Chapter 15 - SPR24

PERSPECTIVE
PST - 201
Lecturor : Ngô Minh Thắng

Chapter 15 :
Perspective Sketching
We have seen the conventional way of drawing
in perspective. Whether it’s 1-2-point or 3 point
perspective, shade and shadow, reflection, they
all follow certain rules.
In this chapter, we are going to learn a

different way of perspective sketching
– freehand drawing techniques
Draw perspective of objects from SIMPLE SHAPE
Once a basic shape such as a cube or
rectangular prism is drawn correctly. It’s
can be come a guide from for a wide
variety of object.
The size of object does not matter,

for instance, a prism of this proportion
drawn at this angle could become a book,
an office building or even a billboard.
Draw perspective of objects from simple shapes
Rough in a “container shape”—a
shape your finished object could
be wrapped or boxed in.
Now add to or divide up the

“container” to mark off the key
subunits for the proportions you
want.
Continue the process in the same

manner into smaller and smaller
details.
The basic cube can become the basic
for an enless variety of objects - in this
case, a simplified head.
The basic circle, cylinder, and cone is the base of variety of objects
For complex designs, it is
useful to sketch over a grid.
Abhinav Changmai
JAEGER-LECOULTRE
hakangursu.com
Determining Height of objects to EYE LEVEL
Assuming this is a 2mx2mx2m
VP cube, then the guide lines to
vanishing points make all posts
shown dotted also 2m high. The
top guide lines could be called the
2m “height lines.”
2m If we wished to draw a 2m man at

point X we would simply extend
forward the appropriate bottom
guide line and height line.
Determining Height of objects to Eye Level
Suppose the figure were not on
VP an existing guide line but, for in-
stance, at the spot marked ©.
2m
Suppose the figure were not on
VP an existing guide line but, for in-
stance, at the spot marked ©.
In that case, first draw the ground

line to the left vanishing point.
Where this intersects the face of
VP the cube draw a vertical line (blue
line).
(This might be still another

2m-high post in perspective.)
Where this intersects the face of
VP the cube draw a vertical line (blue
line).
(This might be still another

2m-high post in perspective.)
From the top of this imaginary post
VP draw another vanishing line.
This is the 2m height line for spot

©
From the top of this imaginary post
VP draw another vanishing line.
This is the 2m height line for spot

©
2m
Determining Height of objects to Eye Level (observer standing)
In this case, we have orbserver on the

left and HL
Those persons (1) of about the same

height as the observer and standing on
the same ground plane would have their
eyes at the same level as the observer’s.

Those (2) a few cm shorter would have

the tops of their heads approximately at
eye level.

Those (2) a few cm shorter would have

the tops of their heads approximately at
eye level.
Children (3) is about one-half the height

of an adult would naturally have their
head- tops about half way up any stand-
ing adult figure, wherever they are placed.
About the men on stilts, the footrests

are at eye level, therefore these figures (5)
would always appear one-half above eye
level and one-half below.
Determining Height of objects to Eye Level (elevated position)
Assume the observer (1) to be above ground. This

means all figures standing on the ground would ap-
pear below eye level.
Figures (3) standing along this wall would always be

one-half the wall’s height— i.e., such figures would al-
ways stand at the bottom half of a vertical line dropped
from eye level. The dotted line is their “height line.”
Therefore figures (4) drawn anywhere on the ground
would stand at the bottom half of a vertical dropped
from eye level.
Children (5) would stand at the bottom one-third of

a vertical from eye level.
Determining Height of objects to Eye Level (sitting position)
Here the observer’s eye level is above the
ground. In such a case, all others who are sit-
ting (1) would also have their eyes at eye level.
Standing figures (2) would always have their

heads above eye level. If they have the same
height then their lower would always be below
eye level, and their upper always above. (l.e.,
their rib cages would always be at eye level)
A boy (3) would have his head at eye level.

