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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 770

Wookey Lee · Carson K. Leung Editors

Big Data
Applications
and Services
2017
The 4th International Conference
on Big Data Applications and Services
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 770

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
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e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
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e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
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e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
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e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Wookey Lee Carson K. Leung
•

Editors

Big Data Applications

and Services 2017
The 4th International Conference on Big Data
Applications and Services

123
Editors
Wookey Lee Carson K. Leung
Department of Industrial Engineering Department of Computer Science
Inha University University of Manitoba
Incheon Winnipeg, MB
South Korea Canada

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-981-13-0694-5 ISBN 978-981-13-0695-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0695-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942520

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Foreword

It is a great pleasure to invite you to the Fourth International Conference on Big

Data Applications and Services (BigDAS 2017), which will be held in Tashkent,
Uzbekistan on August 15–18, 2017. BIGDAS 2017 is hosted by National
University of Uzbekistan and Korea Big Data Service Society.
The main topic of BigDAS 2017 is “Power to Change the World, Big Data”. The
Big Data has become a core technology to provide innovative solutions in the many
fields such as health care, manufacturing, social life, etc. The aim of BigDAS 2017
is to present the innovative results, encourage academic and industrial interaction,
and promote collaborative research in Big Data and digital information manage-
ment worldwide. We expect that publications of our conference will be a corner-
stone for the further related research and technology improvements in the field of
Big Data.
For BigDAS 2017, we accepted many high-quality papers, which will be pre-
sented in oral and poster sessions. The organizing committee of BigDAS 2017 has
prepared 11 technical sessions. The topics of technical sessions are
• Big Data Models and Algorithms,
• Big Data Architectures,
• Big Data Applications,
• Big Data Mining and Analysis,
• Big Data Security,
• Big Data Visualization,
• Social Network Analysis,
• Internet of Things (IoT) and Health care,
• Big Data in Industry,
• Big Data in Government, and
• Big Data in Business.

v
vi Foreword

We hope you will find the results presented during the conference useful and
inspiring for your future research.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to invited speakers, organizing
committee, and authors for their valuable contributions to the conference.

Suwon, South Korea Joo-Yeon Lee

General Co-chair of BigDAS 2017
Ajou University
Tashkent, Uzbekistan Avazjon Marakhimov
August 2017 General Co-chair of BigDAS 2017
National University of Uzbekistan
Preface

The International Conference on Big Data Applications and Services (BigDAS)

aims to address the need of the academic community and industry about Big Data.
It encourages academic and industrial interaction and promotes collaborative
research in Big Data applications and services by bringing together academics,
government, and industry professionals to discuss recent progress and challenges in
Big Data applications and services. Moreover, BigDAS also serves as a platform for
theoreticians and practitioners to exchange their original research ideas on academic
or industrial aspects of Big Data applications and services, present their new
findings or innovative results on theoretical or practical aspects of Big Data, share
their experiences on integrating new technologies into products and applications,
discuss their work on performing Big Data applications and services in real-life
situations, describe their development and operations of challenging Big Data
related systems, and identify unsolved challenges.
Since the First International Conference on Big Data Applications and Services
(1st BigDAS 2015), three BigDAS conferences have been held in the following
venues:
• 1st BigDAS 2015: Seogwipo KAL Hotel, Jeju Island, South Korea, on October
20–23, 2015;
• 2nd BigDAS 2016: Korea Software HRD Center, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on
January 22–27, 2016; and
• 3rd BigDAS-L 2016: Landmark Mekong Riverside Hotel, Vientiane, Laos, on
December 20–23, 2016.
With their success, the Fourth International Conference on Big Data Applications
and Services (4th BigDAS 2017) is held in the following venues:
• 4th BigDAS 2017: National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
on August 15–18, 2017.
The BigDAS 2017 was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (which is located in the center
of Great Silk Road). The conference was hosted by (i) The Korea Big Data Service
Society and (ii) National University of Uzbekistan. It was organized by (i) Bigdata

vii
viii Preface

Research Institute, Chungbuk National University; (ii) New Industrial Convergence

R&D Center, Ajou University; (iii) Inha University in Tashkent; and (iv) Korea
China Yeouido Leaders Forum. It was sponsored by (i) Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI); (ii) UNISEM Co., Ltd.; and
(iii) WIZCORE, Inc. The program consists of the following events:
• Four keynote speeches on big data in industry and government:
– “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and New Industry Development
Directions” by Marn-ki Jeong (ex-First Vice Minister of the Ministry of
Trade, Industry and Energy, South Korea)
– “Prediction Markets a Computational Mechanism for Aggregating
Information” by Sarvar Abdullaev (Inha University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
– “Big Data Approach and Challenges in Government” by Myoung Hee Kim
(President of National Computing and Information Service (NCIS), Ministry
of Interior, South Korea)
– “Initiation of an Innovation Ecosystem: Uzbekistan’s Road Towards
Building Silicon Valley” by Bokhodir Ayupov (Ministry of Information
Technologies and Communications, Uzbekistan)
• eight technical sessions with 54 regular and short paper presentations on the
following topics: (i) Big Data models and algorithms, (ii) Big Data architectures,
(iii) Big Data applications, (iv) Big Data mining and analysis, (v) Big Data
security, (vi) Big Data visualization, (vii) social network analysis, and (viii)
Internet of things (IoT) and health care;
• three poster sessions with eight poster paper presentations on the following
topics: (i) Big Data applications, (ii) Big Data in industry, and (iii) Big Data in
business; and
• two workshops: (i) E-government and Big Data, and (ii) Big Data composition.
For BigDAS 2017, we have recruited many international experts in Big Data
applications and services to join our team of international committee. As a result,
our Committee consists of professionals from different parts of the world such as
Bangladesh, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, and Uzbekistan. This committee
has done an excellent job in organizing the conference and selecting a collection of
54 high-quality regular and short papers, as well as 8 poster papers. Among these
papers, a small number of them were selected and revised to be included in the
current volume.
BigDAS 2017 would not have been possible without the help and effort of many
people and organizations. We thank BigDAS 2017 Organizing Committee mem-
bers, especially Honorary Co-chairs (S. H. Han and N. Yusupbekov), General
Co-chairs (J.-Y. Lee and A. R. Marakhimov), and Organizing Co-chairs (K.-H.
Yoo, W.-S. Cho, and Y.-S. Kim) for their valuable advice and suggestions toward
the conference. We are grateful to other members for their professionalism and
dedication in different aspects of this conference, including the selection of papers
presented at the conference and the further selection of papers published in the
Preface ix

current volume. We also express our thanks to authors and non-author participants
of this conference. We also thank A. Nasridinov for local arrangement. Last but not
least, we thank the staff at Springer for their help in publishing the current volume.

