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Sumario pag.
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................4

2.General..........................................................................................................................................4

2.1.objective.................................................................................................................................4

2.2.Specific objectives.................................................................................................................4

3. Research methodology.................................................................................................................4

4. The atom......................................................................................................................................5

8. Importance of Atom.....................................................................................................................5

Basic Structure.............................................................................................................................6

Electronic Structure......................................................................................................................6

Atomic Models.............................................................................................................................7

9. Chemical Reactions.....................................................................................................................7

10. Where can we find the atom......................................................................................................8

11. The passive voice( quando usamos o passive voice).................................................................9

12. The compared with the passive voice of the active voice.........................................................9

13. Passive voice............................................................................................................................10

14. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................13

15. Bibliographic reference..........................................................................................................14

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1. Introduction

The atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element and the basis of all existing matter.
Its structure consists of a central nucleus formed by protons and neutrons, around which
electrons rotate in orbits. Understanding the atom is essential for the advancement of Science and
technology, as it helps us understand the properties and behaviors of matter. Knowing the
properties of atoms allows us to understand the chemical reactions that occur in nature and
develop new materials, medicines and technologies. In addition, understanding the atom is
essential to understanding phenomena such as electricity, radiation, and nuclear energy.

2.General

2.1.objective
 Understand the passive voice;

2.2.Specific objectives
 Investigate the structure of the atom and the interactions between protons, neutrons and
electrons.

 Understand the properties of atoms and their relationship to the properties of chemical
elements.

3. Research methodology
To achieve the objectives of the topic, bibliographical research was carried out in
specialized sources, which consisted of the analysis of bibliographical sources, such as books,
articles, theses and dissertations, which address the topic in question. A critical reading of the
selected texts was also carried out, identifying the main ideas and arguments presented by the
authors. Furthermore, the information obtained from bibliographic sources was contextualized.
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4. The atom
The nature of matter has been a cause for concern since ancient times, the Greeks
Leucippus and Democritus stated that the world was formed by atoms and voids, and according
to Epicurus, such concepts are not accessible to the human senses, even though they comprised
the entire sensitive world (Caruso , F. and Oguri, V. 2006), others like Thales, observing the
states of water, thought that everything should be made of water.

Two generations after Thales, Anaximenes thought that the world was made up of air, as
when it condensed it formed fog, then rain and stones (Davis, A. H... [et.al], translated Alice
Klesck., 2014). A slightly more elaborate theory is from the physicist Empedocles, everything
was made of four roots (he did not use the word elements): earth, water, fire and air, like two
pairs of opposites earth/air and fire/water, when mixed together they build everything which we
see in figure 1 (DAVIS, A. H... [et.al], translated Alice Klesck., 2014).

Aristotle did not believe in the atom. He relied on the teachings of Empedocles to defend
anti-atomism and understand the constitution of matter (Caruso , F. and Oguri, V. 2006), This
theory dominates European thought, with few refinements until the 17th century with the
development of modern chemistry (Davis, A. H... [et.al], translated Alice Klesck., 2014).

Chemistry began to develop at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th
century, with medicine. Due to the need to create medicines, even at the beginning of the 17th
century, some universities, mainly in Germanic countries, adopted chemistry as an accessory
discipline to medicine (Francisco r. H. P. 2002). Great names in chemistry emerged at this time,
such as: Johann Rudolph Glauber (1604-1670), Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577-1644) and Robert
Boyle (1627-1691), the latter proposing a corpuscular theory that they believe to have preceded
the proposal of Dalton atomic model in the 19th century (Francisco R. H. P. 2002).

8. Importance of Atom
The atom is the fundamental unit of matter and the smallest fraction capable of
identifying a chemical element, as it holds its identity.
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Basic Structure

The structure of the atom is fundamental to understanding chemistry, as it determines the

properties and behaviors of chemical elements. The distribution of electrons in electronic layers
influences the chemical reactivity of atoms, allowing the formation of compounds and chemical
reactions. (Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay Jr 2005)

According to Fuchs, W.R. (1972). The study of the structure of the atomic nucleus is
essential for nuclear physics and nuclear energy. Understanding the composition of the nucleus,
isotope stability and nuclear reactions is crucial for the development of nuclear technologies,
such as power generation in nuclear power plants.

