8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3_Week 3:
Work and Energy
Science – Grade 8 (PHYSICS)
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3_Week 3: Work and Energy
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293 section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Loida C. Aragon Iluminado B. Ariola
Elymor L. Baynosa Rowena M. Estrada
Editors: Jennifer S. Mirasol
Reviewers: Jennifer S. Mirasol
Illustrator: Mary Trixia Elyonne L. Baynosa
Layout Artist:
Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Wilfreda D. Bongalos, PhD, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent : Marcelita S. Dignos, E.D., CESE
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief : Oliver M. Tuburan, Ed.D.
EPSVR-Science : Jennifer S. Mirasol
EPSVR- LRMDS : Teresita Bandolon
ADM Coordinator : Marigold Cardente

Printed in the Philippines

ADMbyCoordinator,
DepartmentJennifer
of Education – Division of Lapu-Lapu City
S. Mirasol
Department of Education – Region VII Central Visayas
Lapu-Lapu City Division EPSVR LRMDS, Teresita A. Bandolon
Office Address: B.M. Dimataga St., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City
Tel No. (032) 410-4525
E-mail Address: oliver.tuburan@deped.gov.ph
 8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3_Week 3:
Work and Energy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Science Grade 8-Physics Module on Work and Energy !

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to encourage, assist and keep
track of the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

Notes to the Learners

As you go over to this weekly module, you
will be guided on the essential lessons you
need to know as a Grade 8 student. You are
expected to learn more independently.
Answer the activities and assessment with
outmost honesty.

Notes to the Facilitator/Parent

This module is self-explanatory. Please give
time to explain every lesson for
clarifications and provide proper guidance
to the learner in order to finish the task
given with utmost honesty and sincerity.

2
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.
This part includes an activity that aims
What I Know
to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you
What’s in
link the current lesson with the previous
one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
What’s New
introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion
What is It
of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.
This comprises activities for
What’s More
independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic.
What I Have This includes questions to process what
Learned you learned from the lesson.

This gives the general statement of the

Generalization
lessons discussed.
What I
This section provides an activity which
Can Do
will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in
the module.

3
At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
References

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Answer the pre-test to know your prior knowledge e about the
concepts included in this module.
3. Before doing each task, try to understand first the given instructions.
4. Perform all the activities provided in this module for you to gain more
knowledge about the topics.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Answer the post-test after each lesson to determine how much you
have understood and gained from the lesson.
7. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
8. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know

This module will give you the range of information needed in the learning
process. This will allow you to explore and learn more about the key concepts
in Physics. These includes work, power, and energy. These are entwined
concepts. In this module, the discussions will get focused on the two types of
mechanical energy- the kinetic and potential energy. Aside from energy, you
will know about what is work too in this module.

The activities are designed recognizing the learners’ level of learning

capabilities. The lessons are crafted following the standard sequence of the
course. The order of the lessons in this might be different to the textbook that
you are using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 - Work
• Lesson 2 – Kinetic Energy
• Lesson 3 – Potential Energy

As the study of this module ends, you will be able to:

1. Identify and explain the factors that affect potential and kinetic
energy.

5
 What I Know

Direction: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which statement is true about work?

A. It doesn’t involve about force.
B. It does not involve about distance.
C. Force and distance are in opposite directions.
D. Force acts in the same direction as the distance travelled.
2. What is being transferred as you do work?
A. Energy B. Force C. Heat D. Power
3. Which of the following shows work is not done?
A. carrying a big book C. lifting a sack of rice
B. dropping a stone D. pushing a cart
4. How is work calculated?
A. Work = Force/distance C. Work= Force + distance
B. Work= Force * distance D. Work= Force-distance
5. Which of the following is the SI unit of work and energy?
A. Ns C. J
B. Nm D. Both B and C
6. If 50,000 J of work is needed to move a box of 10 m. How much force is
used?
A. 5 N B.50 N C. 500 J D. 5000 J

For items 7-8, refer to the given situation below.

A 3.0 kg book is moved at three different shelves on a bookcase with the

corresponding height of 1.0m, 1.5 m, and 2.0m.