The Surrender at Appomattox, Ken Riley

The Surrender at Appomattox, Ken Riley

La Grande Jatte,
Georges Seurat
Determining Height and Width by convergence
The widths of equal-sized objects which dimin-
ish in perspective can be found by means of
width guide lines that converge to a point on
the horizon line.
Similarly-sized objects to the left or right can

be drawn simply by translating to left or right
the width of the guide lines at the point desired.
Similarly-sized elements above or below are

drawn with the aid of vertical guide lines con-
structed at the appropriate points along the
width guide lines.
To establish relative height of people,

draw lines from the top and bottom
extremities of people and objects to
the vanishing point on the horizon and
use them as guides.
Horizontal line crossing the extremi-

ty lines make it possible to shift your
figures and objects to one side or the
other in your panel and keep the rela-
tive sizes correct.
By establishing the correct height of one figure,

the correct height of all other figures of the same
height is established by the two horizontal lines
crossing the lines that lead from the figure to the
vanishing point
Determining Depths by DIAGONALS
The following concept is the basis for most of the aids employed in finding perspective depths:
The diagonals of any square or rectangle (see above) will always intersect at the exact center of
the figure — in other words, at a point equidistant from top and bottom and from left and right-
edges.
Determining Depths by Diagonals
short
DIAMETER
DIAMETER
long
TO LOCATE A MIDPOINT QUICKLY AND ACCURATELY - USE DIAGONALS.
To draw equally-spaced receding elements such
as lampposts, first sketch two of them between
the desired top and bottom guide lines leading
to their vanishing point.
1 2
1
2
Step 1: Draw diagonals between (1) and (2) to
determine midpoint and draw a horizontal line
through this point .
1 2
1
2
Step 1: Draw diagonals between (1) and (2) to
determine midpoint and draw a horizontal line
through this point .
1 2
1
2
Step 2: Draw diagonals from (1) through mid-
point of (2), to locate (3). Since the diagonals
place (2) exactly midway between (1) and (3),
the location of (3) must be correct.
1 2
1
2
Step 2: Draw diagonals from (1) through mid-
point of (2), to locate (3). Since the diagonals
place (2) exactly midway between (1) and (3),
the location of (3) must be correct.
1 2 3
1
2
3
Step 3: Subsequent equidistant verticals are lo-
cated by similar diagonals.
1 2 3
1
2
3
Le Pont de l’Europe
Gustave Caillebotte
Determining Depths by Diagonals Subdividing a surface by diagonals
Suppose we wanted to divide face A of

this object into two equal spaces, face
B into four equal spaces, and the top
into eight equal spaces.
ABOVE is the solution in perspective.
BELOW is the solution when each face

is viewed head-on.
Naturally, this method works only when

the number of spaces is 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
64, etc.
5 equal parts ?
The following method works for any number of equal spaces.
STEP 1: Simply tick off the required equal spacing on some vertical line.
5 equal parts
STEP 2: Converge each tick to vanishing point at right.
5 equal parts
STEP 3: Draw diagonal as shown.
5 equal parts
STEP 3: Draw diagonal as shown.
STEP 4: Draw vertical lines at each point of intersection.
5 equal parts
This method is also applicable to horizontal

planes such as a floor.
For instance, let’s divide both the depth and

width of this plane into equal spaces.
The Music Lesson, Johannes Vermeer

Drawing equal - sized but unequally- spaced Elements
STEP 1: Draw the diagonal of the first rectangle
and extend it to the horizon line. This locates the
vanishing point for this and all other lines paral-
lel to it.
STEP 2: Extend the sides of rectangle A to their

vanishing point. These are the “width guide lines”
for all rectangles in line with the first.
STEP 3: Draw front line of next shape. Then from

point 1 draw line to diagonals’ vanishing point.
Intersection at point 2 locates the back line and
thereby creates a second rectangle equal to the
first.
STEP 4: For other rectangles, follow the same
procedure. Identical diagonals will produce iden-
tical rectangles.
Drawing equal - sized but unequally- spaced Elements
This method will also work for vertical planes, such

as a row of building facades, sides of trucks, etc.
The procedure is exactly as above and the diagram

is identical.
Note that the horizon line of the first case now be-
comes a vertical line. But like the horizon line, this
vertical receives all lines on, or parallel to, the wall
plane.
The diagonals, therefore, converge to a point on

this line as shown.
Determining Depths by A MEASURING LINE & A SPECIAL VANISHING POINT
Dividing a surface into equal spaces
HORIZON LINE
STEP 1: From lowest comer of face to be
divided draw horizontal line and tick off the
number of equal spaces desired (7 in this
case).
This horizontal line is called