According to Jauncey (1946), the structure of the atom is the basis for several modern
technologies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), used in medical examinations, and
atomic spectroscopy, used in the analysis of materials. Knowledge of atomic structure is also
essential for the development of new materials and electronic devices.

The structure of the atom is one of the pillars of quantum physics, which describes the
behavior of microscopic systems. Quantum theory is based on the discrete nature of the energies
allowed for electrons in atoms, explaining phenomena such as quantum entanglement and the
superposition of states. (R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, 1996)

Electronic Structure

According to Mahan & Myers (1995), the electronic structure of an atom determines its
chemical properties and, therefore, it is necessary to be able to describe its structure. To do this,
we write the electronic configuration of the atom – a list of all occupied orbitals, with the number
of electrons each one contains. In the ground state of a multi electron atom, electrons occupy the
available atomic orbitals, in order to make the total energy of the atom as low as possible.
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Atomic Models

It is very important to introduce atomic models into learning because they explain how
matter and its phenomena work. The scientists who were the main researchers and contributors
to the results we have today had to spend a lot of time studying the models, but they are still
being improved and can be refuted at any time, always with a study that contributes to atomic
theories. (Bensaude-Vincent 1992).

Atoms began to be represented by Dalton's atomic model (billiard ball) which said that an
atom was a massive and indivisible sphere, and from this model new hypotheses emerged, as
well as new models, soon after Thompson suggested a model whose shape was similar with a
“raisin pudding” of a positively charged sphere to which negative electrical charges were
attached, and it was possible to divide it. While Rutherford's model eliminated the idea that the
atom was a sphere, but separated between a nucleus and the electrosphere. (planetary system).

The most used today in schools is Bohr's atomic model, in which the nucleus includes
protons and neutrons and the electrosphere is organized into layers, in which electrons are
located. The Schrödinger atomic model is a common form used to designate the description of
the atom through solving the Schrödinger equation. The equation is designed based on important
observations obtained within quantum mechanics, providing a robust justification for the energy
of the atom and the electron. The atom is based on wave-particle duality, the uncertainty
principle. It brought great advances to the understanding of matter, as it paved the way for a
more solid understanding of polyelectronic atoms.

9. Chemical Reactions
According to Kotz, J. C, (2002), the importance of atoms in chemical reactions lies in the fact
that they determine the physical and chemical properties of substances. The way atoms combine
and interact with each other determines the nature and outcome of chemical reactions. Chemical
reactions involve the exchange, sharing, or transfer of electrons between atoms. Understanding

Atoms is essential to understanding how substances interact and form compounds.

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10. Where can we find the atom

The atom is everywhere! It is one of the fundamental blocks of matter and makes up
everything that surrounds us.

1. Human Body

Your own body is made of atoms. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms are
essential for the formation of organic molecules, such as proteins, DNA and lipids. Some
chemical elements are essential for the normal development of terrestrial organisms, and are
divided into macronutrients and micronutrients, according to the amount necessary to perform
biological functions (Frãnzle and Market, 2000).

The Biological System of Elements, SBE was constructed from the correlation of data on
the physiological function of individual elements in living organisms (Luoma, 2000). The
macronutrients are calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and nitrogen, while
boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, manganese and molybdenum are considered
micronutrients (Rainbow, 2005).

2. Air and Atmosphere

The air we breathe contains oxygen and nitrogen atoms. These atoms combine to form
oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂) molecules. The atmosphere is a gaseous layer that surrounds the
Earth. It regulates the climate and acts as a means of transporting substances essential to life,
such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. Furthermore, the atmosphere protects the Earth's
surface from ultraviolet radiation from the sun and cosmic radiation, absorbing them almost
completely.

