SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

and

NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 Table of Contents

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................2
Sensor Technology......................................................................................................................................3
1.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................3
1.2. Application of Sensor technology...............................................................................................3
1.3. Types of Sensors..........................................................................................................................4
1.3.1. Flow Sensor.........................................................................................................................4
1.3.2. Pressure Sensor...................................................................................................................4
1.3.3. Altimeter.............................................................................................................................5
1.3.4. Gyroscope............................................................................................................................5
1.3.5. Tachometer.........................................................................................................................6
1.4. Examples of sensor in Aviation...................................................................................................6
1.5. Examples of Sensors in Missiles..................................................................................................7
1.6. Examples of Sensors in Space Systems.......................................................................................7
Navigation System......................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................7
2.2. Inertial Navigation System...............................................................................................................8
2.3. Enhanced Long Rang Navigation (E LORAN)....................................................................................9
2.4. Example of Navigation System in Aviation......................................................................................9
2.5. Example of Navigation System in Missile........................................................................................9
2.6. Example of Navigation System in Space System...........................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................................10

List of Figures

Figure 1 Flow Sensor..................................................................................................................................4

Figure 2 Pressure Sensor............................................................................................................................4
Figure 3 Altimeter module..........................................................................................................................5
Figure 4 Gyroscope sensor.........................................................................................................................5
Figure 5 Tachometer...................................................................................................................................6
Figure 6 Global navigation system..............................................................................................................8
 Sensor Technology

1.1. Introduction

Sensor comes in a variety of shape and sizes but at their most basic level they are the devices

which detect the feature amount of a measuring item and convert it into a readable signal that

may be shown on an instrument. Simply said sensing technology is a data collection system that

used sensor to detect physical chemical or biological property level into readable signal. Various

computers analyze the data of sensor and send to to the cockpit from where the pilot keep an eye

on the engine and atmosphere. Sensors are increasingly being use in various industries like

aviation to improve the performance (Wilson).

1.2. Application of Sensor technology

Sensors are used to optimize operation and give unrivaled asset protection in tough, critical

mission and application in industries. The sensor provides monitoring including detection and

reporting as required by a process. Sensor uses data to control and analyses and any anomalies in

a property are recorded by the sensor, which generated an electrical signal. So, sensor boost

process efficiency and product quality while ensuring that process adhere to industry best

practices. (Schmidt, 2001)

Communication, navigation, displaying systems and tactical setups for early warning are all

examples of avionic system. The Lockheed SR71 blackbird is equipped with electrical and

electronic devices such as intelligence sensor, air borne radars and cameras. It is used by the US

air force as highest-flying air jet. (Schmidt, 2001) It just accelerates and outfits an enemy missile

if detect one launched. Various computers analyze the data of sensor and send to to the cockpit
from where the pilot keep an eye on the engine and atmosphere. Sensors are increasingly being

use in various industries like aviation to improve the performance.

1.3. Types of Sensors

1.3.1. Flow Sensor

These keep record of the amount of lubricant and coolant liquid or fuel system.

Figure 1 Flow Sensor (https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/two-types-of-flow-sensors-)

1.3.2. Pressure Sensor

Hydraulic system brake system lifting and land gear, engine oil, heating and cooling liquid are

monitored by pressure sensor.

Figure 2 Pressure Sensor (https://www.holykell.com/products/industrial_pressure_sensor)

1.3.3. Altimeter

These measure aircraft height by variation in static pressure.

Figure 3 Altimeter module (https://www.parallax.com/product/altimeter)

1.3.4. Gyroscope

They are used to regulate the turning and altitude of aircraft as well as to indicate direction.

Figure 4 Gyroscope sensor (https://www.watelectronics.com/what-is-a-gyroscope-sensor)

1.3.5. Tachometer

The rpm of engine is displayed here. This device probes the speed and spinning gear, fluctuation.

The magnetic flux generated give voltage in the form of engine speed.

Figure 5 Tachometer (https://kus-usa.com/resource)

1.4. Examples of sensor in Aviation

The F22 raptor includes avionic system that use sensor to collect data from radar and other

external systems, Sander AN/ALR-94 electronic warfare is a mission system. The MLD use six

sensors to give complete coverage. The planes most technically difficult equipment is it’s ALR

94 a passive radar detector which uses 30 antennae providing all round radar warning receiver

(RWR) coverage (Albert, 2012).