Incheon, South Korea Wookey Lee

Program Co-chair of BigDAS 2017
Winnipeg, Canada Carson K. Leung
August 2017 Program Co-chair of BigDAS 2017
Organization

Honorary Co-chairs
Sun Hwa Han, KISTI, South Korea
Nadirbek Yusupbekov, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan
General Co-chairs
Joo-Yeon Lee, Ajou University, South Korea
Avazjon R. Marakhimov, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
Program Co-chairs
Wookey Lee, Inha University, South Korea
Carson K. Leung, University of Manitoba, Canada
Organizing Co-chairs
Kwan-Hee Yoo, Chungbuk National University, South Korea
Wan-Sup Cho, Chungbuk National University, South Korea
Yoo-Sung Kim, Inha University, South Korea
Local Arrangement Co-chairs
Aziz Nasridinov, Chungbuk National University, South Korea
Sarvar Abdullaev, Inha University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Azizbek Marakhimov, Dongguk University, South Korea
Publicity Co-chairs
Sang-Hyun Choi, Chungbuk National University, South Korea
Seon-Phill Jeong, United International College, China
Web Co-chairs
Young-Koo Lee, Kyung Hee University, South Korea
Phyoung-Jung Kim, Chungbuk Provincial College, South Korea

xi
xii Organization

Industry Co-chairs
Tae-Sung Kim, Chungbuk National University, South Korea
Soo-young Chae, National Security Research Institute (NSRI), South Korea
Industry Liaison Co-chairs
Duck-Keun Park, Wizcore, South Korea
Jung-Tae Kang, YURA, South Korea
Demo/Poster Co-chairs
Su-young Chi, ETRI, South Korea
Nakhoon Baek, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
Registration Co-chairs
Young-Ho Park, Sookmyung Women’s University, South Korea
Yong-Ik Yoon, Sookmyung Women’s University, South Korea
Tutorial Co-chairs
Jin-Ho Kim, Kangwon National University, South Korea
Supratip Ghose, UITS, Bangladesh
Special Session Co-chairs
Eun-mi Choi, Kookmin University, South Korea
Jin-young Choi, Ajou University, South Korea
Takeshi Kurata, AIST, Japan
Tianhong Pan, Jiangsu University, China
Masaki Aono, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
Sponsor Co-chairs
Seong Joon Yoo, Sejong University, South Korea
Jong-Seok Myong, Oracle Inc., South Korea
Secretariat
Jong-Min Yoon, KITECH, South Korea
Co-hosts
Organization xiii

Organizers

Sponsors
Contents

3D Volume Visualization System Based on GPUs for Medical

Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Joseph Yoon, Oh-Soek Kown, Jae-Gyun Cheong, Keon-Kuk Park
and Young-Bong Kim
A Fire Flame Simulation Scheme with Massively Parallel
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Byeonguk Im and Nakhoon Baek
A Framework for Calculating Damages of Personal Information
Leakage Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Dong-Hee Lee and Tae-Sung Kim
A Hierarchical Structure for Representing 3D Respiration Organ
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Eath Manith, Chan Park and Kwan-Hee Yoo
An Effective Method for Detecting Outlying Regions
in a 2-Dimensional Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ki Yong Lee and Young-Kyoon Suh
An Effective Recall-Oriented Information Retrieval System
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Justin JongSu Song, Jiyoung Lim, Chris Soo-Hyun Eom and Wookey Lee
Chentry: Automated Evaluation of Students’ Learning Progress
for Entry Education Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Jeong-Hun Kim, Jong-Hyeok Choi, Uygun Shadikhodjaev,
Aziz Nasridinov and Ki-Sang Song
Constrained Big Data Mining in an Edge Computing
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Carson K. Leung, Deyu Deng, Calvin S. H. Hoi and Wookey Lee

xv
xvi Contents

Constrained Frequent Pattern Mining from Big Data Via

Crowdsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Calvin S. H. Hoi, Daniyal Khowaja and Carson K. Leung
Data-Driven Prediction of Ship Destinations in the Harbor
Area Using Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Kwang Il Kim and Keon Myung Lee
Design and Implementation of a Sunshine Duration Calculation
System with Massively Parallel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Woosuk Shin and Nakhoon Baek
Developing 3D Annotation Features for 3D Digital Textbooks . . . . . . . . 99
Jin-Uk Jeong, Gae-A Ryu, Mihye Kim and Kwan-Hee Yoo
Efficient Mining of Time Interval-Based Association Rules . . . . . . . . . . 121
Ki Yong Lee and Young-Kyoon Suh
Investigating the Role of Musical Genre in Human Perception
of Music Stretching Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Jun Chen and Chaokun Wang
Keyword-Based Metadata Modeling for Experimental Omics
Data Dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Kyoung Soon Hwang and Keon Myung Lee
Nonlinear Time-series Mining of Social Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Thinh Minh Do, Yasuko Matsubara and Yasushi Sakurai
PEGASEF: A Provenance-Based Big Data Service Framework for
Efficient Simulation Execution on Shared Computing Clusters . . . . . . . 175
Young-Kyoon Suh, Ki Yong Lee and Nakhoon Baek
Preference-Aware Music Recommendation Using Song Lyrics . . . . . . . . 183
Sein Jang, Battulga Lkhagvadorj and Aziz Nasridinov
Real-Time Smart Safe-Return-Home Service Based on Big
Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Gae-A Ryu, Jae-Won Lee, Ji-Sung Jeong, Mihye Kim and Kwan-Hee Yoo
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3D Volume Visualization System Based
on GPUs for Medical Big Data

Joseph Yoon, Oh-Soek Kown, Jae-Gyun Cheong, Keon-Kuk Park

and Young-Bong Kim

Abstract With the appearance of computerization society, medical equipment has

been closely coupling with computers. Images from medical equipment have become
very useful basic data in diagnosing the state of a patent. These images have often
obtained from medical computerized equipment such as X-ray system, Ultrasound
system, Computerized Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and
so on. For increasing the effective value of those images, we have to employ the
preprocessing techniques such as a median filter, a Gaussian filter, and a mean filter.
And also, we take the special algorithms such as a phase correction, a dispersion
compensation, and a Hilbert transform. These additional techniques make it impos-
sible to watch the images in a real time. Thus, we have to get a rapid processing of
medical images for the real-time display of those images. In this research, we will
propose a method to give a real-time display of images using multi-thread techniques
and parallel processing algorithms. In a multi-thread technique, if two threads share
the same resource, one thread may change the resource data during the processing of
the other thread. We will design a method to avoid the collision in a resource usage
right between threads.

