Lab No 6

Objective:
To find the critical buckling load when an I-section strut is subject to a load application by
linear buckling analysis, numerically and analytically.

Problem Statement:
A plate of linear buckling load of static structural I-section strut by linear buckling
analysis. Do simulation on ANSYS Workbench and then validate results by hand
calculation.

Given Data:
We draw a I-section beam in ANSYS module. Its length is 100 inches and total depth is 7 inches.
Its width is 4.5 inches. Web thickness of I-beam structure is 0.3 inch. Flange thickness of beam
is 0.38 inch. Flange has a fillet of radius of 0.3 inch.

Assumptions:
We assumed structural steel as a material for I-section beam with a value of E=3xE7 psi and
υ=0.3.Our units are US Customary units.

THEORY:
Introduction:
Buckling analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding the stability characteristics of structural
elements subjected to compressive loads. The phenomenon of buckling occurs when a slender
member, under increasing axial compression, suddenly deflects laterally due to instability. This
study aims to investigate the critical buckling load of an I-section strut through both numerical
simulation using ANSYS Workbench and analytical calculations. By combining experimental
and theoretical approaches, we seek to gain comprehensive insights into the behavior of the I-
section strut under compressive loading conditions.

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 Theoretical Background:
Euler's Buckling Formula:
Euler's buckling formula provides a fundamental relationship between the critical buckling load
(𝑃𝑐𝑟Pcr) and the geometric and material properties of a structural member. Euler's buckling
formula is fundamental in understanding the stability of slender structural elements under
compressive loading.It is given by:
𝑃𝑐𝑟=𝜋^2𝐸𝐼(𝐾𝐿)2Pcr=(KL)2π^2EI

Where:
 𝐸E = Modulus of elasticity of the material
 𝐼I = Moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
 𝐾K = Effective length factor
 𝐿L = Length of the strut

Numerically:

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The critical buckling load of the I-section strut is 610.09 N.

Analysis on Ansys:

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=

Procedure:

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Firstly, start with ANSYS Static Structural and link it with Eigenvalue Buckling.

Then we open the geometry:

Then we selected space claim geometry and selected x-y plane.

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Then we draw a rectangle and extruded that rectangle to make a rectangular beam.

Geometry and Meshing: The I-section strut geometry, including dimensions and fillet radii,
was modeled in ANSYS Workbench. A suitable mesh was generated to discretize the geometry
for accurate analysis. Then we updated the mesh .Then in the meshing we selected fine
meshing

Material Properties: Material properties corresponding to structural steel were defined,

including the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio.
Boundary Conditions and Load Application: Appropriate boundary conditions, such as fixed
or pinned ends, were applied to the strut model. A compressive load was incrementally applied,
and a linear buckling analysis was performed to determine the critical buckling load.

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 Then we went into setup model

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  In the boundary conditions we selected fixed sides
 Then we updated the mesh
 Then in the meshing we selected fine meshing
 After that we applied fix support on one side of I-section Beam.
 After that we apply point load force of 1N on top right side of I-section Beam.
 Then we click on solve to obtain the numerical solutions.
 Then in numerical results, we obtained results of deformation from it.

Project
First Saved Wednesday, March 13, 2024
Last Saved Wednesday, March 13, 2024
Product Version 16.0 Release
Save Project Before Solution No
Save Project After Solution No

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Contents
 Units
 Model (A4)
o Geometry
 Solid
o Coordinate Systems
o Mesh
o Static Structural (A5)
 Analysis Settings
 Loads
 Solution (A6)
 Solution Information
 Results
 Material Data

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10
 o Structural Steel NL
Units
TABLE 1
Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius
Angle Degrees
Rotational Velocity rad/s
Temperature Celsius
Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (A4) > Geometry
Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined

Definition
Source
Type DesignModeler
Length Unit Meters
Element Control Program Controlled
Display Style Body Color

Bounding Box
Length X 103. mm
Length Y 106. mm
Length Z 500. mm

Properties
Volume 1.2562e+006 mm³

Mass 9.8613 kg
Scale Factor Value 1.

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 Statistics
Bodies 1
Active Bodies 1
Nodes 14775

Elements 2166
Mesh Metric None

Basic Geometry Options

Parameters Yes
Parameter Key DS
Attributes No
Named Selections No
Material Properties No

Advanced Geometry Options

Use Associativity Yes
Coordinate Systems No
Reader Mode Saves Updated File No
Use Instances Yes
Smart CAD Update No
Compare Parts On Update No
Attach File Via Temp File Yes
Temporary Directory

Analysis Type 3-D

Decompose Disjoint Geometry Yes
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes
TABLE 3
Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts

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Object Name Solid
State Meshed

Graphics Properties
Visible Yes

Transparency 1

Definition
Suppressed No
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Coordinate System Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature By Environment

Material
Assignment Structural Steel NL
Nonlinear Effects Yes
Thermal Strain Effects Yes

Bounding Box
Length X 103. mm
Length Y 106. mm
Length Z 500. mm

Properties
Volume 1.2562e+006 mm³
Mass 9.8613 kg

Centroid X -3.259e-015 mm
Centroid Y 53. mm
Centroid Z 250. mm
Moment of Inertia Ip1 2.244e+005 kg·mm²
Moment of Inertia Ip2 2.1175e+005 kg·mm²

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 Moment of Inertia Ip3 25270 kg·mm²

Statistics
Nodes 14775
Elements 2166

Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Object Name Global Coordinate System
State Fully Defined

Definition
Type Cartesian
Coordinate System ID 0.