1.5. Examples of Sensors in Missiles

The Tomahawk network centric combat capabilities which pinpoint its target using data from a

variety of sensors i.e., aircraft, UAVs, satellites, and ships are a considerable improvement (F.

Fennemore, 2011).
1.6. Examples of Sensors in Space Systems

In SPUTNIK spacecraft magnetometer are used to measure satellite orientation, map the Earth

magnetic field, and determine the magnetic field of other planets. The magnetic field on earth

varies between 24000 and 66000 nano Tesla’s (Eisenhower).

Navigation System

2.1. Introduction

The word navigation refers to the process of identifying things like position speed and direction

when travelling. In premodern age an altazimuth a compass and a map were used to determine

direction and position which are considered as crude navigational equipment. Artificial satellite

the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial navigation system (INS), and other

advances in science and technology are used to calculate exact position and speed (Fabrikant,

2019).

Navigation in modern sense refers to the mechanical equipment that are used to determine the

location of land vehicles ships and aero planes.

The navigation is divided into two categories: physical model-based approach (PMMs) and

external data-based method (EDMs). PMMs include inertial navigation system and dead

reckoning navigation (STURZA, 1988). They asses an object present position by measuring a

variety of changes in its condition such as velocity and acceleration. The worldwide navigation

satellite system accurately depicts EDMs which is longitude and latitude determination method

that employ polar stars of the sun and are presently used in spacecraft.
 Figure 6 Global navigation system (Fabrikant, 2019)

2.2. Inertial Navigation System

An inertial navigation system is a navigation device that calculate the position orientation and

velocity of a moving object continuously by dead reckoning without the use of external reference

using a computer motion sensor and rotation sensor. A barometric altimeter as well as magnetic

sensor or speed measuring devices are frequently employed in conjunction with inertial sensor.

INS are navigational system that calculate position in absolute to ordinates or relative to a

reference system or point. An INS system must have at least three gyros and three

accelerometers to find a navigation solution (Schmidt, 2001).

This navigation solution as the very least contain the position most INS system nowadays output

heading, pitch, and roll. Certain system incorporates heave sway and surge.

2.3. Enhanced Long Rang Navigation (E LORAN)

E Loran is the most recent in a long line of low frequency, long range navigation (LORAN)

system and is also the first to fully include 21st technology.

It meets the accuracy availability integrity and consistency criteria for marine harbor entrance

and maneuvers, less precision instrument approach, vehicle navigation (D.Kersey, 1996).

2.4. Example of Navigation System in Aviation

The F22 communication navigation and identification system combines communication,

navigation and identification function while once again utilizing the CIP for signal and data

processing resources. Each CNI function has its own set of apertures installed thought the

aircraft (Albert, 2012).

2.5. Example of Navigation System in Missile

The Tomahawk missile system employs Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM). A digital

depiction of a terrain area is mapped using digital terrain elevation data or stereo pictures. The

map is then loaded onto the missile as part of a TLAM mission. The radar altimeter data

collected as the missile pass over the map is compared to the stored map data while the missile is

in flight. Based on the comparison results the missile inertial navigation system is updated, and

the missile correct its course. TERCOM was based on fingerprint a technology developed for

SLAM in 1964 that was significant improvement (F. Fennemore, 2011).

2.6. Example of Navigation System in Space System

GPS has its genesis in the SPUTNIK era when scientist was able to follow the satellite using

doppler effect variations in radio signal. In 1960 the US navy undertook satellite navigation test

to track US submarine carrying nuclear weapons (Eisenhower).

References
D.Kersey, A. (1996). A Review of Recent Developments in Fiber Optic Sensor Technology.

Fabrikant, S. I. (2019). How does navigation system behavior influence human behavior?

Schmidt, N. B. (2001). Inertial sensor technology trends.

STURZA, M. A. (1988). Navigation System Integrity Monitoring Using Redundant Measurements. Winter.

Wilson, J. (n.d.). Sensor Technology.