Keywords Triple buffers · Dual GPU · Medical image processing · 3D volume

J. Yoon · O.-S. Kown · J.-G. Cheong · K.-K. Park · Y.-B. Kim (B)
IT Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University,
Yongso-Ro. 45, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Korea
e-mail: ybkim@pknu.ac.kr
J. Yoon
e-mail: ricerich@gmail.com
O.-S. Kown
e-mail: inartistical@gmail.com
J.-G. Cheong
e-mail: jaegyuncheong@gmail.com
K.-K. Park
e-mail: pkk1113@naver.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

W. Lee and C. K. Leung (eds.), Big Data Applications and Services 2017,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 770,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0695-2_1
2 J. Yoon et al.

1 Introduction

OCT (Optical coherence tomography) is an established medical imaging technique

that uses light to capture micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from
within optical scattering. This is employed in diverse applications, including art con-
servation and diagnostic medicine, notably in ophthalmology and optometry where
it can be used to obtain detailed images from within the retina. Recently, it has also
begun to be used in interventional cardiology to help diagnose coronary artery dis-
ease [1]. Compared with Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI), and Ultrasonography, it can provide high-resolution data and also observe
the speed of hematocele (=blood flow). However, OCT data processing spends much
time because it has to perform complex calculation from acquisition data of device
to image of screen, and also in order to get better high-quality image, it needs to
process more huge data and employ more image processing algorithms.
Due to these reasons, several researchers have approached in two ways. Firstly,
as software method [2, 3], they focus on filtering to reduce noise like mean filter,
Gaussian filter, median filter, and algorithm improvement of data process step to
compensate data like phase correction, Hilbert transform, and dispersion compensa-
tion. Secondly, as hardware method, they research the improvement of calculation
efficiency by multi-thread method on central processing unit (CPU)- or GPU based
parallel computing [4, 5].
In this paper, in order to get high-quality image by software approach, we
employ advanced filtering and multiple processing algorithm. And also, as hardware
approach, we implement GPU based parallel computing instead of CPU based. We
also reduce its calculation cost by GPU based parallel computing and we implement
the distribute module divided into image processing using dual GPU and 3D volume
visualization. In a multi-thread method, if shared-memory conflict and waiting-delay
problems occur, we can solve them by employing the Triple buffer technique. Finally,
we can obtain real-time 3D visualization image from OCT device.

2 Medical 3D Volume Visualization System

2.1 System Architecture

Our system configuration is shown in Fig. 1. This FD-OCT (Fourier Domain Optical
Coherence Tomography) visualization system consists of Triple buffers in CPU and
in dual GPU based volume rendering.
First of all, raw data stream is stored continuously from OCT device like CMOS
(complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) line scan camera to Buffer1 in CPU,
and then it is transferred to GPU1 which calculates parallel FD-OCT processing.
After filtering and algorithm processing in GPU1, it stores to Buffer2-1, Buffer2-2,
or Buffer2-3 at the CPU as unit data possible to be rendered volume visualization.
3D Volume Visualization System Based on GPUs for Medical Big Data 3

Fig. 1 System overview

When volume unit data is made, it moves to GPU2 which calculates parallel volume
visualization, and finally it is displayed on the screen.

2.2 FD-OCT Processing

FD-OCT processing is implemented employing the Kang [5] algorithm to get clear
OCT image as shown in Fig. 2. It is designed at GPU1 to have parallel calculation
with guaranteed higher speed.

Fig. 2 FD-OCT processing

4 J. Yoon et al.

First of all, input data is interpolated by k-domain, and it is processed through

Hilbert Transform (Fast Fourier Transform → Heaviside Step Filtering → Inverse
Fast Fourier). Its result comes to be Complex Spectrum. Next step is Phase Correction
to compensate spread of image by optical device adjustment and constant value
setting. After it is processed with the Fast Fourier Transform again, the OCT frame
image is obtained in the Log Scaling step. Its generated data is transferred to Triple
buffers in CPU, and then it is transferred to GPU2 which calculates parallel volume
visualization. It is finally displayed on the screen.

2.3 Triple Buffering

The proposed system has to share CPU memory because it utilizes dual GPU. How-
ever, there occurs a conflict problem when GPU1 and GPU2 access the CPU at the
same time. Therefore, we solve it by implementing Triple Buffering as shown in
Fig. 3.
As shown in Fig. 3, size of time slot 1 at GPU1 is unit size of FD-OCT processing,
that means available data which can be used for volume visualization. Generated
volume data after GPU1 processing is written at one of the triple buffers if it is not
read by GPU2. At the same time, GPU2 reads volume data from CPU data written
by GPU1, and then it displays volume visualization.
Size of time slot 1 at GPU2 is unit size of volume rendering, it is processed
repeatedly because it waits until next volume data is generated by writing unit data
from GPU1 to CPU, and it is also for keeping rendering. For example, as shown in
Fig. 3, in order to generate possibly visualizable volume data in GPU1 will be used in
GPU2, FD-OCT processing operates with six units, and its data is written alternately

Fig. 3 Dual GPU based triple buffering

3D Volume Visualization System Based on GPUs for Medical Big Data 5

on one of the triple buffers at the CPU, and finally it performs volume visualization
five times using its written data at GPU2.

3 Experiments and Results

We tested the rendering performance of two systems as illustrated in Fig. 4. One is

previously ➀ single GPU based system, the other is ➁ our dual GPU based and Triple
Buffering system. In single GPU based system, it performs FD-OCT processing first,
and sequentially renders 3D volume data. On the other hand, in our dual GPU based
and Triple Buffering system, rendering performance is faster than previous system at
second time slot. This is because two tasks perform, respectively, which are FD-OCT
processing and 3D volume visualization.
As shown in Fig. 4, time slot (ex:1-a) of FD-OCT processing is unit data for 2D
image processing. When k (=depth) numbers of 2D image are combined, it becomes
one of 3D volume available data (ex:1-a,1-b,…,1-k). This generated data is displayed
repeatedly in ➁ our system until next data generation is completed. For example,
time slot 1 of volume rendering in ➁ our system is displayed three times repeatedly.
In our experiment, we used a 12-bit dual-line CMOS line scan camera (Sprint
spL2048-140 km, Basler AG, Germany), data acquisition (DAQ) Card, frame grabber
(NI PCIe-1429, National Instruments, Austin, TX). The PC system configuration is

Fig. 4 Compare with 1 GPU-based system and our system

6 J. Yoon et al.

Fig. 5 Result with 3D volume visualization

Intel Core™ i7- 3970X CPU, 8 GB Memory, NVIDA GeForce GTX 760 (Memory
4 GB, CUDA Core 1024), and OS (operating system) is Window 7 Professional K
64 bit version.
As shown in Fig. 5, it is a result of 3D volume visualization by the implemented
system. As shown in Fig. 6, it represents rendering speed using the 32 or 64 slices
of 2D image (1024 × 1024), and also it compares ➀ single GPU based system with
➁ dual GPU and Triple buffers system.