Earth and Rocks

Soil is a complex structure formed by the influence of geological, topographic, climatic,

temporal and anthropogenic factors, being the most important part of the geosphere and where
most of our food comes from. Furthermore, it functions as a type of environmental filter for
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water and air purification (Sena, 1999). According to Vieira (1988), soils are natural bodies
resulting from the decomposition and recomposition of mineral particles and organic substances.

This post takes place in parallel, that is, while organisms act intensely in the destruction
of organic matter derived 19 from plants and animals, the forces of weathering cause, although at
a slower rate, the destruction of mineral particles and the formation of new compounds.

11. The passive voice( quando usamos o passive voice)

According to Elaine walker, (2000 p.70), the active voice of a verb is used when the
subject of the verb refers to the person or thing performing the action described by the verb. In
contrast, the passive voice of a verb is used when the subject of the verb refers to the person or
thing receiving the action described by the verb. Only a verb which can take an object can be put
into the passive voice. The passive voice is more commonly used in English than it is in other
European languages such as german or French. As well as being used in everyday English, the
passive voice is used extensively in official documents and scientific papers.

In the following examples, the verbs in the passive voice are underlined.

EX: The hydrogen atom consists of an electron without a nucleus and an electron orbiting
gold.

EX: Carbon atoms have six protons in the nucleus and generally form four covalent bonds
in organic molecules.

In these examples, the verbs were reached and found are in the passive voice.

The subjects hydrogen and carbon atoms refer to things that receive the actions described
by the voice.

12. The compared with the passive voice of the active voice
In grammar, active voice and passive voice are two ways of constructing sentences that
differ in the way the subject and object of the action are presented. In the active voice, the
subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb, while in the passive voice, the
subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb.(Mary Ansell p.169)
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A simple example to illustrate the difference between active voice and passive voice:

Active voice: Scientists studied the atom with a high-resolution microscope.

Passive voice: The atom was studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope.

According to Mary Ansell (1969 p.169) In the active voice, the focus is on the subject
performing the action (the scientists), while in the passive voice, the focus is on the object
receiving the action (the atom). Furthermore, in the passive voice, the agent of the action (who
performs the action) can optionally be included with the preposition "by".

The choice between active voice and passive voice depends on the context and the focus
you want to give to the action. The active voice is more direct and common in everyday
communication, while the passive voice is often used to highlight the object of the action or
when the agent of the action is unknown or less relevant.

Ative voice

I study

You study

He/She/It studies

We study

You (plural) study

They study

13. Passive voice

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, (1941, p.287) In the English language, the passive voice
conjugation in the simple present tense is formed by combining the verb "to be" in the present
tense with the past participle of the main verb. This verb tense is used to indicate that the action
is performed by the subject, that is, the subject is the receiver of the action. Let's take a closer
look at how this works:
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1. Verb "to be" in the Present: The verb "to be" is the auxiliary verb in the passive
voice and must agree in number and person with the subject of the sentence.

2. Past Participle: The second part of the passive voice is the past participle of the main
verb. For most regular verbs in English, the past participle is formed by adding "-ed" to the end
of the base verb (e.g., "study" becomes "studied"). For irregular verbs, the form of the past
participle varies and must be memorized (e.g., "write" becomes "written").

3. Forming the Passive Voice: To form the passive voice, combine the verb "to be"
conjugated with the past participle of the main verb.

For example:

1. The structure of the atom is studied by scientists.

2. The atoms are arranged in a crystal lattice by the forces of nature.

3. The energy levels of an atom are determined by quantum mechanics.

Agent of the Action: Often in the passive voice, the agent of the action (who performs
the action) is omitted because the focus is on the action itself or the object receiving the action.
When the agent is mentioned, it is introduced by the preposition "by".

It is important to note that not all verbs or phrases work well in the passive voice in
English. The passive voice is generally used when the agent of the action is unknown, irrelevant,
or obvious from the context. In the passive voice in the simple present tense, the verb "study" is
conjugated with the auxiliary verb "to be" followed by the past participle "studied".

