Appendix D Anchorage Systems Note: This Appendix is not @ mandatory part of this Standard. Notation = bearing area ‘nominal diameter of anchor = specified compressive strength of concrete ‘square root of specified compressive strength of concrete = minimum specified yield strength of anchor ‘minimum specified tensile strength of anchor steel side cover distance of an anchor head or bar ‘umber of embedments transferring load by bearing factored pull-out resistance of concrete surrounding an anchorage loaded in tension = factored resistance of an expansion anchor = standard deviation of ultimate failure load in test coefficient of friction factor to allow for low density concrete (see Clause 8.6.5) resistance factor for concrete (see Clause 8.4.2) resistance factor for expansion anchors (see Clause D7.1(e)) resistance factor for reinforcement (see Clause 8.4.3) resistance factor for structural steel (see Clause 8.4.3) steert rise e SBR Smasy 2 Scope Di ‘The provisions of Appendix D may be applied to the design of anchorage devices embedded in the concrete at the time of concrete placing or installed in concrete after the concrete has hardened, where the anchorage devices are essential to ensure the structural integrity of the building or parts of the building. Note: The provisions of this Appendix are not intended to apply t0 anchorage of ‘appurtenances or mechanical equipment. Diz Jn addition to meeting the requirements ofthis Appendix, the effect of the forces applied to the embedment on the behaviour of the structure should be taken into account D2. _ Definitions ‘The following definitions apply in this Clause: ‘Adhesive anchor — rod, bar, or other device inserted in a prediled hole in cured concrete and held in place by epoxy resin or other adhesive 190 December 1994 be ‘jransmit anchor loads to the concrete by bearing. — the structure external to the conerete that transmits loads to the embedment. Castin-place anchor — anchor device that is in its final location atthe time of concrete placing. age distance — distance between the anchor centreline and the edge of the load bearing base material Embedment — stel part ofthe anchorage device embedded in the concrete. Embedment depth — distance from the bearing surface of the anchor to the surface of the Joad bearing base material Expansion anchor — standard manufactured item placed in a predrilled hole in cured concrete and that relies on lateral bearing or friction to transmit loads to the concrete. Grouted anchor — anchorage system that has the anchor rod, bolt, or bar grouted or drypacked into a predrilled hole in cured concrete. Shear lug — plate or bar attached tothe embedded surface of an embedment that transmits shear forces acting on the embedment to the concrete. D3. General Requirements 3.1 Anchorage systems should be designed to.transfer all load effects, as required by Clause 9, including effects of eccentricities and deformations. p32 Where ductile behaviour is required, the anchorage system and its attachment should be designed such tat yielding of «sel potion ofthe system will tke place prior to failure of concrete. 03.3 Castin-place anchors should be designed in accordance with Clauses D3, D4, and DS. 3.4 Gomi pers aston soul bs depp a spoon, wit, Chiaes D3.-Dy Ts Decenber 1994 isi rr rrrcle 223596 ee 8 a te OS D4. _Design Requirements for Concrete Surrounding Anchorages 4.1 Tension DAL ‘The factored pull-out resistance of concrete, P., for any anchorage should be based on a uniform factored tensile strength of 0.30X4,V acting on the effective stress area, D412 towards the concrete surface from the bearing edge of the anchors at an angle of incl of 45°, as illustrated in Figures D1 and D2. The effective stress area should be limited by overlapping stress pyramids, by the intersection of pyramids with concrete surfaces, by the bearing area of the anchor heads, and by the overall thickness of the concrete. Note: The actual failure surface isa cone rather than a pyramid. The pyramidal surface ‘has been used 10 simplify calculations. ‘4.2 Transfer of Tensile Load from Anchor to Concrete 4.2.1 ‘The load transfer from the anchor to concrete should be carried out by one of the following methods: (@) am anchor head at the base of the portion of the embedment transmitting tensile force. To prevent failure due to lateral bursting forces at an anchor head, the ‘minimum distance from the anchor head to any concrete surface, m, should be not less than given by male on but not less than $0 mm; (©) deformed reinforcing bars with bond length or hooks in accordance with Clause 12; or (©) other means proven by testing. Note: In cases where embedments are loaded to less than their full capacity the value of 4q assumed in calculating m may be proportionately reduced, but m should not be less than 50 mm. 42.2 ‘The bearing requirements of Clause 10.8 should apply to the maximum bearing stress at an anchor head or a shear lug, except as permitted by Clause D4.2.3. 