Fig. 6 Compare with 1 GPU-based system and our 2 GPU and Triple buffers system
3D Volume Visualization System Based on GPUs for Medical Big Data 7

Our dual GPU and Triple buffers system is three times faster than the previous
single GPU-based system.

4 Conclusion

In this paper, we have designed and implemented 3D volume visualization system.

Thus, we have proposed dual GPU and Triple Buffering techniques. In result, we
have obtained high-quality display with improved rendering speed. We expect our
system to be utilized in actual medical image processing.

References

1. Sebastian, M., Birgit, S., Mette, M. Thomas, M.J., Peter, E.A.: Optical Coherence Tomogra-
phy—current Technology and Applications in Clinical and Biomedical Research. Anal. Bioanal.
Chem. pp. 2699–2720 (2011)
2. Hossen, A.: A New Fast Approximate Hilbert Transform with Different Applications. IIUM
Eng. J. pp. 21–27 (2001)
3. Shuichi, M., Tapio, F., Yoshiaki, Y.: Full-range, High-speed, High-resolution 1-µm Spectral-
Domain Optical Coherence Tomography using BM-scan for Volumetric Imaging of The Human
Posterior Eye. Opt. Express. pp. 8406–8420 (2008)
4. Yong, H., Xuan, L., Jin, U.K.: Real-Time 3D and 4D Fourier Domain Doppler Optical Coherence
Tomography based on Dual Graphics Processing Units. Biomed. Opt. Express. pp. 2162–2174
(2012)
5. Kang, Z., Jin, U.K.: Graphics Processing Unit-based Ultrahigh Seed Real-Time Fourier Domain
Optical Coherence Tomography. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electr. pp. 1270–1279 (2012)
A Fire Flame Simulation Scheme
with Massively Parallel Processing

Byeonguk Im and Nakhoon Baek

Abstract Simulating natural phenomena is one of the most important areas in

computer graphics area. As one of the natural phenomena simulations, we focused
on the simulation of fire flames. Previous fire flame simulations mainly focused on
the simulation sequences. At this time, those methods are not suitable for modern
computer graphics and massively parallel processing architectures. In this work,
we present a prototype implementation of the fire flame simulation system, based
on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and Open Graphics Library
(OpenGL). Our system shows highly efficient execution of those simulations, to
show the real-time fire flame simulations.

Keywords Fire flame · Simulation · Massively parallel

1 Introduction

In the field of computer simulation, the natural phenomena simulation is one of the
important applications [1, 2]. Among its various simulation targets, we focused on
the simulation of fire flames. Historically, many different methods applied to the fire
flame simulation, including particle systems, fluid dynamics approaches, spatial grid
acceleration techniques, and others [3, 4].
In this work, we will use a particle system, which uses a large number of particles
to simulate the motions of various kinds of gases, fluids, and small objects. The

B. Im · N. Baek (B)
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Republic of Korea
e-mail: oceancru@gmail.com
N. Baek
Software Technology Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic
of Korea
N. Baek
Dassomey.Com Inc, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 9

W. Lee and C. K. Leung (eds.), Big Data Applications and Services 2017,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 770,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0695-2_2
10 B. Im and N. Baek

particle simulation systems are widely used for various computer games, computer
animations, graphics simulations, and other fields, since it is relatively simple and
efficient to show visually acceptable natural phenomena.
In contrast, the heavy computation due to the particle interactions and the
extremely large number of particles is one of their weak points. There were many
trials to accelerate the particle system with parallel processing. In this work, we
also use the massively parallel processing system of CUDA [5] as the acceleration
framework for the simulation of fire flames. It is a new particle system design with
CUDA-based processing and targeting the fire flame simulation. We present detailed
descriptions on our prototype design, in the following sections.

2 Previous Works

2.1 Particle System

A particle system uses a large number of very small elements, to simulate some
kinds of physical phenomena. It can generate some natural phenomena, including
fire, explosion, smoke, and others, even with relatively small amount of computations.
It is also easy to reproduce the visually plausible rendering sequences.
There are many implementations of particle systems. In this work, we focus on the
fire flame simulation, as a good example of complex particle system with extremely
large number of particles. In contrast, there are relatively small number of particle
system implementations, on the massively parallel architectures including CUDA
[5] and DirectCompute [6].

2.2 Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics

Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics is a computational model to simulate the dynam-

ics of continuum media [7]. In the field of computer graphics, it is widely used for
fluid simulation. This method has several benefits over the traditional methods. Since
it uses the particle systems as the underlying framework, it is easy to maintain the
physical properties such as mass, acceleration, velocity, and temperature. In contrast
to other techniques, this smoothed-particle hydrodynamics system is free from any
loss of physical measurements.
In this work, we plan to implement a particle system for fire flame simulation,
based on the massively parallel architecture for the large amount of particles. The
smoothed-particle hydrodynamics calculations also applied to the physical simula-
tions of the particles. The details follow in the following sections.
A Fire Flame Simulation Scheme with Massively Parallel Processing 11

3 Design of Massively Parallel System

In this work, we aim to reproduce the fire flames, through exactly simulating the
massive amount of particle interactions. Every particle interacts with other particles
and environmental objects. It will be finally disappeared after the complete combus-
tion. To simulate the whole fire flame sequences, we will use the following modules
to construct the massively parallel particle simulation system:
• particle emission
• combustion
• grid indexing
• sorting the particles
• physical simulation
• graphics rendering.
We will present the detailed descriptions on these modules.

3.1 Particle Emission

As the first step, we generate a set of new particles. All the particles emitted from
the pre-specified regions in the 3D space. The system keeps track of all the particles,
including their total numbers, their states, current positions, velocities, and others.
All the properties are kept in the current state table.

3.2 Combustion

Our system targets the simulation of fire flames. Therefore, the particles should
show the combustion process. We can simulate all the combustion processes through
changing the color of the particles. Especially, we will change the color of particles
with respect to the simulated temperature of the particles, finally to show the dramatic
effects of the fire flame.
Figure 1 shows the natural color changes during natural combustions. We can
simulate the realistic particles using the color levels shown here. The colors will
change according to the elapsed time, current combustion status, the original burning
substances, and others.

3.3 Grid Indexing

In our system, the physical forces applied to particles are calculated using smoothed-
particle hydrodynamics theories. In this calculation, each particle should interact with
all other particles located in the specified radius. Therefore, in a naïve manner, we
12 B. Im and N. Baek

Fig. 1 Color changes during natural combustions

need to check all the distances between all the particles, to check whether a pair of
particles has the distance less than the specified radius or not. All these calculations
need heavy computations, and thus, we introduce an acceleration technique of grid-
based approaches.
We divide the whole domain into a 3D regular grid structure. Figure 2 shows the
two-dimensional version of our grid approach. Every grid will maintain its own list
of active particles in that grid, and will check all the entrance and exit of all the
particles. Even with these maintenance costs, the overall calculation is accelerated
to achieve real-time simulations.

