characteristics of each person are height or low stature, skin tone, and whether they are skinny or
obese.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Individual traits, such as intelligence, reasoning, and appearance, set students apart in the teaching and
learning process. These traits include sensitive features that indicate potential and a history of
achievement that records past successes and predicts future performance. Other qualities include goals,
accomplishments, habits, intelligence, reasoning, size, form, appearance, aspirations, thoughts, emotions,
and behaviors. These unique qualities contribute to a more effective learning environment.
Beyond a person's gender and physical characteristics, there are other variables that affect their
education, such as their socioeconomic status, family structure, special needs, interests, and abilities, as
well as their cultural background, language, learning preferences, and attitudes toward the school. No two
people are precisely alike. Everybody is different. Even identical twins are not the same as one another.
People vary in their disposition, aptitude, IQ, skills, hobbies, and other aspects of their personalities.
Types of Individual Differences:
1. Age - It is essential in learning, as it can affect how individuals approach and absorb new
information. Compared to older ones, young students always have more energy and enthusiasm
for learning; this leads to tremendous success when engaging with learning material.
2. Focus on Communication - Communication is both expressive and receptive. Educators should
be skilled in listening and understanding the thoughts and ideas of their students and elaborating
things clearly.
3. Learner Preference - Learning preferences are all about how people learn. People learn in
different ways and have a style or a preference to help them acquire new skills and knowledge,
and to remember things. Some people prefer the term preference to styles so as not to categorize a
learner. Adults might have developed this from childhood learning patterns or their experiences of
growing up and of working.
4. Motor Ability - There are significant variations in motor skills, including manual dexterity,
fatigue resistance, stability, reaction time, and muscle moment rate. There are variations in motor
skills. At different ages, these distinctions are apparent. While some people find it easy to
accomplish mechanical jobs, others find it very difficult, even when their abilities are equal.
5. Interests and Aptitude - Individual variances can be seen in certain tendencies and preferences.
The person may also be impacted by other kinds of abilities. Certain individuals possess aptitude
in academics, music, or the arts, whereas others have a stronger mechanical bent. While some
people enjoy being by themselves and going to social events, others prefer to meet new people
and stay away from social situations.
6. Physical Difference - Students differ in a few physical and physiological ways. Both students
who are not very tall and those who are taller than their peers exist. Some of the distinct physical
have them doodle examples related to the material they are studying. Teachers who work with students
who learn visually ought to often create handouts and use PowerPoints. As they take in the visual clues in
front of them, visual learners could also require additional time to comprehend the content. Thus, be sure
you allow pupils some space and time to process the material.
And how do you engage visual learners? (reads the PPT)
2. Auditory
Auditory learners prefer to process information through listening and speaking. They learn
best through verbal instructions, discussions, and explanations.
Auditory learners tend to learn better when the subject matter is reinforced by sound. These
students would much rather listen to a lecture than read written notes, and they often use their
own voices to reinforce new concepts and ideas. These types of learners prefer reading out loud to
themselves. They aren’t afraid to speak up in class and are great at verbally explaining things.
Additionally, they may be slower at reading and may often repeat things a teacher tells them.
Auditory learner characteristics
Auditory learners have many unique characteristics that set them apart from other types of learners.
Identifying these differences helps determine how they learn and how you can best teach them. The
following are some key characteristics of auditory learners:
• Have a good memory regarding verbal information
• Learn best when listening to information
• Can process and interpret audio information more effectively than other types
• Are good speakers
• Are good listeners
• Enjoy conversations and are skilled storytellers
• Are talkative to others and even themselves
• Enjoy being read to
• Are skilled at picking up on tone, pitch, and other changes in sound to understand someone's emotions
and intentions better
• Like listening to music
• Are easily distracted by silence or background noises
• Can confidently voice their thoughts and opinions
• Can remember and reproduce spoken information accurately
• May struggle with reading comprehension but excel in oral communication
• Have a strong sense of rhythm and may enjoy singing or playing an instrument
7. Mental Difference - People vary in their capacities and talents, including their ability to reason
and think, imagine, express themselves creatively, focus, and other traits. They are typically
categorized as intelligent, not so intelligent, normal, and intelligent based on these differences.
