CHAPTER 10: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)

MAGLAYA, Fiona Loren R. | Ms. Jody Benedicto | SEM 1 2022

HEMOGLOBIN
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD ➔ main component of erythrocytes
1. Transports gasses, nutrients, and ➔ transports O2
waste products ➔ each globin protein attached to a
2. transport of processed molecules heme molecule
3. transport of regulatory molecules ➔ each heme contains one iron atom
4. regulation of pHand osmosis ➔ O2 binds to iron
5. maintenance of body temperature OXYHEMOGLOBIN
6. protection against foreign substances ➔ hemoglobin with an O2 attached
7. clot formation
PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD 1. Decreased blood O2 levels cause
PLASMA kidneys to increase production of
● 55% total blood erythropoietin
● pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells 2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone
● 91% water, 7% proteins, 2% others marrow to produce more erythrocytes
FORMED ELEMENTS 3. increased erythrocytes cause an
● 45% total blood increase in blood O2 levels
● cells and cell fragments
LEUKOCYTES
● erythrocytes,leukocytes, thrombocytes
PLASMA PROTEINS ➔ white blood cells (wbc)
Albumin ➔ lack hemoglobin
➔ larger than erythrocytes
● 58% plasma proteins
➔ contains a nucleus
● helps maintain water balance FUNCTIONS
Globulins ● fight infections
● 38% plasma proteins ● remove dead cells and debris by
● helps immune system phagocytosis
Fibrinogen TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
● 4% plasma proteins
➢ Granulocytes
● aids in clot formation
○ contain specific granules and
HEMATOPOIESIS include neutrophils,
➔ process that produces formed eosinophils, and basophils
elements 1. NEUTROPHILS
➔ after birth, hematopoiesis is confined a. most common
primarily in the red bone marrow b. remain in blood for 10 to 12
➔ some white blood cells are produced hours then move to tissues
in lymphatic tissue c. phagocytes
➔ all formed elements of blood are 2. EOSINOPHILS
derived from a single population of a. least common
cells called stem cells or b. release histamine and heparin
hemocytoblasts ➢ Agranulocytes
○ no specific granules
ERYTHROCYTES 1. Monocytes
➔ red blood cells a. largest sized white blood cells
➔ disk-shaped; thick edges b. produce macrophages
➔ nucleus is lost during development 2. Lymphocytes
➔ live for 120 days a. immune response
FUNCTION b. several different types (T cells
- transport O2 to tissues and B cells)
 c. lead to production of
CLOT FORMATION CONTROL
antibodies
● clots need to be controlled so they
PLATELETS don;t spread throughout the body
● minute fragments of cells ANTICOAGULANTS
● consisting a small amount of ➔ prevents clots from forming
cytoplasm surrounded by a cell ➔ ex: heparin and antithrombin
membrane CLOT RETRACTION
● produced in the red bone marrow from ➔ condensing of clot
large cells called megakaryocytes ➔ serum in plasma is squeezed out of
● important role in preventing blood loss clot
➔ helps enhance healing
BLOOD LOSS
FIBRINOLYSIS
➔ when blood vessels are damaged, ➔ process of dissolving clot
blood can leak into other tissues and ➔ plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks
disrupt normal function down clot (fibrin)
➔ lost blood must be replaced by
production of new blood or by BLOOD GROUPING
transfusion ● injury or surgery can lead to blood
transfusion
PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS
TRANSFUSION
1. Vascular Spasm REACTIONS/AGGLUTINATION
a. temporary constriction of ➔ clumping of blood cells (bad)
blood vessel ANTIGENS
2. Platelet Plugs ➔ molecules on surface of erythrocytes
a. can seal up small breaks in ANTIBODIES
blood vessels ➔ proteins in plasma
3. Blood clotting (coagulation) BLOOD GROUPS
a. blood can be transformed ➔ named according to antigen (ABO)
from liquid to a gel
b. CLOT - network of thread-like ABO BLOOD GROUPS
proteins called fibrin that trap ● Type A blood = type A antigens
blood cells and fluid ● type b blood = type b antigens
c. depends on clotting factors ● type AB blood - both types of antigens
d. CLOTTING FACTORS ● type O has neither A nor B antigens
i. proteins in plasma ● O = universal donors (no antigens)
ii. only activated ● A can receive A and O blood
following injury ● B can receive B and O blood
iii. made in liver ● AB can receive A, B, AB blood
iv. require vitamin K ● O can receive O blood only
STEPS IN CLOT FORMATION DIAGNOSTIC BLOOD TESTS
1. Injury to blood vessel cause inactive ➔ Complete blood count (CBC)
clotting factors to be activated due to ◆ provides info such as RBC
exposed tissue or release of count, hemoglobin, and WBC
thromboplastin
count
2. Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is
formed and acts upon prothrombin ➔ Hematocrit
3. Prothrombin is switched to its active ◆ % of total blood volume
form thrombin composed of RBC
4. Thrombin activates fibrinogen to its ➔ Hemoglobin
active form fibrin ◆ determines amount of
5. Fibrin forms network that traps blood hemoglobin
(clots)
◆ indicate anemia