3.4 Sorting the Particles

Before applying the physical simulations to the particles, we need to arrange the
order of particle simulation, for each grid, and also, for all the global space. Actually
the particles are arranged several times, according to a certain property.
In typical massively parallel processing architectures including CUDA [5] and
DirectCompute [6], the sorting operations are one of the most difficult ones for the
accelerated implementation. In our case, we should handle millions of particles, and
therefore, we should carefully handle the internal data caches of the architecture.
More precisely, we used a variation of the bi-tonic sorting algorithm [8].
A Fire Flame Simulation Scheme with Massively Parallel Processing 13

Fig. 2 The 2D representation of our regular grid

3.5 Physical Simulation

The physical simulation of the particles is actually the process of calculating all
the physical properties of the particles. They include force, acceleration, velocity,
temperature, and others. We used the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics theories to
get all these physical properties. The calculation itself can be achieved in a massively
parallel manner, with our implementations.

3.6 Graphics Rendering

The final result of our simulation is the position and the color of every active particle
in the whole domain. These positions and colors can be simulated mapped as the
positions and colors of a very large size point cloud. We use the 3D graphics library of
OpenGL [9] to draw this point cloud. Additionally, for full speed-up of this rendering
process, we use the shared texture area between CUDA and OpenGL, to accelerate
both of the physical simulation and the graphics rendering process.

4 Experimental Results

Our experimental system consists of the following components:

• Intel Core i5-6600 CPU, 3.30 GHz
• NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060, with 6 GByte Graphics Memory
• 8 GByte Main Memory
• Windows 8.1 64 bit version.
14 B. Im and N. Baek

Fig. 3 Animation sequences from our fire flame simulation

Integrating all the software modules explained in the previous section, we executed
this prototype system and get the results in Fig. 3. The actual execution generates
a real-time animation of fire flames, and Fig. 3 shows some screen shots from the
animation sequences.

5 Conclusion

In this work, we have implemented a prototype system of fire flame simulation,

with the massively parallel architecture support. Specifically, we used CUDA as the
massively parallel computation framework. Basically, our work has the benefits of
using massively parallel computation for an extremely large number of particles.
In previous works on fire flame simulation, they focused on the acceleration of
the sequential computation. In contrast, our work focused on the throughput of the
large number of data elements, and we show that even fire flame simulations can be
accelerated by the massively parallel architecture.
In near future, our prototype system will be updated with some modifications.
They include the enhancement on the grid structures and their processing. We also
plan to add more kinds of particle properties. For example, the smokes and fire flakes
can also be simulated with our particle simulation system.

Acknowledgements This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology (Grant No. 2016R1D1A3B03935488).
A Fire Flame Simulation Scheme with Massively Parallel Processing 15

References

1. Fedkiw, R.: Simulating Natural Phenomena for Computer Graphics. (2002).

2. Hughes J.F., et.al.: Computer Graphics: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed., (2013).
3. Lyes, T.S. and Hawick K.A.: Fire and Flame Simulation using Particle Systems and Graphical
Processing Units, Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and
Visualization Methods (MSV); Athens, (2013).
4. Rodal, K.E.S. and Storli G.: Physically Based Simulation and Visualization of Fire in Real-Time
using the GPU, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, (2006).
5. NVIDIA, CUDA C Programming Guide, NVIDIA, (2017).
6. NVIDIA, DirectCompute Programming Guide, NVIDIA, (2010).
7. Vorobyev, A.: A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method for the Simulation of Centralized
Sloshing Experiments, KIT Scientific Publishing, (2013).
8. Peters H., Schulz-Hildebrandt O., Luttenberger N.: Fast In-Place Sorting with CUDA Based
on Bitonic Sort. Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics. PPAM 2009. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, vol 6067. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2010).
9. Segal, M., Akeley, K.: The OpenGL Graphics System: A Specification, Version 4.5 (Core Pro-
file). Khronos Group, (2016).
Another random document with
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"'Should have everlasting life'—was that it, my father?" said
I, speaking I know not why, from some will, as it seemed,
not my own.

"Aye, that is it," answered the old man, eagerly, his wasted
face lighting up. "I thank you, my young lady—the blessing
of an old man be on your fair head—'everlasting life'—aye
that is it! Bless you, Madam! Yes, yes! 'Everlasting life!'"

"And where learned you so much, my fair lady?" asked the

friar, bending his brows on me in no friendly way.

"From the Vulgate of the blessed Saint Jerome, reverend

sir," I answered demurely. "I am convent bred, and can
construe Latin."

"More's the pity," growled the friar. "They had done better
to teach you to hold your tongue, and mind your spindle
and needle. 'Twas never a good world since women and
laymen learned to read and write!"

My mother made me a sign not to answer, and presently we

disposed ourselves for bed—my mother and I in one room,
my father and Harry in the other. Our beds were but of
straw, but fresh and with clean and lavendered, though very
coarse linen. The good woman made many apologies,
though I am sure none were needful, and after lingering a
little came close up, and said in a whisper:

"You will not think ill of my poor gaffer, my Lady—indeed,

he is no heretic, but a godly and devout old man. You see
he is more than a hundred years old, and old men's minds
do mostly run on what they have heard and thought when
young. But he is no heretic, but a good old man!"

"That I can well believe," said my mother. "I am glad his

reverend age finds such a safe and warm harbor. Believe
me, good dame, your dutifulness to him will not go
unrewarded."

"Nay, we were worse than the heathen not to care for our
gaffer," answered the woman, and again bidding us good-
night, she departed.

We slept well, despite our hard beds, and were awakened

early by the crowing of fowls, the bleating of sheep, and the
loud-voiced directions of the yeoman and his dame to their
men and maids. They would not let us go till we had broken
our fast, and set us down to a plentiful table again. The old
man was not in his place, and my father noticed it.

"Aye, gaffer sleeps late, and we never rouse him," said the
good man. "Besides, I had no mind he should be questioned
and teased by yonder friar. A plague on them, say I—black
cattle, that spare no man's field, but live on the work of
other men. Time was when we thought the begging friars
the best of the clergy, and now I think they are every one
worse than another."

'Tis strange how the clergy generally seem to be losing their

hold on the common folk, and how little they seem to be
aware of it. The good people would take no fee for our
entertainment, saying that they so seldom had any guests
that it was a pure pleasure to them. My mother, however,
prevailed on the dame to accept a hood and pinners of
black Cyprus, and a bottle of her famous bitter and spicy
cordial for her daughter, who is weakly, and failing with a
cruel tertian ague, which shakes her to pieces every spring,
and hardly gives her time to take breath before it comes
again in the fall.

