.  &' ( ) (IV .
 (I

 
( o, e1 , e2 ) 56  5  * # P 2# " 34
= { z = a + ib / ( a, b ) ∈  2 ‫و‬i 2
= −1} (a (1
a ‫و‬b ∈    z = a + ib 
     
 z   (b
: (1
( i ∉  ) i 2 = −1 
  i 
M   # z = a + ib  P  M ( x, y )  (a
. z   !   "  !  # z = a + ib  (* (c
. aff ( M )  Ro′ ( z ) = a  z   %  &'! # a  (*
   Im ( z ) = b  z   % ( &'! # b  (*
u 7!  # z = a + ib  v  u ( x, y )  (b . z = a ∈  +, b = 0  )* (*

aff ( u ) = z  .- % ( z *  z = ib ∈  +, a = 0  )* (*
α ∈   .   b′  a′  b  a   (2
z   # M ( x, y ) 
 z = a + ib  (c a = 0 a = a ′
a + ib = 0 ⇔  a + ib = a′ + ib ′ ⇔ 
. M ( z )  P %, b = 0 b = b ′

 .     (II
z   # u ( x, y ) 7!
 z = a + ib  (d a‫و‬b ∈  .
 z = a + ib   -  (1

. u ( z )  v2 %, . z = a − ib %  - z  / ' )  z  , %#
  .0 ( (2
aff ( e2 ) = i . aff ( e1 ) = 1 . aff ( o ) = 0 (a :#$% z = z′ ⇔ z = z′ z = z ⇔ z∈
(b (a
z ∈  ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ ( x′ox ) z =z z = − z ⇔ z ∈ i
z ⋅ z′ = z ⋅ z′
z ⋅ z′ = z + z′
z ∈  ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ [ ox )
+
(b z1 z2 ....zn = z1 ⋅ z2 ⋅ ....zn (d
z1 + z2 + .... + zn = z1 + z2 + .... + zn
(c
z =z (n ∈ )
z ∈  − ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ ( x′o ]
n n

z  z 1 1
 ′ = ′   = (e
z  z z  z
z ∈ i ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ ( y′oy ) z + z = 2x = 2Ré ( z )
zz = x 2 + y 2    z = x + iy   (f
z ∈ i ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ [ oy )
+
(c z − z = 2iy = 2i Im ( z )

     (III
z ∈ i − ⇔ M ( z ) ∈ ( y′o ]
a ‫و‬b ∈  .
 z = a + ib   : (1
 - z  / ' ) ! %   z    %#
.
" (2
z = zz = a 2 + b 2 :%
aff ( M ) = aff ( M ′ ) ⇔ M = M ′
:
" (2
( )
aff MM ′ = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )






(a
z = a +, z = a ∈   )* (a
MM ′ = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
z = b +, z = ib ∈   )*
aff (u ) = aff (v ) ⇔ u = v
   
z = z = −z  = zz = a 2 + b 2
2
z (b
aff (u + v ) = aff (u ) + aff (v )
   

aff (αu ) = α aff (u )

  (b z +z′ ≤ z + z′  z =0⇔ z =0 (c

u = aff (u )
  zz ′ = z z ′
zn = z
n
 (d
  {( A,α )( B, β )} .! G   (c z 1z 2 .....z n = z 1 z 2 .... z n

(α aff ( A) + β aff ( B ) )
1
aff ( G ) = z
α+β z 1 1
=  = (e
z′ z′
[ ]
z z
( aff ( A) + aff ( B ) ) AB -
1
aff ( I ) = I   (d
2  . #     !      :#$%
zc , z B , z A %  78  9: C  B 
A  (e :%
 )* , )*  # C  B  A   A ≠ B   z zz ′ zz ′
= = (*
z − zA z ′ z ′z ′ z ' 2
. C ∈
zB − z A a + ib ( a + ib )( c − id ) ( a + ib )( c − id )
= = (*
c + id ( c + id )( c − id ) c2 + d 2
 :#$% .-  *   & )+, (V
zC − z A
= [1,θ ] )* ; 8  z   %# M ( z )
z ∈
*   (* (1
zB − z A
AC zC − z A
AB
=
zB − z A
z − zA
= C
zB − z A
= 1 ⇒ AC = AB
 