7. At what height will the book gain the highest potential energy?
A. 0 m B. 1.0 m C. 1.5m D. 2.0 m

6
8. At what height will the book gain 44.1 J of potential energy?
A. 0 m B. 1.0 m C. 1.5m D. 2.0 m
9. What is the kinetic energy of a 150-kg boat moving at 6 m/s?
A. 25 J B. 450 J C. 900 J D. 2,700 J
10. If an athlete exerts 450 J of work to make 105 W of power, then how long
did it take the runner to do the work?
A.0.23 s B. 4.20 s C. 4.29 s D. 5.50 s

✓ Answer Key on Page 22

What’s In

There are three different ways on how energy is being transferred from
one place to another. Sound and light are transferred trough waves, electrical
energy is transferred by moving electrical charges through a complete circuit
and heat is transferred either by randomly moving particles, or by
electromagnetic waves. Work is also a means of transferring energy from one
object to another.
You have also learned that; the force of gravity is the force that earth
exerts on all objects on its surface. It is always directed downward or towards
the center of the earth. When an object is lifted from the ground, the work done
is against the force of gravity. An object gains energy when raised from the
ground and loses energy when made to fall.
In module 1, it states that, force can change the state of motion of an
object. If an object is at rest, it can be moved by exerting force on it. If an object
is moving it can be made to move faster or stop by applying forced on it.

7
 What’s New

Work is the product of force and displacement. In physics, a force is said

to do work if, when acting, there is a movement of the point of application in the
direction of the force. (Work, n.d.)

Energy is associated with the motion of objects and can broadly be

classified as kinetic and potential energy. It may exist in many forms like light
energy, heat energy, mechanical energy and many more. Although there are
many specific types of energy, the two major forms are Kinetic and Potential
energy.

The new lessons will discuss about the basic concept of work and the
two basic forms of energy --The Kinetic and Potential Energy.

The lessons in this module include:

1. Work
2. Potential Energy
3. Kinetic Energy

8
 What is It

Lesson 1: Work and Energy

Photo credit: https://dlpng.com/png/6801413

What is work? Have you considered yourself doing work all the time?
Surprisingly, not all the things that we do is considered as work. Operational
definition of work will be discussed with qualitative and quantitative description
that suits in our day-to-day living. The word “work “rings a bell to anyone as it
is done continuously by everyone. However, scientifically not all things that we
do can be considered as work.

You have learned that force is expressed in (Newtons) N or kg. m/s2.

Since work involves force and distance, it is written in symbol as,

w = Fd
Hence, the unit of work is Nm or (joules) J.
Let’s try to solve the following problems!

9
Sample problem:
Manong Kanor, a porter is pushing a cart of goods along Pier 1. He exerted 500
N to move the goods covering 3 m. What is the amount of work is done by
Manong Kanor?

Given:
w = Fd
F = 500 N
= (500 N )(3m )
d = 3m
= 1,500 J

Lesson 2: Kinetic Energy

Photo by Unknown Author / Public domain

Energy is known as the ability to do work. Moving bodies can do work.

This energy of a moving body is called kinetic energy or KE.

The energy of a moving object is called energy on motion or kinetic

energy (KE). The term kinetic comes from the Greek work kinetikos which
means moving. Therefore, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy it
possesses due to its motion.

10
HOW IS THE EQUATION OF KINETIC ENERGY DERIVED?
Let us recall the formulas of force, acceleration and average velocity

F = ma
v f − vi
a=
t
v f + vi
vave =
2
In the study of the accelerated motion,

𝑉𝑓2 − 𝑉𝑖2 = 2𝑎𝑑

Therefore,

𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖2
𝑎𝑑 = 2

From the previous equation of Work, substitute ad;

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎𝑑

𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖 2
= 𝑚( )
2

1 1
= 2 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2

= 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝑘𝐸𝑖
𝑊 = 𝛥𝐾𝐸

It is mentioned that work is the change in energy. Therefore;

If vi = 0, 𝛥𝐾𝐸 = KE. So, the KE of the body is

1
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2

The work done in accelerating an object is equal to the kinetic energy gained
by the object. Therefore, kinetic energy depends on the object’s mass and

11
velocity. What will happen to the kinetic energy (KE) of an object if mass and
velocity are doubled?
𝑚
In Module 1, the unit for mass is kg while for velocity is meter per second ( 𝑠 ).

