CHAPTER

8 Mechanical Properties of Solids

Internal restoring force FRes

Stress = = .
Area of cross – section A
There are three types of stress:

Longitudinal Stress (2 Types)

(a) Tensile Stress:
F wall l l
F
tensile stress
tensile stress Stress-Strain Curve
(b) Compressive Stress: Breaking B
strength Elastic
F
l Compressive Elastic Region
l Stress Limit P E Y C

Lim rtion
po
it
Plastic Region
Pro

Stress
Volume Stress
0 Strain

Hooke’s Law
Stress ∝ strain (within limit of elasticity)

Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

Longitudinalstress FL
Tangential Stress or Shear Stress Y= =
Longitudinalstrain A ∆
F F If L is the length of wire, r is radius and  is the increase
A A
B B in length of the wire by suspending a weight Mg at its one
L L end, then Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of wire
F C F (Mg / πr 2 ) Μ gL
D D C = Y =
( / L) πr 2 
Change in Size of the body
Strain = (3 types) Increment in Length due to Own Weight
Originalsize of the body
MgL ρgL2
Change in length of the body ∆L ∆=
 =
1. Longitudinal strain = = 2 AY 2Y
Initial length of the body L
Change in volume of the body ∆V Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
2. Volume strain = =
Original volume of the body V F
Volume stress A P
  Displacement of upper face =k = =
3. Shear strain: tan φ = or φ = = Volume strain − ∆V − ∆V
L L Distance between two faces
V V
Compressibility Rod is Rigidly Fixed at the Ends, between Walls
1 1 Thermal strain = aDq 
C =
Bulk modulus K Thermal stress = Y aDq A
Modulus of Rigidity Thermal tension = Y aADq 
shearing stress (Ftangential ) / A
η = Effect of Temperature on Elasticity
shearing strain φ
When temperature is increased then due to weakness of inter
Poisson’s Ratio molecular force the elastic properties in general decrease i.e, elastic
lateralstrain constant decreases. Plastic properties increase with temperature.
( σ) =
longitudinalstrain

Work done in Stretching Wire

1
W= × stress × strain × volume
2
1 F ∆ 1
W= × × × A × = F × ∆
2 A  2

20 NEET (XI) Module-3 PW