We travelled much more slowly the second day, over a wild

country, mostly moorland, with here and there a deep dell
wherein would be a rushing stream and a few trees, with
often a cool fountain gushing from the rocks. We saw but
few inhabitants, and those of the wildest, more like savages
than aught I ever conceived of Englishmen. My Cousin
Joslyn says they are indeed savages, and all but heathen in
their usages.

"Worse than heathen, maybe," said old Job Dean, who has
had no good will to this journey from the first. "Every one
knows what moormen are. They are no more proper human
beings than mermen are—brutes that make no scruple to
feed on human flesh, when by their wiles and magic arts
they cause any poor travellers to lose their way on these
God-forsaken wastes."

"Methinks no magic arts would be needed to make one lose

one's way on these moors, in darkness or a fog," said my
father.

"You are right," answered Cousin Joslyn. "Many lives are

lost on them every year, not however, as I think, by any
arts or cannibal tastes of these poor savages, but from the
want of any roads or hostelries, the sudden fogs, and the
treacherous nature of the soil, abounding in bogs,
quicksands, and old mining excavations made by the
heathen long ago. As for these poor creatures, I have ever
found them, though timid, distrustful and full of wild and
heathen superstitions, yet kindly disposed enow."

"You have been among them, then?" asked my mother.

"Yes, Madam, in my wanderings after herbs and simples,

birds' nests and strange stones," answered Cousin Joslyn,
smiling somewhat sadly. "The people about Tremador will
tell you that I am either mad as a March hare, or else that I
am a conjuror, as dangerous as the moormen themselves."
We ate our midday meal by the side of one of the streams I
spoke of, and seeing some of the wild people—a woman and
two children, peeping out at us from behind the bushes—my
mother laid some of our abundant provision on a rock, and
by signs made them welcome; and after our departure we
looked back from the other side of the stream, and saw
them devouring the food with ravenous haste.

"Poor things! I am glad they will have had one pleasure to-
day," said my mother, nodding to the woman, who nodded
in return, and made an odd gesture, stooping to the
stream, and throwing the water toward us with her hands.

"That is to bring us good luck on our journey," observed

Cousin Joslyn.

"More like to put a spell on us and our horses, that we may

fall into their power!" growled old Job. "I would like to send
some arrows among them!" So cruel is even fear, in all its
shapes.

The sun had set, and it was growing dark when we entered
upon the lands of Sir John Carey, and saw his house before
us on the hillside—a tumbledown old pile, half manor house,
half castle, once evidently a stronghold, but fast falling to
decay.

"That does not look as if the knight were very prosperous,"

said my father.

"And its look speaks truth," answered Cousin Joslyn. "This

present knight's father lost much in the civil wars, and more
by the exactions of the late King's unworthy ministers. Sir
John went up to London on the present King's accession,
and there mended his fortune by marrying a city heiress,
who brought him gold enough to have rebuilt this poor old
pile. But he was drawn into Court life, and he and his dame
must needs raffle it in velvet and cloth of gold, with masks,
entertainments and what not, till the lady's fortune was
wasted in a year or two and there was nothing for it but to
return hither, and live as best they might—and bad is the
best, if all tales say true."

"Aye, 'twas then I was fool enough to lend him eight

hundred pounds!" said my father. "I fear I shall never see
principal or interest again."

As he spoke, we arrived at the doors of the manor house,

which stood wide open, so that we could see within a large
hall, at the upper end of which preparations seemed to be
making for supper. Out rushed a tumultuous throng of dogs
of all sorts, and blue-coated serving-men, in every stage of
shabbiness. The dogs barked, the men hallooed, our horses,
alarmed by the tumult, reared and pranced, and I began to
think we should indeed be devoured, though not by
moormen, when Sir John himself appeared at the door, and
by threats, oaths, and a liberal use of his crutch-headed
staff, restored something like order. He then advanced to
my mother, and giving her his hand to alight, welcomed us
with much courtesy to his poor house. He must have been a
very handsome gentleman in his day, but he looks old and
feeble, soured and peevish. My Lady stood in the hall and
greeted us in her turn, as we were presented by her
husband, with—

"Lor, Madam, I am glad to see you, though 'tis but little we

can do to make you comfortable. We are but poor country
folk, now—not like what you once knew me, Sir Stephen,
when I had mine own home and purse, and was served in
my father's house like a Queen. Alack, I little thought then I
should live to see this day! But you are welcome to what we
have!"
My mother made some polite speech, such as she is never
at a loss for. I was glad I was not called on to say anything.

"And these are your son and daughter—lack a day! A fine

young lady and gentleman—but I believe they are none of
yours, Madam?"

"I call them mine," answered my mother, smiling.

"Aye, to be sure—but they can never be quite the same,

methinks. We have no children now—we had a son once,
but he is dead."

Her sharp voice and face softened a moment, and then

grew sharper than ever, as she exclaimed, turning to a little
thin maiden with unkempt, uncovered locks and a kirtle like
a milkmaid's, of coarse stuff, and neither clean nor whole,
who had crept into the hall while she was speaking:

"What do you here, minion? Did I not forbid you to leave

your chamber?" And with that she gave the child a blow on
the side of her face which reddened her cheek and almost
threw her over. The maid gave her a glance of defiance, and
then looking at me, she suddenly blushed all over her pale
face and threat, burst into tears, and ran out of the hall.

"I crave your pardon, madam; but 'tis such an ill-

conditioned wench she puts me past all patience. But you
would like to wash before supper. Here, Dorothy Joan, show
the ladies to their rooms."

We found our rooms furnished with some richness, albeit

the furniture was old, worn, and far from well kept; and the
air seemed so damp and mouldy that I thought with regret
of our last night's lodging, perfumed with lavender and the
smell of clean straw. An old woman brought water and
towels, and we arranged our dress hastily, not to keep the
supper waiting.

The meal was set out when we came downstairs, and we

took our places at the board, according to our rank. I saw
Mistress Warner, my mother's gentlewoman, regarding the
board and trenchers with anything but a pleased
expression. As for my mother, if she had to sup with a pig,
she would never hurt the pig's feelings by showing any
discomforture, and I tried to follow her example.

"Where is Joyce?" asked Sir Stephen, after we were seated.

"In her chamber, I suppose," answered my Lady. "Dorothy,

go and call her."

The old woman who had waited on us went away, and

presently returned with the little maid we had seen on our
arrival. She had evidently taken some pains to put the child
in order, but she was still such a forlorn object as I am sure
my mother would not permit in her scullery. She seemed
undecided where to place herself, but at a nod from Sir
John, she slipped into a vacant seat between my father and
Harry.