Therefore, the unit for Kinetic Energy (KE) is,

Unit of KE = unit of mass x unit of velocity

𝑚 2
Unit of KE = 𝑘𝑔 ( )
𝑠

𝑚2
Unit of KE = 𝑘𝑔
𝑠2

But,

𝑚
𝑘𝑔. 𝑠2 = 1newton, N

so, the unit of KE = Nm or Joules, J

Sample problem:

What is the kinetic energy of a 1000kg car with a speed of 15 m/s?

Given:
Facts about kinetic energy
m = 1000kg
v = 15 m 1. When the velocity of the object is
s doubled, the kinetic energy is
mv 2 quadrupled.
KE =
2 2. Kinetic energy must always be zero
(1000 kg )(15 m s )
2
or positive.
= 3. Kinetic energy is not a vector.
2 Wherever you throw a ball, it will
= 112,500 J always have the same kinetic
or energy.
112.5kJ

12
 Lesson 3: Potential Energy

The energy is gained by the object when lifted and it loses energy when it fails.
The energy gained or lost by the object is called Potential Energy (PE). It is a
stored energy due to the position or state of an object. Anything possesses
potential energy. It is expressed in symbol as

PE = mgh ; where m= mass, g= acceleration due to gravity and h=height

HOW WAS IT DERIVED?

For instance, when 20 kg books lifted 1m from the ground. The force exerted in
lifting the books is equal to its weight.

F = w = mg

The work done in lifting the pile of book is W = Fd = mgh . The work done in lifting
an object is equal to the potential energy gained by the object.

PE = mgh

Sample problem:
A 63-kg man climbs on a hill that is about 3.6 m high. What is its potential
energy?
Given :
m = 63kg
h = 3.6m
PE = mgh
(
= (63kg ) 9.8 m
s2
)(3.6m)
PE = 222.64 J

13
 Consider this!
There are two main types of potential energy:

✓ Elastic potential energy- energy that can be stretched or compressed like a

rubber band or a spring
✓ Gravitational potential energy- energy in an object that is held in a vertical
position.
Examples of potential energy:
a stretched string of a bow
food
sparkler
a book on top of the table
a waterfall

Let’s take this as an example! A cyclist moves downhill. At the top of the hill, the
cyclist’s potential energy is at its maximum. As he moves downhill, his potential
energy decreases while his kinetic energy increases. At the bottom of the hill,
the kinetic energy is at its maximum while its potential energy is at its minimum.
Clearly, the Law of conservation of mechanical energy is evident in this case.
The potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and vice versa.

Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy is constant in a closed system where there are no
external forces acting on it.

14
 What’s More

Which is Which?
1.1

Procedure
Identify which picture shows that work is being done. Write your answer in the
space provided. Give a brief explanation.

Photo credit:
Photo credit:
https://www.illustrationsof.com/11389
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-
69-royalty-free-boy-clipart-illustration
vector-illustrations-clipart
A boy lifting a pail of water A boy carrying books

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

✓ Answer Key on Page 22

15
 1.2 Who Have Got More POWER?

Procedure
1. Work with a partner. Find a staircase with a minimum of 15 steps.

2. Measure the height of the flight of the stairs that you will climb. Record it
on the table.

3. You can walk or run up the flight of stairs. Use a stopwatch or any watch
to get the time it takes to climb the stairs. Record the time in the 4th
column.
4. Compute for your power output and your partner.

Height Time taken to

Weight Energy Power
Name of climb the
(N) used (J) (J/s)
stairs stairs (s)

*To compute for the weight, multiply your mass by 9.8 m/s 2.

Questions:
1. Who has more power output? less power output?
_____________________________________________________
2. What factor/s affect(s) the power output?
_____________________________________________________
✓ Answer Key on Page 22

16
 What I Have Learned

Direction: Answer the following questions correctly.

Lesson 1: Work
1. A 1- kg bag is lifted by the man at a height of 2m. How much
work is done by the man on the bag?
______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Lesson 2: Kinetic Energy

1. Find the kinetic energy of an object that has a mass of 7 kg and
𝑚
is moving at a speed of 5 𝑆 .

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Lesson 3: Potential Energy

1. What potential energy is acquired by a 4.0 kg sack of cement
when it is lifted by the carpenter into 3 meters?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

✓ Answer Key Pages 21-22

17
 Generalization

1. Work is an abstract idea related to energy. When work is done it is

accompanied by a change in energy. When work is done by an object it
loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy.