8. Emotional Difference - Positive emotions, including love, affection, laughter, etc., are
well-known in some people, whereas negative emotions have greater influence in others. While
some people are emotionally immature and unstable, others are emotionally stable and mature.
People react differently emotionally to different situations. Some are easily agitated, violent, and
possessive. Some people are just content and don't readily become upset. In some situations,
someone can be so furious that they're willing to commit a murderous act, while others might just
find it funny.
LEARNING STYLES
1. Visual
Actually Visual learner is a type of learning style in which students prefer to use images,
graphics, colors and maps to communicate ideas and thoughts. Visual learners must see information in
order to learn it. These learners are likely to have a photographic memory and may use color, tone and
brightness to recall information. In class, visual learners will benefit from seeing diagrams drawn out, for
example, on a chalkboard and in slideshows.
And also one of the example that you guys can relate is meron kayong puzzle na sliding style
which is yung ganites (shows the picture of the puzzle) it takes time to fix this kind of puzzle but if you
observe and get to know which tile you moves you will quickly get into it because you are memorizing
which way or what way can the picture can be fix and you usually memorize it by observing the pictures.
And also the rubrics cube because you are able to visualize the rubrics cube with the eye and solve it
quickly.
How do you recognize recognize visual learners in your class as a teacher or how do you
recognize visual learners. They are most likely observer they learning by reading and seeing the written
instructions, diagrams and other materials. And also these are the pupils who write, list, scribble notes,
and doodle.
And here are their characteristics (reads the ppt)
And also tools to help visual learners (reads the ppt)
How to cater to visual learners: When educating these kinds of students, your closest buddy is the
whiteboard or smartboard. Give students the chance to sketch diagrams and drawings on the board, or
How to cater to auditory learners: Since these students generally find it hard to stay quiet
for long periods of time, get your auditory learners involved in the lecture by asking them to
repeat new concepts back to you. Ask questions and let them answer. Invoke group discussions so
your auditory and verbal processors can properly take in and understand the information they’re
being presented with. Watching videos and using music or audiotapes are also helpful ways of
learning for this group.
Example:
May experience ako sa isang Auditory learner noong high school ako, sumali ako noon sa drum
and lyre noong grade 9 ako, tapos ‘yong teacher or instructor namin marinig niya lang ang tugtug
alam niya na agad kung paano niya ito papatugtugin sa lyre at ang kasamahan ko rin sa drum and
lyre ay mas mabilis natuto kung sinasabi mo or i-kinakanta mo sa kanya mismo, nahihirapan kasi
siya sa babasahin niya lang ang binigay na papel na may nota ng kanta sa kanya.
How to teach auditory learners?
There are many ways for teachers to approach working with students who are auditory learners.
Some of the best general ways that teachers can help connect to auditory learners include:
Repetition. Auditory learners process information best by hearing it, so using repetition and repeating
spoken information can help them comprehend best.
Verbal discourse. Discussions, conversations, and overall verbal discourse can be important in helping
auditory learners thrive.
Multiple learning outlets. Offering students the chance to listen to instructions, read them, or watch
them gives different students different options for learning.
Help them identify their learning style. When students are able to understand how they learn best, they
can play an active role in learning. Work to help students identify their learning style so they can use it to
their advantage.
Include social elements. Using group projects, paired readings, and collaborative assignments can help
auditory learners excel. This allows these students to talk with others as they are learning and working,
which helps them retain information and work more effectively.
Auditory learning strategies.
 There are some specific strategies teachers can try that involve auditory learning. Some of these
strategies will help teachers meet individual student needs and create an environment where students can
thrive, learning in the way that works best for them.
Utilize podcasts. Give students the options to read articles or listen to podcasts to learn about certain
subjects.
Record lectures. If a student is out sick, listening to the lecture instead of reading notes can be a great
way to help auditory learners.
Q&A sessions. Give students the opportunity to verbally ask questions and hear answers, helping
auditory learners clear up misunderstandings or concerns.