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HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
● Deoxygenated blood
○ aka venous blood
○ has low partial pressure of
oxygen
● Oxygenated Blood
○ has high partial pressure of
oxygen which will be delivered
to different parts of the body
COVERING OF THE HEART
● Pericardium
○ covers the heart
● Visceral
○ innermost layer
● Parietal
○ outermost layer
● Pericardial Fluid
○ serous fluid found between
visceral and parietal layers
reduces friction
THE HEART
● in the thoracic cavity; between two
pleural cavities (parietal and visceral
pleura)
● MEDIASTINUM
○ midline partition
○ made by the heart,
esophagus, trachea
● PERICARDIAL CAVITY
○ surrounds the heart
○ consists of two layers (fibrous
and serous pericardium)
LAYERS
● LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
1. Epicardium - outer protective layer
2. Myocardium - muscular middle layer
3. Endocardium - thin inner layer
EPICARDIUM
● outer layer
● visceral layer of the serous epicardium
● made of: mesothelial cells, fat, and
connective tissues
● the protective layer of the heart
● surrounds the: nerves and blood
vessels that supply the heart
MYOCARDIUM
● middle layer
● comprised of: cardiac muscle cells
called cardiomyocytes
● requires a constant supply of oxygen
and nutrients to maintain the
contractions and relaxations that keep
the heart pumping
ENDOCARDIUM
● inner layer
● lines inner surfaces of the heart
chambers
● contributes to the regulation of heart
contractions
● allows smooth blood flow inside the
heart
VALVES
● heart is a muscle that pumps blood
throughout the body
● heart valves act like doors
● help ensure that blood moves at the
right time and in the correct direction
● as valves open and close, they create
two sounds, which is your heartbeat
4 VALVES OF THE HEART
1. Aortic Valve
➔ has three leaflets
➔ open to let blood flow from your
heart’s left ventricle to aorta
➔ prevents backflow from aorta to left
ventricle
2. Mitral Valve
➔ has two leaflets
➔ allow blood to flow from lungs into left
atrium
➔ prevent backflow from left ventricle to
left atrium
3. Pulmonary Valve (or Pulmonic Valve)
➔ also has three leaflets
➔ allow blood to pump from right
ventricle to pulmonary artery
➔ prevents backflow from pulmonary
artery to right ventricle
4. Tricuspid Valve
➔ has three leaflets
➔ allow blood to flow from right atrium to
the right ventricle
➔ prevent backflow from right ventricle to
right atrium
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2 TYPES OF HEART VALVES
1. Atrioventricular valves (AV)
- located between each atrium and
ventricle
TRICUSPID VALVES
- the AV valve between right atrium and
right ventricle
- composed of three cusps or flaps of
tissue
BICUSPID VALVES
- AV valve between left atrium and left
ventricle
- composed of two cusps
- also called mitral valve
➢ extends around the heart
➢ separating atria from ventricles
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
➢ on the anterior surface of the heart
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
➢ posterior surface of the heart
RIGHT ATRIUM
➔ has three major openings
➔ opening from superior and inferior
vena cava receives blood from the
body
➔ opening of coronary sinus receives
blood from the heart

PAPILLARY MUSCLES LEFT ATRIUM

- in each ventricle ➔ 4 uniform openings from four
- cone-shaped muscular pillars pulmonary veins that receive blood
from lungs
CHORDAE TENDINEAE
LOWER CHAMBERS
- muscles attached by thin, strong
connective tissue strings ● contains right and left ventricles
● separated by: interventricular septum
2. Semilunar valves ● left ventricle is much thicker
- located between each ventricle ○ allows for stronger
contractions
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE ARTERIES
- located between right ventricle and
● carry blood AWAY from the heart
pulmonary trunk
● oxygenated blood
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
Classifications
- located between left ventricle and
1. Elastic artery
aorta
➢ largest diameter
➢ thickest wall
CARDIAC SKELETON
➢ greater proportion; elastic tissue
- fibrous skeleton
➢ smaller proportion: smooth muscle
- consists mainly of fibrous rings
2. Muscular artery
UPPER CHAMBERS ➢ medium-sized
● contains right and left atrium ➢ small diameter
● separated by interatrial septum ➢ distributing artery
➢ can control blood flow to different
Fossa Ovalis regions of the body
➢ slight, oval depression on the right
side of the interatrial septum Vasoconstriction
● smooth muscle contraction in blood
Foramen Ovale vessel
➢ opening between right and left atria in
the embryo and the fetus Vasodilation
Coronary Sulcus ● smooth muscle dilation in blood vessel

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3. Arteriole
➢ smallest artery
➢ transport blood from small artery to
capillary
➢ site of exchange between blood and
tissue fluids
➢ has thinner walls
Coronary arteries
➔ pathway for blood through the heart
wall
➔ originate from base of the aorta, above
aortic semilunar valves
Parts of Artery
1. Tunica externa - external
2. Tunica media - middle
3. Tunica intima - innermost layer
VEIN
➔ carries deoxygenated blood to the
heart
➔ more abundant than arteries
➔ have: large lumens, thin walls, less
smooth muscle, and elastic tissue
● thin; composed of endothelium cells
(simple squamous cells)
Precapillary Sphincters
● smooth muscles
● located at the origin of capillary
branches
TUNICS
➔ also called layers
➔ found in: arteries and veins; except for
capillaries and venule
Tunica Intima
➢ consists of: endothelium cells
➢ composed of: simple squamous
epithelial cells, basement membrane,
some connective tissues
Tunica Media
➢ consists of: smooth muscle cells
➢ composed of: elastic and collagen
fibers
Tunica Adventitia / Externa
➢ composed of: dense connective tissue
next to tunica media

LAYERS OF THE VESSEL WALL

1. Tunica externa
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica intima
4. Vasa vasorum
5. Smooth muscle
6. Endothelium

3 PRIMARY PARTS OF VEINS

1. Small veins and venules
2. Medium veins
3. Large veins

TYPES OF VEINS
1. Deep veins
2. Superficial veins
3. Pulmonary veins
4. Systemic veins
CAPILLARIES
● each is 0.5-1mm long
● diameter same as red blood cell: 7.5

Capillary Walls