192 The effective suess area is defined by the projected area of the stress pyramids radiating “ 20! ination Elevation 45° Stress Pyramids ie) Stress Pyramids Intersect ‘Anchor Heads EMectve Area (b) Stress Pyramids Do Not Intersect Figure D1 Stress Pyramids for Tensile Loading ‘(See Clause D4.1.2.) December 1994 193ee 192, Figure D2 Pyramid for Shear Toward a Free Edge (See Clauses D4.1.2 and D4.3.6.) 42.3 The bearing requirements of Clause D4.2.2 may be waived for anchor heads if the ‘component transmitting tensile force and the anchor head at the base of the component transmitting tensile force satisfies the following requirements: (@) the minimum gross area of anchor head is at least 2.5 times the cross sectional area Of the component transmitting tensile force; (b) the thickness of the anchor head is at least equal to the greatest dimension from the ‘outermost edge of the bearing surface of the head to the surface of the component transmitting tensile force; (©) the bearing area of the anchor head is approximately evenly diswibuted around the perimeter of the component transmitting tensile force; and (@ the yield strength of the component transmitting tensile force does not exceed 400 MPa. Note: A:standard nut and washer will satisfy the requirements of Clause D4.2.3 if the ‘yield strength of the component transmitting tensile force does not exceed 400 MPa. 4.3 Shear 43.1 ‘Transfer of shear from anchor to concrete may either be by lateral bearing of the embedment or shear lugs on the concrete, calculated in accordance with Clause D4.3.2, or by shear friction, calculated in accordance with Clause D4.3.5, When shears act toward a free edge, Clause D4.3.6 should be applied. 194 December 1994 (©) Stress Pyramids Do Not Itersect Figure Dt ‘Stress Pyramids for Tensile Loading (Gee Clause D4.1.2.) pasa ‘When shear is transmitted by bearing of embedments or shear lags on the concrete, the {factored bearing resistance should be taken as 1-49.aAf.. For an anchor bolt, the area A. should be assumed to have a width equal to the bolt diameter, d, and a depth of one-quarter Of the embedment depth, but not more than 5d. For a shear ing, the area, A, should be taken as the projected area of the shear lug. For a headed stud Welded to a pate atthe level Of the surface of the concrete, A should be taken as the projected area of the std. D433 ‘The depth of embedment of the anchor device should be adequate according to (Clause D4.1.1 to develop a factored tensile resistance at least equal to the factored shear force being transferred, except that for anchors transferring load by shear friction, the factored tensile resistance should not be less than Vy. D434 ‘Shear lugs should only be considered effective if they are approximately perpendicular to the shear force and are located in a concrete compression zone developed between the ‘embedment and the concrete. D435 ‘Where shear force is transferred by shear friction, the factored resistance should be in accordance with Clause 11.6 with coefficients of friction of (@) concrete or grout against as-rolled steel with a contact plane a full plate thickness below the concrete surface ........ fs eto (©) concrete or grout against as-rlled steel with contact plane coincidental with the concrete surface ......-. : Te Ea ahi EAE OOM (© grouted or drypacked conditions with the contact plane between grout and as-olled steel exterior to the concrete surface a = 05. D436 ‘When shear acts towards a free edge, the minimum distance from the anchorage to that edge should be such that the concrete between the anchorage and the edge does not fail in tension. ‘The factored tetillewesi@ance of concrete should be based on a uniform maximum tensile of 0.3000VE ‘on the effective stress area defined in Items (a), (b), and (c), as (@) fora ots, sts, and rods te effective sues area should be the itrection ofthe free edge and a portion ofa 90° pyramid with its apex atthe surface ofthe Concrete and the centre ofthe bolt, std, or rod and wit the axis ofthe pyramid Patallel to the applied shear (se Figure D2); (©) Tor shear ug, the effective stress aa shouldbe defined by projected 45° planes from the edge ofthe shear lg tothe fee edge. The bearing area ofthe shear lug should be exclode from the effective suess area; and © for cases where sea icon i caloed he ee ies rou he defined by projetng 45" planes from a line parallel wo the free edge throug sete fect sre, sd fom he elges of he ent urace oe fee erie (se Figure D3) December 1996 195 i a eervie 23356 Figure D3 Effective Stress Area Where Shear Friction is Employed (See Clause D4.3.6.) 43.7 If the factored tensile resistance of concrete is not sufficient to resist the factored shear force, reinforcement should be provided satisfying Clause D4.4. 