"What a figure you are, child," quoth my Lady Carey; "but

'tis no use to dress her," added she, turning to my mother.
"One might as well dress a hog from the sty."

The black eyes threw a glance of indignant protestation at

the speaker, which showed that their fire was not wholly
quenched, and instantly fell again.

"I knew not you had a daughter, Sir John," said my father.

"Nor have I," answered Sir John, while my Lady laughed a

scornful, affected laugh. "This is no child of mine. She is the
daughter of Jeffrey Copplestone of your parts, and a king's
ward. I bought her of her guardian, old Master Earle, for
two hundred pound ready money."

"And a poor pennyworth you got of her," struck in his Lady.

"'Twas an ill day for us when she crossed the threshold."

"I thought as she had a fair portion, and a decent estate in

land to her breastlace, she might make a wife to my son,"
continued the old man, never heeding his wife's
interruption: "but he would none of her. Welladay, I thought
not how 'twould end! What say you, Sir Stephen, will you
take the wench off my hands, and give me a quittance of
my debt to you? Her land lies handy to your moorland
estate, and you may marry her up to your son yonder."

"For shame, Sir John! Think you such a fine young squire
would wed such a scarecrow as our black Joyce?" said my
Lady Carey, with that scornful laugh again. "Not but it would
be a good riddance to get her off our hands, I am sure.
Better send her to the nunnery, and let her estate go for
masses, I say."

My blood boiled to hear them so speak of the maid to her

very face, as though she had been no better than a brute.
Looking at her, I saw her great eyes raised and fixed on my
mother's, with such a look of imploring entreaty, as one
sometimes sees in those of a dumb creature.

"And so you are Jeffrey Copplestone's maid?" said my

father, turning to Joyce, and speaking kindly, as he ever
does to the weak and dumb: "I knew your father well, for
an honest and brave gentleman, and we stood more than
one stricken field together. I knew not that he had left a
child."
The eyes turned on my father this time with the same
imploring look, but not a word did Joyce say. Sir John
seemed in earnest in the matter, and at last my father said
they would talk it over again.

When my mother and I were withdrawn to our chamber,

where a fire was lighted by this time, which did us little
good, save to replace the smell of mold by that of smoke—
when I say we were withdrawn to our chamber, and were
talking of the day's adventures, the door opened softly, and
Joyce showed her pale, scared face, as doubting whether
she should venture in. My mother smiled and stretched out
her hand, and the action seemed to re-assure Joyce, for she
rushed to my mother's side and fell on her knees, bending
down as if she would kiss her very feet.

"Oh, madam, save me!" she cried, imploringly, yet low, as if

afraid of being overheard. "Beg the kind gentleman, your
husband, to buy me. I will serve you on my knees! I will
herd cows or weed corn, anything so I may but be near you
and away from here. They will kill me or drive me mad
among them! Oh, take me away!"

"Poor maid," said my Lady, "poor motherless, fatherless

child! Has the world dealt so hardly with thee?"

"Aye, that has it," said another voice—that of old Dorothy,

who had come in like a mouse. "Joyce, you should not be
here! Think if my Lady should come in and find you!"

Joyce shrank and shivered at the words, as if actually

beaten, but she did not move, till after a little more coaxing
and threatening she arose, and kissing my mother's hand
more than once, crept slowly away.

"I dare not let her stay, and that is the truth," said Dorothy,
after she had closed the door, coming near us and speaking
low; "my Lady would so beat her for it if she knew."

"Is she then such an ill-conditioned child?" asked my

mother.

"Nay, she was well enough conditioned when she came

here, five years agone," answered Dorothy. "She is all but
crazed now, and no wonder; but she does not want for
mother wit, though she hath had no teaching such as a
young lady should have. You see her father was killed in a
duel before she was born, and her mother dying in child-
bed, she became a King's ward, and old Master Earle of
Biddeford got her of the King in lieu they say of moneys
advanced to his Majesty's father. Mistress Earle was no lady,
but a bustling, kindly housewife, and the girl did well
enough with her I fancy, but her husband was a true usurer
and cared for naught but money. When the good dame
died, Master Earle would no more be plagued with Joyce,
but sold her to our knight, and got, so our old steward says,
by far the best of the bargain. Sir John thought to mate
Joyce with our young master. But Master Walter would have
none of her, though he was always kind and brotherly in his
rough way. He had grown up at home, and learned nothing
as he ought, and nothing would serve him but to fall in love
—fall indeed—with Cicely Woodson, our bailiff's fair
daughter."

My mother here glanced at me.

"Oh, there was nothing wrong then, madam!" said the old
woman, interpreting the look. "Cicely was as proud and
modest as any young lady, aye, and as beautiful too—a fine
spirited lass, as you will see. It might have turned out well
enough, only Sir John was so bent on making up the match
between Walter and Mistress Joyce. So he told his son he
must be ready on a certain day. Walter tried at first to put
the matter off, and then it all came out that he and Cicely
were already married by a begging friar. My master and her
father were equally enraged—the marriage was pronounced
null—poor Cicely was hurried away to a convent, and Walter
warned that he must submit to his father. But mark what
followed! That very night he disappeared, and next day
word came that Cicely had escaped from her convent. But
they followed them—alas, poor things!—and found them at
last. The woman was dragged back to her cell—to what fate
I leave you to guess—and Master Walter was brought home
and shut up in the west tower. But he went raving mad—
alack, and woe is me!—threw himself from the window, and
all to break his skull on the stones below. Poor young thing!
'Twould have been better to own the marriage and live in
peace—think you not so, madam?"

"I do, indeed!" answered my mother, wiping her eyes. "'Tis

a woeful tale! But I see not how poor Joyce was to blame in
all this?"

"No, nor I; but 'twas visited on her, for all that!" returned
the old woman. "My Lady said that Joyce might have won
him if she had tried; and that she drove him away, and
what not. Poor simple child! She would have been ready
enough to wed him, methinks, as he was ever kind to her.
And indeed, madam, it would be a deed of charity to take
the maid out of her hands, for my Lady is a hard woman.
And poor Mistress Joyce would do well enough with one who
was kind to her. She is ever biddable with me."

My father coming in, old Dorothy bade us good-night and

departed.

"So you are up yet, child! You should be asleep, after your
journey!" said my father, stooping to kiss my forehead. "Be
thankful that you have home and friends, my maid, and are
no king's ward, to be sold like a cow to the highest bidder!"

"Surely a cruel and hard law!" said my mother. "My heart

aches for this poor maid!" and she told my father what we
had heard.

"Sir John is very earnest for me to take the girl off his
hands in lieu of his debt, or a part thereof," says my father.
"'Twould be a great charge on your hands, I fear?"