I am studied

You are studied

He/She/It is studied

We are studied

You (plural) are studied

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They are studied

Affirmative: Object + Form of "to be" + Past Participle + (by + Agent)

Ex: The atom is being studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope

Object: The Atom, Form of "to be": Is, Past Participle: studied, (by + Agent): by scientists
Complement: with a high-resolution microscope

The atom is studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope

Negative: Object + Form of "to be" + not + Past Participle + (by + Agent)

Ex: The atom is studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope

Object: The atom, Form of "to be": is, not: not, Past Participle: studied, (by + Agent): (by
scientists) Complement: with a high-resolution microscope

The atom is not studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope.

Interrogative: Form of "to be" + Object + Past Participle + (by + Agent)

Ex: The atom is studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope

Form of "to be": Is , Object: the atom , Past Participle: studied , (by + Agent): by scientists
Complement: with a high-resolution microscope?

Is the atom studied by scientists with a high-resolution microscope?

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14. Conclusion
The atom is the smallest basic unit of matter and is fundamental to the construction of
everything that exists in the universe. It consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and
neutrons, around which electrons orbit. The importance of the atom lies in the fact that all
substances are composed of specific combinations of atoms, and the way these atoms interact
determines the properties and behaviors of matter. Atoms are present in all known chemical
elements and can be found throughout nature, from the air we breathe to the minerals that make
up rocks.

They are also the basis of chemical compounds that make up our body, the food we
consume, the materials we use in construction and many other aspects of everyday life.In
conclusion, the importance of the atom is intrinsically linked to its ubiquitous presence in the
composition of all forms of matter and to its ability to interact and form diverse substances. It is
essential for the understanding of Chemistry, Physics and biology, as well as for the development
of technologies and applications in various areas of Science and industry
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15. Bibliographic reference

1. Azar, Betty Schrampfer, (1941)- Fundamentals of English grammar / Betty Schrampfer Azar.-
3rd ISBN 0-13-013631-X

2.Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2010). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3.Bensaude-Vincent, B. Stengers, I.(1992). História da Química.Trad. Raquel Gouveia. Lisboa:

Instituto Piaget.

4.Brown, Theodore; Lemay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E. (2005) Química: a ciência central. 9
ed. Prentice-Hall.

5.Caruso, F. e Oguri, V. (2006) Física Moderna – Origens Clássicas e Fundamentos Quânticos,

Ed. Campus, Rio de Janeiro.

6.Cardoso, E. L., Fernandes, A. H. B. M.; Fernandes, F. A. (2009) Análise de solos: finalidade e

procedimentos de amostragem. Corumbá: Embrapa Pantanal. 5p

7.Davis, A. H (2014) O livro a ciência; tradução Alice Klesck. – 1.ed – São Paulo: Globo
Livros, 2014;

8.Francisco R. H. P. (2002) átomo. Revista electrónica de ciências. N. 03, janeiro.

9.Fuchs, W.R. (1972). Física Moderna. São Paulo: Editora Moderna.

10.Frânzle, S.; Markert, B.(2000) The Biological system of the Elements (BSE). Part ll: a
Theoretical model for establishing the essentialy of chemical elements. The application of
stoichiometric network analysis to the Biological system of the Elements. The science of the total
Environment. v.249. 2000. 241p.

11.Jauncey, G.E.M. (1946). The early years of radioactivity. American Journal of Physics, 14,
226-241.
12.Kotz, J. C.; Treichel, P.(2002) Química e Reações Químicas. Trad. J. A. P. Bonapace e O. E.
Barcia. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e Científicos.

13.Mahan, B. M.; Myers, R. J.(1995). Química um curso universitário. 4ª Edição, São Paulo,
Editora Edgard Bücher LTDA.

14.R. Eisberg e R. Resnick, Física Quântica, 8a. Edição, Editora Campus.

15.Sena, Marcelo M. de; Poppi, Ronei.(1999). Avaliação de uso de métodos quimiométricos em
análise de solos. São Paulo: Química nova.
16.Vieira, Lúcio Salgado.(1988) Manual da ciência do solo: com ênfase em solos tropicais. São
Paulo: Editora Agronômica CERES Ltda. 33 p.