“MEASURING LINE”
STEP 01: MEASURING LINE
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Determining Depths by a Measuring line & a Special vanishing point
STEP 02: CREAT SPECIAL
VANISHING POINT
HORIZON LINE
case).
STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite lower STEP 02: CONNECT

corner and continue to horizon line. This gives
us a special vanishing point for all guide lines
parallel to this one.
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 MEASURING LINE
STEP 02: CREAT SPECIAL
VANISHING POINT
HORIZON LINE
case).
STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite lower STEP 02: CONNECT

corner and continue to horizon line. This gives
us a special vanishing point for all guide lines
parallel to this one.
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 MEASURING LINE
SPECIAL VANISHING POINT
HORIZON LINE
case).
STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite low-

er corner and continue to horizon line. This STEP 03: DIVE THE SURFACE
gives us a special vanishing point for all guide

lines parallel to this one.
STEP 3: Connect other six points to special

vanishing point. These guide lines will inter-
sect base line of object, creating seven equal
spaces in perspective.
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 MEASURING LINE
STEP 1: Tick off 1 unit, 2 units, and 4 units on mea-

suring line.
STEP 2: Connect end points to establish special

vanishing point.
STEP 3: Bring other lines to special vanishing point.

This locates opening on wall.
Perspective drawing can be reproduced by a grid that locates its important point
Application of perspective sketching methods
LAB 05
Students draw minimum 15 pictures that represent

a story. Topic:
TET in the city

Use the methods of perspective sketching and one
point, two point, three point perspective on these
pictures.
LAB 05
Drawing at least one picture with following feature:
1_shadow with sunlight

2_shadow with local light source
3_reflection on water
4_reflection on mirror
5_Depths by Diagonals (whenever possible)
6_3 point perspective view: look up
7_3 point perspective view: look down
8_Draw people following the rules of heights
ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE
FURTHER...
EXAMPLE
sketch
EXAMPLE
sketch
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Felicia Chiao
Felicia Chiao

Chapter 15 - SPR24

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Chapter 15 - SPR24

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PERSPECTIVE

Lecturor : Ngô Minh Thắng

In this chapter, we are going to learn a

The size of object does not matter,

Now add to or divide up the

Continue the process in the same

2m If we wished to draw a 2m man at

In that case, first draw the ground

(This might be still another

(This might be still another

This is the 2m height line for spot

This is the 2m height line for spot

In this case, we have orbserver on the

Those persons (1) of about the same

Those persons (1) of about the same

Those (2) a few cm shorter would have

Those persons (1) of about the same

Those (2) a few cm shorter would have

Children (3) is about one-half the height

About the men on stilts, the footrests

Assume the observer (1) to be above ground. This

Figures (3) standing along this wall would always be

Children (5) would stand at the bottom one-third of

Standing figures (2) would always have their

A boy (3) would have his head at eye level.

The Surrender at Appomattox, Ken Riley

The Surrender at Appomattox, Ken Riley

Similarly-sized objects to the left or right can

Similarly-sized elements above or below are

To establish relative height of people,

Horizontal line crossing the extremi-

By establishing the correct height of one figure,

Suppose we wanted to divide face A of

ABOVE is the solution in perspective.

BELOW is the solution when each face

Naturally, this method works only when

The following method works for any number of equal spaces.

The following method works for any number of equal spaces.

The following method works for any number of equal spaces.

The following method works for any number of equal spaces.

This method is also applicable to horizontal

For instance, let’s divide both the depth and

The Music Lesson, Johannes Vermeer

STEP 2: Extend the sides of rectangle A to their

STEP 3: Draw front line of next shape. Then from

This method will also work for vertical planes, such

The procedure is exactly as above and the diagram

The diagonals, therefore, converge to a point on

This horizontal line is called

STEP 01: MEASURING LINE

STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite lower STEP 02: CONNECT

STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite lower STEP 02: CONNECT

STEP 2: Connect point 7 to opposite low-

gives us a special vanishing point for all guide

STEP 3: Connect other six points to special

STEP 1: Tick off 1 unit, 2 units, and 4 units on mea-

STEP 2: Connect end points to establish special

STEP 3: Bring other lines to special vanishing point.

Students draw minimum 15 pictures that represent

TET in the city

Drawing at least one picture with following feature:

1_shadow with sunlight

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