Call on auditory learners. An auditory learner retains information by hearing it spoken, so having them
answer a question will help them learn the information better.
Reward class participation. Give students the opportunity and motivation to participate by speaking and
conversing with each other and the teacher.
Play background music during silent times. Auditory learners often appreciate soft background music
to drown out distracting noises and silence. This can be a good way for auditory learners to focus.
Read aloud. Use opportunities to read aloud to help students get information through reading, but still be
able to use auditory functions to help them comprehend better.
Tips for auditory learners.
If you are an auditory learner, there are many things you can do to help yourself be better at
learning and focusing in a classroom or work setting. Some things you can do include:
Ask questions. You’ll learn best if you hear answers, so that involves raising your hand and
asking the question!
Find a study buddy. You’ll likely do better studying if you have someone to repeat information
to or who can help read information to you. A study buddy is ideal for auditory learners.
Listen to background music. As you study, play subtle classical music that can help you focus.
Participate in discussions. You’ll learn best by talking and listening, so getting involved in class
discussions is a great way for you to enhance your learning.
4. Reading/ Writing
Reading/writing learners, on the other hand, prefer to learn through written words. They excel in
reading books, taking notes, and writing out their thoughts.
How to recognize reading/writing learners in your class: According to the VARK Modalities
theory developed by Fleming and Mills in 1992, reading/writing learners prefer to learn through
written words. While there is some overlap with visual learning, these types of learners are drawn
to expression through writing, reading articles or books, writing in diaries, looking up words in
the dictionary and searching the internet for just about everything.
Characteristics of Reading/ Writing learners
Did you know that although reading and writing learners are usually the ‘good students’ in a class, they
can find participating in discussions challenging? Since they can articulate themselves better when
writing, they prefer to write their thoughts down before sharing them with the class. This way, they can
process their thoughts and become more prepared and less stressed to share out loud. You can find more
read and write learner characteristics in the list below.
• Learn best by reading and taking notes
• Like reading out-loud
• Use dictionaries and other source materials as reference
• Learn by re-reading their notes
• Tend to remember information that they read or write down
• Can become great writers
• Prefer making organized Powerpoint Presentations for presenting different projects
• Prefer reading by themselves rather than have someone read to them to retain information
• Excel at multiple-choice and essay tests
• Tend to be good at grammar since they read habitually and frequently
• Prefer writing essays to oral presentationsLike researching
• Express themselves better when writing rather than when talking
• Tend to write detailed notes
• Like words that have interesting/unique meanings and backgrounds
• Prefer written feedback for their work or performance
• Enjoy using lists and ordering things into categories
• Enjoy reading in their free time
How to cater to reading/writing learners: Of the four learning styles, this is probably the
easiest to cater to since much of the traditional educational system tends to center on writing
essays, doing research and reading books. Be mindful about allowing plenty of time for these
3. Kinesthetic
is a method of gathering data. The main idea behind kinesthetic learning is that students
learn best when they are actively engaged in a hands-on setting or when they are shown
simulations, presentations, and movies. Kinesthetic learning emphasizes full-body movement to
process new information, similar to tactile learning, which emphasizes activities like drawing,
touching, and building in educational settings. Examples of this movement include pacing back
and forth while memorizing or tapping legs while drawing flowcharts and underlining notes.
Additionally, these students learn best when given specific, real-world experiences.
Kinesthetic learning refers to the need for movement and realistic, situational examples
when acquiring information. Part of the VARK Modalities (visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic)
that describe the different ways students acquire information, kinesthetic learning is often best
suited to situations like role plays, field trips, hands-on projects and competitions, with learners
typically possessing good motor memory and the ability to respond quickly.
They remember best what has been done, not what they have seen or talked about. They
prefer direct involvement in what they are learning. They are distractible and find it difficult to
pay attention to auditory or visual presentations. Rarely an avid reader, they may fidget
frequently while handling a book. Often poor spellers, they need to write down words to
determine if they "feel" right.