Origin
Origin X 0. mm
Origin Y 0. mm
Origin Z 0. mm

Directional Vectors
X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ]
Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (A4) > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved

Display

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Display Style Body Color

Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0

Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function Off
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size 8.80 mm
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Medium
Transition Fast
Span Angle Center Coarse
Minimum Edge Length 8.48530 mm

Inflation
Use Automatic Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No

Patch Conforming Options

Triangle Surface Mesher Program Controlled

Patch Independent Options

Topology Checking No

Advanced

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 Number of CPUs for Parallel Part Meshing Program Controlled
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No

Number of Retries Default (4)

Extra Retries For Assembly Yes
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing Disabled

Defeaturing
Pinch Tolerance Please Define
Generate Pinch on Refresh No
Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On
Defeaturing Tolerance Default

Statistics
Nodes 14775
Elements 2166
Mesh Metric None
Static Structural (A5)
TABLE 6
Model (A4) > Analysis
Object Name Static Structural (A5)
State Solved

Definition
Physics Type Structural

Analysis Type Static Structural

Solver Target Mechanical APDL

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 Options
Environment Temperature 22. °C
Generate Input Only No
TABLE 7
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings

Object Name Analysis Settings

State Fully Defined

Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s

Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled

Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled

Weak Springs Program Controlled

Solver Pivot Checking Program Controlled
Large Deflection Off

Inertia Relief Off

Restart Controls
Generate Restart Points Program Controlled
Retain Files After Full Solve No

Nonlinear Controls
Newton-Raphson Option Program Controlled

Force Convergence Program Controlled

Moment Convergence Program Controlled
Displacement Convergence Program Controlled

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 Rotation Convergence Program Controlled
Line Search Program Controlled
Stabilization Off

Output Controls
Stress Yes
Strain Yes
Nodal Forces No
Contact Miscellaneous No
General Miscellaneous No
Store Results At All Time Points

Analysis Data Management

Solver Files Directory
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver Files Directory
Save MAPDL db No
Delete Unneeded Files Yes
Nonlinear Solution Yes
Solver Units Active System
Solver Unit System Nmm
TABLE 8
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads
Object Name Fixed Support Pressure
State Fully Defined

Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 1 Face

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 Definition
Type Fixed Support Pressure
Suppressed No
Define By Normal To

Magnitude Tabular Data

Tabular Data
Independent Variable Z
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

Graph Controls
X-Axis Z
FIGURE 1
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

TABLE 9
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure
Z [mm] Pressure [MPa]
0. 0.
500. 4.
Solution (A6)

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TABLE 10
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution
Object Name Solution (A6)

State Solved

Adaptive Mesh Refinement

Max Refinement Loops 1.

Refinement Depth 2.

Information
Status Done

Post Processing
Calculate Beam Section Results No
TABLE 11
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved

Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals 0
Update Interval 2.5 s

Display Points All

FE Connection Visibility
Activate Visibility Yes

Display All FE Connectors

Draw Connections Attached To All Nodes
Line Color Connection Type

Visible on Results No
Line Thickness Single

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 Display Type Lines
TABLE 12
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results
Total Equivalent Elastic
Object Name Equivalent Stress
Deformation Strain
State Solved

Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry All Bodies

Definition
Total Equivalent (von-Mises) Equivalent Elastic
Type
Deformation Stress Strain
By Time

Display Time Last

Calculate Time
Yes
History

Identifier
Suppressed No

Results
Minimum 0. mm 3.5905e-003 MPa 3.7074e-008 mm/mm
Maximum 1.206 mm 301.06 MPa 1.5095e-003 mm/mm

Minimum Value Over Time

Minimum 0. mm 7.1819e-004 MPa 7.4119e-009 mm/mm
Maximum 0. mm 3.5905e-003 MPa 3.7074e-008 mm/mm

Maximum Value Over Time

Minimum 0.24086 mm 83.713 MPa 4.1856e-004 mm/mm
Maximum 1.206 mm 301.06 MPa 1.5095e-003 mm/mm

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Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Substep 4

Iteration Number 5

Integration Point Results

Display Option Averaged
Average Across
No
Bodies
FIGURE 2
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Deformation

TABLE 13
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Deformation
Time [s] Minimum [mm] Maximum [mm]
0.2 0.24086
0.4 0.48172
0.
0.7 0.84301
1. 1.206
FIGURE 3
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress

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TABLE 14
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress
Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa]
0.2 7.1819e-004 83.713
0.4 1.4364e-003 167.43
0.7 2.5137e-003 292.99
1. 3.5905e-003 301.06
FIGURE 4
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain

TABLE 15
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain
Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm]

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 0.2 7.4119e-009 4.1856e-004
0.4 1.4824e-008 8.3713e-004
0.7 2.5942e-008 1.465e-003
1. 3.7074e-008 1.5095e-003
Material Data
Structural Steel NL
TABLE 16
Structural Steel NL > Constants
Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3
Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1
TABLE 17
Structural Steel NL > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature Young's Modulus Poisson's Bulk Modulus Shear Modulus
C MPa Ratio MPa MPa
2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923
TABLE 18
Structural Steel NL > Bilinear Isotropic Hardening
Yield Strength MPa Tangent Modulus MPa Temperature C
250 1450

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