arg z / ' . e1 ,OM  ' ( )
(
 
)  z − zA 
AB, AC ≡ arg  C  ≡ 0 [ 2π ]
 
arg z ≡ e1 ,OM ( ) [2π ] (*
 zB − z A  :#$%
Moivre ." (6 π
z ∈ i *+ ⇔ arg z ≡ [ 2π ]
( cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos ( nθ ) + i sin ( nθ ) z ∈ *+ ⇔ arg z ≡ 0 [ 2π ]
n
2
π
z ∈ i *− ⇔ arg z ≡ − [ 2π ] z ∈ *− ⇔ arg z ≡ π [ 2π ]
Euler  ." (7 2
π z ∈ * ⇔ arg z = k π
cos x = ( eix + e − ix ) z ∈ i  ⇔ arg z ≡ +kπ
1 *

eix + e− ix = 2 cos x 2 2
*
      
 z   (2
eix − e −ix = 2i sin x sin x = ( e − e )
1 ix − ix
2i  <)= arg z ≡ θ [ 2π ]  z = r   z = r ( cos θ + i sin θ )

?=   ;4 7   >! %: :      :#$% .z = reiθ " z = [ r ,θ ]  z   %: :   #
  [ r ,θ ] = [ r ′,θ ′] ⇔ r = r ′ ‫ و‬θ ≡ θ ′ [ 2π ] (a :#$% (3
.  : : @  # . 1  / %  . z = a + ib   %: :      (b
z2 = ei β z1 = eiα    
a b
z 1 + z 2 = e i α + e i β = cos α + i sin α + cos β + i sin β z = a + ib = a 2 + b 2  +i 

 a +b a 2 + b2 
2 2

= cos α + cos β + i ( sin α + sin β )

= a 2 + b 2 ( cos θ + i sin θ ) =  a 2 + b 2 ,θ 
α +β α −β α +β α −β  
= 2 cos cos + i 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
α −β  α +β α +β  cos α − i sin α = cos(−α ) + i sin(−α ) (c
= 2 cos  cos + i sin  − cos α + i sin α = cos(π − α ) + i sin(π − α )
2  2 2 
− cos α − i sin α = cos(π + α ) + i sin(π + α )
z 1 − z 2 = cos α − cos β + i ( sin α − sin β ) π π
sin α + i cos α = cos( − α ) + i sin( − α )
α +β α −β α +β α −β 2 2
= −2sin + i 2 cos
sin sin (4
2 2 2 2
α −β  α +β α +β  arg ( zz ′ ) ≡ arg z + arg z ′ [ 2π ] [ r ,θ ] ⋅ [ r′,θ ′] = [ rr′,θ + θ ′]
= 2sin  cos + i sin 
arg z ≡ n arg z [ 2π ] [ r ,θ ] =  r n , nθ 
n
2  2 2 
n

. %#A '  # . 2  / z

arg   ≡ arg z − arg z ′ [ 2π ]
[ r ,θ ] =  r ,θ − θ ′
i
α +β
 i α −β
−i
α −β
  z′  [ r′,θ ′]  r′ 

z 1 + z 2 = e iα + e i β = e 2
e 2
+e 2

  1 1 1 
arg   ≡ − arg z [ 2π ] =  , −θ 
i
α +β
α −β z [ r ,θ ]  r 
=e 2
2 cos
2 arg ( z ) ≡ − arg z [ 2π ]  r ,θ  = [ r , −θ ]
 