The best way teachers can help these students learn is by getting them moving. Instruct
students to act out a certain scene from a book or a lesson you’re teaching. Also try encouraging
these students by incorporating movement into lessons: pacing to help memorize, learning games
that involve moving around the classroom or having students write on the whiteboard as part of
an activity.
Once kinesthetic learners can physically sense what they’re studying, abstract ideas and
difficult concepts become easier to understand.
pag nasa computershop kayo nung bata kayo syempre bagohan palang kayo and hindi niyo alam
ang pasikot sikot sa computer so you will ask somebody to help you to direct where are the games or
whatsoever that you wanted to search and that person tinulungan ka and also teaching you on how to get
there most specifically pag gusto mo mag GTA san andreas yung mga cheats don titigan and babasahin
mo or kakabisaduhin mo magsusulat ka pa sa papel and tatype mo pa for you to play it well and happy
and that’s one of the example na naging or isa kang visual learner.
students to absorb information through the written word, and give them opportunities to get their
ideas out on paper as well.
Example:
Ako sa sarili ko isa akong reading writing, dahil minsan hindi ko kayang maunawaan ang isang
bagay kung ito'y na ririning ko lang, kailangan ko talaga siyang mabasa para sobra ko itong
maunawaan. Kaya nga mahilig ako sa mga libro, magsulat kapag nagre-review ako kasi alam ko
na mas maaalala ko siya sa ganung paraan.
How to teach children with a reading and writing learning style
It’s all very well being able to identify learners with particular learning strategies, but implementing a
plan to incorporate it into your lesson plans is another thing.
Here are a few ways that you can ensure that your teaching style aligns with your student’s learning style:
Written instructions – By providing clear and concise written instructions, these students will be able to
tackle assignments, tasks and projects far more easily.
Encourage note-taking – Make sure that you give learners ample time to take notes, especially if you
give instructions at the end of a lesson for follow-up work or assignments.
Use visual aids appropriately – Learners will benefit from visual aids that are textual in nature. Using
charts, diagrams and graphs that include plenty of written content will help them to better understand
concepts.
Actively encourage reading – These learners will benefit from a focus on reading books, articles and
other material relevant to the subject. Provide a list of supplementary books or articles to help students
expand their knowledge.
Provide writing assignments – Make sure that you have plenty of written assignments scheduled into
your teaching plan. Then encourage learners to expound on their ideas, organize their material, and
re-write them until they are clear and concise.
It’s important to remember that each student has a unique learning style that will benefit from a flexible
and adaptable teaching approach – so it’s important to curate lessons full of variety, with activities that
will benefit all learners.
Tips For Read And Write Learners
As we already established, people who use the read and write learning style primarily use reading and Knowing these various learning styles extends beyond the classroom. Teachers are empowering their
note-taking in order to learn. In addition to the strategies mentioned above for taking notes more pupils for the future by giving them skills in the early years. Determining a child's preferred learning style
effectively, below we present some general tips to help read and write learners retain information more may have a significant impact on both their engagement with the material and their interaction with the
easily. other students.

• Rewrite information into your own words

• Translate charts, diagrams, graphs into words (or compose short explanations for them) Multiple Intelligence
• Write down main or key concepts and ideas
• Write down instructions for every step of any process or procedure Multiple intelligences is the notion that there are many different types of intelligence. This idea was
• Study alone in quiet areas to avoid distractions proposed by psychologist Howard Gardner in Frames of The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983).
• Keeps lots of notesKeep your notes organized with subheadings, bullet points, and lists
• Use different colored pens and highlighters Multiple intelligences refers to a theory describing the different ways students learn and acquire
• Highlight keywords as you write information. These multiple intelligences range from the use of words, numbers, pictures and music, to
• Make sure you include many details the importance of social interactions, introspection, physical movement and being in tune with nature. The
• Re-read your notesWrite notes to yourself in the margins theory posits that an understanding of which type(s) of intelligence a student may possess can help
• Rewrite your notes after class teachers adjust learning styles, and suggest certain career paths for learners.