❖ If you pushed a wall and it does not move, you do not do any work at
all because the wall stays in place. There is no displacement
produced.
❖ If you kicked a stone, you do work on the stone. Since you used your
energy to move the stone (Kinetic Energy).
❖ When you lift your bag form the chair, you increase the potential
energy of the bag.
2. Kinetic Energy
❖ Energy is the ability to do work.
❖ The energy of a moving object is called energy on motion or
kinetic energy (KE).
❖ The term kinetic comes from the Greek work kinetikos which
means moving. Therefore, the kinetic energy of an object is the
energy it possesses due to its motion.
❖ The formula used in solving Kinetic Energy is:

3. Potential Energy

❖ The energy is gained by the object when lifted and it loses energy
when it fails.
❖ The energy gained or lost by the object is called Potential Energy
(PE). It is a stored energy due to the position or state of an object.
❖ Anything possesses potential energy. It is expressed in symbol

as PE = mgh
where m= mass, g= acceleration due to gravity and h=height

18
 What can I Do

1. A ball with a mass of 0.1 kg is thrown upward. Given the gravitational

force (g) as 9.8 m/s2, what is its Potential Energy before it is thrown
upward?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Give at least four common activities where potential and kinetic energy
is applied? One is given for you.
a. Electric bike- it stores its potential energy in its battery, as it
starts switching on, it allows the biker to run the electric bike.
As it runs, it possesses kinetic energy.
b. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
d. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
e. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
✓ Answer Key on Page 22

19
 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of following statements is true about work and energy?

A. In order to do work, energy is lost.
B. In order to do work, energy is used up.
C. In order to do work, energy is lost or transferred.
D. In order to do work, energy is transferred or converted.
2. How is the total amount of energy a moving object expressed?
A.KE + PE B.KE - PE C. KE * PE D. KE/PE
3. What happens to the potential energy of a cart going downhill?
A. It increases C. It stays the same
B. It decreases D. It is unchanged
4. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the total amount of energy
in a closed system is _________.
A. increasing B. decreasing C. constant D. negative
5. A jeepney is at the top of a 50 m hill and weighs 800 Kg. The jeepney (at
this moment) has ________________?
A. kinetic energy C. elastic energy
B. potential energy D. both kinetic and potential energy

For items 6-9, refer to the figure below.

The figure on the right shows the

motion of a rolling ball.

6. At which point will the ball have the least potential energy?
A. G B. D C. E D. A
7. At which point will the ball have the greatest kinetic energy?
A. G B. D C. E D. A

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8. At which point will the ball have the maximum potential energy?
A. G B. D C. E D. A
9. At which point will the ball have the least kinetic energy?
A. G B. D C. E D. A
10. A machine does 1250 J in half a minute. What is the power developed by
the machine?
A. 21W B. 42 W C.125 W D.1250 W

✓ Answer Key on Page 22

21
 22
What I have Learned
LESSON 1: Work
Given: mass – 1kg distance – 2m
LESSON 2: Kinetic Energy
Given: mass – 7kg speed - 5m/s
Find KE?
Solution:
mv 2
KE =
2
7 kg 5𝑚∕𝑠 2
=
2
7 kg 25𝑚 2 ∕𝑠 2
=
2
175𝑘𝑔 ⋅𝑚 ∕𝑠 2 ⋅𝑛
=
2
=87.5𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 𝑠2 ⋅ 𝑚
=87.5 J
Answer Key
 23
Assessment What I Know
1. D 6. B 1. D 6. D
2. A 7. B 2. A 7. D
3. B 8. D 3. A 8. C
4. C 9. D 4. B 9. D
5. B 10. B 5. D 10. C
What Can I Do
1. 0
2. Answer may vary.
What’s More
Activity 1.1
The figure on the left (a boy lifting a pail of water) does work while the one
on the right (a boy carrying books) does not do work. The direction of force
exerted by the boy on the left and the distance covered by the pail of water
are the same (parallel) while the direction of force exerted by the boy on the
right is perpendicular to the distance travelled.
Activity 1.2
1. (Answers may vary)
2. Power output is affected by the amount of work or energy used and
the time it takes to do the task.
LESSON 3: Potential Energy
1. Given: mass – 4.0 kg height – 3.0 m
Find: PE?
Solution
PE= mgh
= (4.0kg) (9.8m/s2) (3.0)
= 117.6 J
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