α +β α −β α −β
i  i −i 
z 1 − z 2 = e iα − e i β = e 2
e 2
+e 2

 
(e ) i (θ + θ ′ )
n
i
α +β
α −β e i θ = e −i θ iθ
= e inθ e iθ ⋅e iθ ′ = e
=e 2
2i sin
2 1 e iθ
=e ( )
i θ −θ ′
= e −i θ
.-  *    01 (VI e iθ e iθ ′
π π
z    z   % ! %# n ∈ *  z ∈
*   (1 −i i

. z n = Z 
−i = e 2
i =e 2
−1 = e i π

. a     )! %= z = a    (2
n

A %= Z     )!
*  Z = [ r ,θ ]   (3 ( e , u ) ≡ arg ( aff (u )) [ 2π ]

1
(5
 θ 2 kπ 
n = zk =  n r , + / k ∈ {0,1,...., n − 1} (u, v ) ≡ arg ( aff ( v ) ) − arg ( aff (u )) [ 2π ]
 n n 
 2 kπ 
( e , AB ) ≡ arg ( z − z ) [2π ]

  wk = 1,  A %= 1     )! (4 1 B A
 n 
k ∈ {0,1,..., n − 1}
( AB, CD ) ≡ arg  zz −− zz [2π ]
  D C

B A
 :II 1 
4   (VII
*    01 (5
:" :  / (a
a ≠ 0 . az 2 + bz + c = 0  

*  Z = [ r ,θ ]  
∆ = b 2 − 4ac .B
θ
2

.z=−
b
:  9   +, ∆ = 0  )* H1 Z = [ r ,θ ] =  r ,  . Z     )! 
2a  2
θ
−u ‫و‬u    )!  ∆ +, ∆ ≠ 0  )* H2 −u  u =  r ,  := Z )! )*
−b − u −b + u  2
.z=  z= :9    :1  / (b
2a 2a
:
#$% Z = a ∈ *+ + 02 (1
a≠0 . az 2 + bz + c = 0   (*
( a)
2
Z =a= : 
:+,  %  z2 ‫و‬z 1  )*
 −b −u  u = a = Z )! )*
 z1 + z2 = a Z = − a ( a ∈ *+ ) + 02 (2

 zz =c
( a ) = (i a )
2 2
Z = −a = i 2
 1 2 a
a ≠ 0 . az 2 + 2b′z + c = 0   (* −u  u = i a = Z )! )*
( '  #   !"  Z = ib ( b ∈  *+ ) + 02 33
∆ ′ = b′ − ac 2 2

b′ b  b  b 
Z = ib = 2i . =   (1 + i ) =  (1 + i ) 
2
z = −    7  ∆ ′ = 0  )* H1 2  2
a  2 
:9 7  ∆′ ≠ 0  )* H2 b
−u  u = (1 + i ) = Z )! )*
−b′ − u −b′ + u 2
. ∆′ . )! u   . z2 =  z1 =
2a 2a Z = −ib ( b ∈ *+ ) + 02 (4
2 2
b  b  b 
Z = −ib = −2i . =   (1 − i ) =  (1 − i ) 
2

2  2
 2 
b
−u  u = (1 − i ) = Z )! )*
2
( b ≠ 0 ‫و‬a ≠ 0 ) . Z = a + ib + 02 (5
:)
:     )! 
Z = −3 + 4i
z 2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy   z = x + iy .B
Z =5 z =x2+y2 
2

 2  x 2 − y 2 = −3 (1)
 z = Z 
z2 = Z ⇔  2 ⇔ 2 xy = 4 ( 2)
z = Z  x 2 + y 2 = 5 ( 3)
 
x = −1 " x = 1 % 2 x = 2 " E# (3) + (1) 
2

2 y 2 = 8 " E# (3) – (1) 

y2 = 4 %
y = −2
" y = 2 "
 G ;4 7 y ‫و‬x )* xy = 2〉 0   (2) 9( 
 x = −1  x =1
 "  )*
 y = −2 y = 2
−u  u = 1 + 2i = Z )! )*