• Print out your notes for later review
• Compare your notes with someone else’s 1. Visual-spatial intelligence
• Post notes cards in visible placesWrite exam answers - Spatial intelligence is that ability to think in three dimensions. It involves being good
• Practice with multiple-choice questions at seeing how objects fit in a physical space, as well as mental imagery and
• Combine your handouts with your notes manipulation.
- For example, people with spatial intelligence are good at puzzles and seeing how pieces
Finding your learning style is crucial to making learning easier, more accessible, and more effective. If fit together.
you could relate to what you read so far and are a read and write learner, we hope you use the strategies - They may enjoy the visual arts and visiting museums and installation art. Interpreting
and tips we provided for a better learning experience. If you think your learning style may be a graphs and charts also exercises one’s visual-spatial intelligence and so people that
combination of more than one method, you can check our articles on the three other types of learning and possess this type of intelligence may prefer receiving information in this form as opposed
find out what suits you best. to reading it in a paragraph.
- Artists, sculptors and graphic designers express their spatial intelligence artistically.
Architects, engineers, and carpenters are professions that also rely on visual-spatial
intelligence to design various types of structures.
2. Linguistic-visual intelligence
Last explanation: - Linguistic-verbal intelligence is all about words. People with this ability are able to
use words well, including both writing and speaking.
There are a variety of learning styles, such as kinesthetic learners who learn best via hands-on activities - Examples of linguistic intelligence include being good at writing essays and stories and
and physical experiences, visual learners who learn best through visuals, and multimodal learners who being able to process information presented in text form quite easily. It might be very
gain from a blend of different learning methods. easy for people with linguistic-verbal intelligence to learn other languages as well.
- Linguistic-verbal intelligence is associated with being persuasive and good at debate.
Every learning style offers advantages and preferences for taking in and remembering knowledge. To They are able to explain things well to others and might even be able to use humor to
optimize their learning process and increase their ability to retain knowledge, people should be aware of help make an unusual point.
their personal learning preferences.

- People with this type of intelligence work as lawyers, journalists, and writers. They may 6. Musical intelligence
also pursue a career as a talk-show host or comedian. Teachers and university professors - People with musical intelligence are good at composing songs and playing musical
may also possess high levels of linguistic-verbal intelligence. instruments. They have a natural ability to hear pitch and tone, and recognize
3. Interpersonal intelligence rhythms and patterns in music.
- Individuals that possess a high degree of interpersonal intelligence are good at - Studio musicians and those that perform in orchestras have high levels of musical
dealing with people. intelligence. Individuals that play in jazz bands and other musical genres possess this type
- They have an instinctive understanding of others and are able to assess their emotions and of intelligence as well and are good at creating original songs and performing in front of
motivations with ease. People with interpersonal intelligence are also skilled at creating audiences.
positive work environments and inspiring others to accomplish things they never thought - Another job for people with musical intelligence is music teacher. Music teachers
possible. appreciate various forms of music and enjoy helping others see and feel the beauty of
- Interpersonal intelligence is involved in several professions where it is important to work sound; while record producers are highly skilled at creating musical arrangements that
with people. For example, certain types of leadership roles where team-building and will be pleasing to others.
conflict resolution are important require a leader with interpersonal intelligence. 7. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
- Therapists, counselors, and youth development coordinators may also have high levels of
- Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is an unusual ability to use one’s body in
this type of intelligence. Other professions include sales, politicians and public relations
three-dimensional space to perform athletic feats.
experts.
- This can involve the whole body or primarily more specific hand-eye/hand-foot
4. Intrapersonal intelligence
coordination (which are key examples of an active learning approach). People with this
- People with strong intrapersonal intelligence are sensitive to their own emotional
type of intelligence are highly skilled at physical movements and body control.
states and feelings.
- Obviously, professional athletes have a great deal of body control. Dancers in ballets and
- They are self-reflective and have a deep understanding of their motivations and desires.
other types of musical productions also possess a high degree of bodily-kinesthetic
They enjoy introspective activities such as daydreaming and journal writing.
intelligence. In addition, surgeons need to be highly skilled at hand-eye coordination to
- Philosophers and novelists usually have high levels of intrapersonal intelligence which
perform delicate operations. Carpenters and physical therapists are two other professions
allow them to create interesting discourse or storylines.
that require this type of intelligence as well.
