he anuil la Ued upport ehe _welolin
pioces and oppocoothe clampirg fore2
ac daouon in he iqure bolaw
ampingbr@s
Mass
Roed
TransctucOy

Sonotrode

brip Work
pieces

Arvil
orce

A staba Clamping fbrco i appllodperponolu

h the interface betueen h e Lbork_pie
the_the ame theS0notrmle tip_gse/Uate
wallel to he inteyace of twork piecea
stathe am ecillabivng-
DrAO to the_combinaiono
 Page No.
YoUVA

aheor 4orcog an interngL stregg i croQtad in ho

Loork pioce Ag long o theinternalstresg i_bolou~
hoelosho imit hemotul deformg elashcally
Rut whon the shess OXcoeole the threshold _vale
Lan interkacialelip ocoure and breaking
of
urtaco film_takes_place, that ip turn produeces
at metal tometal_coutactat thepoint
Due do friction artaing betwcen the curLaces_a
cico in temperature_osurface_lauor_exceeole
thoro cruatallcaton point tho layers melf
andl band tngckhor o hrm a stond joint
Applicabouo_o_tlhasonielding
TE isLCOOl in packaqQing _applicafioue Like sOff_
i packot pressuris d ans etc
2 E tced to LoQld electonic_componenk cuch
ooliocles ad fansistois to eubohakeeoiroo
Semtconductor devces ete
n maferialc
2 T i uced4oy encapselatng ho
hat_ae seneibe t o heat nd_electrt curreut

Aduant0ges
He maferial
eldinq ic dono oith0ut _Lee methng
_jpÍn_diseimilay metals.
2 I ia ged methocol
2uletdin bme iS choYt_and it Ls_a afo

lbrasonic So/dering
methood of sololoring, the surfacee
Al apnontabnal to_femae
deaneol wh_achlve £lurec
ane tobe
 Page No.

(22- Oate: YOUV

the contaminanksqreaco oxiole filme ct

before soldoring.
go0d jbiwt,
hesoilmg may provenk formahio)_o gocdd
The ukeophen heafed oliccoluo_unuwaned
cOntamlngns and oxide ilms due bo_Lwhch
ehe uxtaco reaclih allomo he molten older
to orma firmj0in~ .
aing he Conventhonms0ldering_methoo
Clumi'niuno _wire o and platen ant be soldeed
lo solaler such materiale, ultrasaniocolderi_
eucec
An ultaconie solderiag iro congiok oan
HLlbrasonib Onerator hauing ahp ixecl atik
end whch con be hoated by an_ elecbritalL
hcablng elemeut Tho bipof the doldexin_on
molt he cmlder pN_the_aluminiu leoldexing
pio ce) and heultraoLund remoeg ho_oxdes-
and cher cotOminans OMr he aurfacO
anc alLouws the oldor oebsten