44 Reinforcement ‘When the embedment depth or side cover is less than that required by Clauses D4.1, D4.2, and D4.3, reinforcement should be provided across the potential cracking planes. The reinforcement should be designed for the full force to be transferred by the anchor and should be detailed to develop the required forces on both sides of the potential cracks (see Figure D4), DS. Design Requirements for Embedments ‘The factored resistance of embedments should be based on CSA Standard $16.1 for structural steel embedments or 4,6, for embedments made of reinforcement, but not greater than 0.86,f, and in no case tore than 600 MPa. 196 December 194 Deeign of Concrete Sracrres 3 Figure D4 Reinforcement Across Potential Cracking Planes (See Clause D4.4.) D6. routed and Adhesive Anchors D6.1 Materia for grout should be in sccontance wih CSA Sundard e 23.1. Grouts and adhesives shouldbe formulated, mixed, and placed in accordance with approved recedures established by test, 5 a th approves ps2 Randomly selected groted and adv anchors sould tested 1 mi ants soa 104 minimum of 10% of the faced oa tec to very land waar capblises" Grete snd sdnee aeaoe le ine oe of ore mene hate alo can Sn seat he ess sold ered ot in scorn Wi : ‘Program should be established by the designer. ee D6.3 ‘The tent required by Cause D6.2 may te waived by the designer i accept 1 sine if accepabe isataton dita are available 0 csure at he proud nd sive sao il aon as designed o ithe lad transfer trough he gout by ec tearlg or couprenion December 1994 97for emibedments mate ore on CSA Standard $16.1 for structural “Cagmbetinents ox 4 {, for embedments made of reinforcement . ORS Egan a te cae noes da OS oe 196 reenter tone D7. Expansion Anchors prt The resistance of expansion anchors and their suitability forthe type of loading should always be verified by test results supplied by the manufacturer of the anchor of by an approved testing agency. The following factors should be considered when assessing anchor resistance and performance: @ concrete strength; (©) —_embedment depth—anchors should be installed to the embedment depth recommended by the anchor manufacturer; (©) axial spacing—the manufacturer's recommended axial spacing should be used ‘whenever possible. When using less than the recommended spacing, a reduction factor as published by the anchor manufacturer should be used in determining the capacity of the anchorage system; @ edge distance—the manufacturer's recommended edge distance should be used ‘whenever possible and should take into account the direction of loading. When using Jess than the recommended edge distance, a reduction factor should be used in determining the capacity of the anchorage system. Where reduced edge distance is ‘necessary on new concrete, reinforcing should be placed to satisfy Clause D4.4.1; and structural design—where the mean and standard deviation of the anchor strength are available from the manufacturer, the factored resistance, R,, should be given by © R, = (5-28) 2) where X = mean resistance in test s standard deviation of ultimate failure load in test = _ resistance factor for expansion anchors taken as equal to 0.40 If the standard deviation of the anchor strength is not available, the factored resistance, R,, should be given by 4x os ip Dra ‘When using expansion anchors in tension zones of concrete members to resist vibratory of tensile loads, test data should be provided by the anchor manufacturer and/or tests should be Conducted to verify the adequacy of the type and size of anchor under consideration for the application proposed. D3 ‘The installation of expansion anchors should, in all respects, conform to the instalation practices recommended by the anchor manufacturer and to the installation practices used in anchor test verifications. SMENT BERT BLEICSIVE tate DS. Testing of Anchors p8.t Tests should be carried out by a testing agency or the anchor manufacturer in a manner acceptable to the designer and should be certified by a suitable qualified person. ‘Test reports should describe the testing program, procedures, results, and conclusions. Ds2 ‘Tests should be representative of the anchorage system, including embedment, anchor spacing, edge distances, load application, concrete type and strength, grouts or adhesives ‘used, and expected environmental conditions. A minimum of five tests should be carried out for each applicable combination of variables. 8.3 Tests conducted in tension should be of the embedment length required to attain the full capacity of the anchor. 8.4 ‘When testing for the tensile strength of anchors, the testing device should not apply ‘compression to the concrete surface surrounding the anchor being tested within a circle concentric with the anchor and with a diameter of 4 times the anchor embedment. Note: _ For further information concerning anchorage to concrete refer to CSA ‘Standard 287.3, Design Requirements for Concrete Containment Structures for CANDU ‘Nuclear Power Plants; CPCI Metric Design Manual, Chapter 6; and *Guide to the Design of Anchor Bolts and Other Steel Embedments*, Concrete International, July 1981.