- Psychologists and counselors use their understanding of themselves to help them
8. Naturalistic intelligence
understand others that need therapy or life-coaching. Clergy and monks are other
- The ability to distinguish between different types of plants and animals is a type of
individuals that may have intrapersonal intelligence as they seek peace of mind and
intelligence related to nature.
looking deep within oneself for spiritual understanding.
- People with naturalistic intelligence are in tune with nature, enjoy exploring the
5. Logical-mathematical intelligence
environment and feel passionate about environmental issues. They enjoy going to
Logical-mathematical intelligence gives people the ability to solve problems logically
unfamiliar habitats to explore landscapes, gardening and camping, or other outdoor
using reason and deduction.
activities.
- They are good at performing advanced mathematical operations, solving abstract
- A meteorologist is a profession that requires naturalistic intelligence to understand
problems and conducting scientific investigations.
weather formations, how they are formed and they flow through their life-cycle. Botanists
- Professions that require this type of intelligence include accountants and mathematicians.
and biologists use this type of intelligence to classify plant and animal species and to
Statisticians and those that specialize in data analytics use their ability to crunch numbers
study them in great detail. Farmers and conservationists are other occupations that
and perform calculations with big data to understand trends in the stock market or various
exercise this type of intelligence to produce food and work on environmental protection
consumer industries.
issues.
- Computer programmers must rely on carefully thought-out sequential logic to produce
sophisticated apps and cyber security protocols. Structural engineers have high levels of
Each person has unique intelligence and that we thrive in certain learning environments while
logical-mathematical intelligence to make sure buildings and bridges don’t collapse.
struggling in others. There are eight (8) different types of intelligence, as put forth by Howard Gardner.
- If you are talking about scientific and technological endeavors, then logical-mathematical
People can have varying levels of intelligence, and they can change overtime. Teachers can use multiple
intelligence is key.
intelligences in the classroom for the benefit of their students by customizing lessons, classroom layouts, disabilities, giftedness, or learning differences. So, yung mga differences na ito ay nakakaapekto sa
and assignments for these multiple intelligences. kanilang pag-aaral at makipag interact sa ibang tao.

THE LEARNERS WITH EXCEPTIONALITIES Handicap - Is an event or situation that places you at a disadvantage and makes it harder for you to do
something.
Exceptional learners or individuals with special needs refer to individuals who have unique educational
needs due to cognitive abilities, behavior, or social functioning that differ from the typical population. In simple words, it means may something na nagpapahirap sa kanilang gawin ang isang bagay. For
These individuals may require additional support, accommodations, or specialized instruction to access example, hindi siya makalakad, and getting around might be tough for him or for her. Another one is
and succeed in educational settings. someone has trouble reading, so yung mga schoolworks can be challenging for him or for her. Kahit yung
pagiging nerbyoso sa social situations ay maaaring maging handicap kasi it can make him or her hard to
In K-12 education, the term "exceptionalities" encompasses both giftedness and disabilities. Exceptional be around by other people.
students can possess exceptional talents and abilities or face exceptional challenges that require
specialized support. By implementing inclusive practices, schools strive to create classrooms where According to Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, there’s five different types of exceptionalities…
students with exceptionalities are supported through appropriate accommodations, modifications, and
individualized instruction. Inclusive education recognizes the value of diversity, encourages collaboration
and social interaction among students, and fosters a sense of belonging and respect for all individuals in
the school community.

When engaging with people who have cognitive impairments, maintaining composure, showing
consideration, and being open to communication are essential.
By maintaining composure, showing consideration, and being open to communication, individuals can
foster positive interactions and promote inclusivity when engaging with people who have cognitive
impairments. These practices contribute to creating an environment that respects the dignity, autonomy,
and unique abilities of individuals with cognitive impairments.

The goal of special education teachers is to ensure that students with disabilities can fully participate in
the regular classroom setting. Special education teachers provide individualized support and
accommodations to help students with disabilities access the curriculum, develop essential skills, and
reach their full potential. To establish inclusive learning environments, special education teachers
collaborate closely with general education teachers and other professionals. This collaborative approach
involves sharing expertise, resources, and strategies to create an educational environment that meets the
diverse needs of all students. 1. Cognitive or Academic Difficulties

Exceptional Learners a.) Learning Disabilities

- Learners who are different from "normal" or "average" learners, needing special needs such as cognitive Dyslexia - reading disorder
abilities, behavior, social functioning, physical and sensory impairments, emotional disturbances and
giftedness. Dysgraphia - writing disorder

Yung mga Exceptional learners daw are different from those considered “normal” or “average” simply b.) ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
because mayroon silang unique abilities, talents, or challenges na nag seset them apart. Tulad ng

- difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention, recurrent hyperactive and impulsive behavior.
Ito yung mga bata na may kakulangan sa pansin, madalas napapansin ng bata ang ibang bagay habang
nag-aaral, sila rin ay palaging hindi mapakali, hindi marunong mag hintay o mag-isip bago gumawa ng
desisyon.
c.) Speech and Communication Disorders - spoken language including voice disorders (e.g. difficulties
pronouncing sounds or articulation disorders, and stuttering)
For example is mga syndrome like down syndrome which is a genetic condition, yung severe and multiple
disabilities ay pagkakaroon ng unique combinations of challenges na need ng specialized support.
4. Sensory Impairments
- Ito yung difficulties or limitations in one or more of the senses, which include sight and hearing.
a.) Visual Impairments - malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevent normal vision even

Yung mga sign nito ay hindi maayos na pagbigkas ng mga tunog, salita, o mga pangungusap, mga ●  yopia (farsightedness) - ito yung difficulty na makita ang distant object clearly. O malabo yung
M
mahiyain o hindi komportable makipag usap sa ibang tao, at nahihirapan silang bumuo ng pangungusap o vision kapag tinitignan nila yung mga object sa malayo
pagsasalita ng kanilang mga idea. ● Hyperopia (nearsightedness) - kabaliktaran siya ng myopia kung saan mas clearly sa kanila ang
distant object kaysa sa nearby objects.
2. Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
b.) Hearing Impairments (otherwise known as hearing loss) - malfunction of the ear or auditory nerves
a.) Autism - a condition manifested by different levels of impaired social interaction and communication,
that hinders perception of sounds within the frequency range of normal speech.
repetitive behaviors, and limited interests.
5. Giftedness
May kakulangan sa social interaction, may mga repetitive behavior sila like pag ikot-ikot o paggalaw ng
kamay, hindi marunong makipag communicate sa iba. - show advanced development or mastery in specific subjects at a young age and may require
specialized education for them.
c.) Emotional/Conduct Disorders - presence of emotional states like depression and aggression
disturbing learning and performance in school. Six areas where giftedness could be found:
For example, nagpapakita sila ng pagka irita, laging malungkot o matamlay na nakakaapekto sa kanyang
● Creative thinking
pag-aaral, at pagkawala ng interest sa mga gawain na dating kinatutuwaan niya.
● Leadership
● Psychomotor
3. Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments
● Visual/Performing Arts
- Physical disabilities, from the word physical meaning mga problema sa paggalaw ng pisikal na
pangangatawan dahil sa condition. Health impairments yung mga condition gaya ng asthma, Characteristics:
diabetes and other health condition na nakakaapekto sa overall health.
● Perfectionists and idealistic
a.) Physical and health impairments - affects an individual's energy and strength, mental alertness and ● Heightened sensitivity to their own expectations and those of others
muscle control. ● Maturity beyond age
● Problem solvers
Example Paralysis o difficulty sa pag move o control ng body parts dahil sa nerve damage or injury,
another example is Limb differences o yung mga arms or legs na pagka maliit o pagkawala, or na
deformed.

b.) Severe and multiple disabilities - presence of two or more different types of disabilities