"Nay, never hesitate for that!" answered my mother,

cheerily. "Sure it would be a blessed task: but can you
afford the loss and charge?"

"Nay, for that matter, I suppose the rental of the

Copplestone lands is worth something, and in a family like
ours, the keeping and education of such a child would make
little difference. I am not like to see either principal nor
interest, as matters now stand, for the landed estate is
entailed, and there is, as far as I can learn, no ready
money. But we will talk farther of the matter. Rosamond,
my child, get you to bed, and God bless you!"

I did most earnestly give thanks that night for my home

and my kind parents! I could not but think, as I lay down,
what if my father had wedded such a woman as my Lady
Carey! My room was a little turret within my parents'
apartment, and I fell asleep at the last to the sound of their
talking.

The next morning, when we met at breakfast, Joyce was

not to be seen; and my Lady was clearly in a very bad
humor. She had arrayed herself in much antiquated finery,
to do honor to us or herself, I know not which. It was
evident there had been a storm between her Lord and
herself, from her red eyes, raised color, and the snappish
remarks she directed toward him.

The house looked a more doleful place by daylight than it

had done in the evening. The hangings were tattered and
moth-eaten; the windows, filled with horn or oiled paper,
with here and there a bit of stained glass left to tell of old
magnificence, were dark with dirt, and let in the wind
everywhere; the rushes on the floor looked to be three
months old, and everything seemed forlorn and wretched.

Poor Mistress Warner told me privately that her bed had

been so musty and so full of vermin that she could not
sleep; and that some one had come into the next chamber
and had there so cruelly beaten and miscalled a young child
or maid, as it seemed, that she had much ado not to
interfere. Hearing this news, I was not surprised not to see
poor Joyce.

My mother, seeing the state of the case, set herself to work

to pacify the offended lady with all that courtly skill and
grace whereof she is so completely mistress; telling her of
this and that lady of quality (I doubt the good dame did not
know half of them, but that made no difference), giving
accounts of entertainments at Court and at the cardinal's,
and detailing the news of the cardinal's probable disgrace
and the King's divorce, and suit to Mistress Anne. My Lady
held out for a while, but presently smoothed her ruffled
plumage, grew gracious, and began to talk herself of the
days she spent at Court. Clearly those says had been the
glory of her life. We sat a long time, but at last she excused
herself, saying that she must look into the kitchen and see
what the maids were about, and so went away in a very
good humor.
"Poor woman!" said my mother. "Life must indeed be dreary
to her here! She clearly cares for naught but gayety and
finery, and they are as much out of her reach as if she were
in purgatory!"

"I don't believe such a temper as hers could be very happy

anywhere!" said I.

"Perhaps not, but yet my heart aches for her, poor thing!
The change would be severe to any one, even to a woman
who had many resources in herself, and how much more to
one who knows no delight save fine clothes and fine
company!"

"Methinks I should find it hard to be contented here!" I

remarked. "I am sure I should not wish to sit down content
with dirt and tatters and an ill-ordered family. I could find
some days' pleasing employment in mending these
hangings and cushions, and spinning new linen for bed and
tables, and airing and ordering of chambers and the like.
'Till such things were done, I don't believe time would hang
heavy on my hands!"

"You are a born housewife, Rosamond!" said my mother,

smiling. "But you are right in this. I hope indeed you would
never sit down content with any misorder or discomfort that
could be remedied. That is but a poor kind of content. But,
my child, we must strive to keep this poor lady in a good
humor, for the sake of that unfortunate maiden. Your father
tells me he is wholly inclined to take her in hand, and that
Sir John is more than willing: but my Lady would fain
bestow her and her goods on a convent, thinking thereby in
some sort to benefit the soul of her unhappy son. I believe
Sir John will have his own way, but it will be easier for all, if
my Lady can be brought to consent too. I wonder where the
child is?"
Mistress Warner here told my mother what she had
overheard last night. My Lady was moved more than
ordinary. Anything like oppression or injustice always rouses
her anger.

"Nay then, is the woman base beyond hope," said she, "to
visit her anger on the helpless child? Surely 'twas a kind
providence brought us to the rescue of this innocent."

"My Lady, one of the women of the house told me last night
that they all, save old Dorothy, believe that Mistress Joyce
hath the evil eye," said Mistress Warner. "They say she
overlooked the young master to his destruction. The lady
herself tells them so. Do you think it can be true?"

"So they must bring their superstitions to bear against her,

as well!" said my mother. "Nay, Warner, the evil eye is the
eye that is full of hate, and covetousness, and
uncharitableness. I see no such thing in this poor child's
glances, do you?"

"No, madam; she looked harmless enough, for all I saw!"

answered the bower-woman, who is a kind-hearted
creature. "Even if she had fallen under the power of the
devil, it would be a charity to rescue her, and methinks one
who fears God has no need to fear any one less than He."

"Spoke like a Christian woman!" said my mother, and then

the conversation was ended by the return of my Lady.

Well, we stayed that day and that night, and in the

afternoon the matter was concluded; and Sir John, calling
for Joyce, formally surrendered her to my father's keeping.

"And a good riddance, I'm sure!" quoth my Lady, with her

hard, affected laugh. "I wish Sir Stephen joy of his bargain!
I am only too glad to get rid of her, the ungrateful witch!"
"Hold your tongue, Sarah!" said Sir John. "See that the
child's things are got together. Where are the gold chain
and the string of pearls I gave into your keeping? Bring
them hither, and give them over to Sir Stephen!"

"Lack-a-daisy, Sir John, how should I know?" answered my

Lady, reddening and casting anything but a friendly glance
at her husband. "I have not seen the trumpery for ages."

"You will find them, unless you want me to find them for
you!" said the knight, in a peremptory voice. "You had them
in your cabinet among your own gewgaws, I know, for I saw
them. Go and fetch them here."

"Oh, very well, Sir John! So that is the way you treat your
wife, that brought you all you had, and whose wealth you
have wasted, and that before strangers! Alas, the day that
ever I saw you!"

And with that she began to weep and cry aloud, and then to
scream, till she fell into a fit of the mother.

Her husband, with an impatient "Here, women, see to your

mistress!" strode out of the hall and returned presently with
the jewels—a fine heavy gold chain and a necklace of fair
large pearls.

"There, take her away out of sight!" said he, thrusting the
things into my mother's hands. "Take her away, and keep
her by you this night. Maybe I have not done right by her. I
wanted to wed her to my son, and do well by her, but they
would none of each other—I dare say 'twas not her fault,
after all, poor wench! There, there—go, child, go!" For at
the first kind word Joyce was at his feet and kissing his
hand, with tears and sobs. "Go with thy new friends, be a
dutiful maid, and take my blessing with thee, if the blessing
of such a wretch be worth anything."
We saw no more of my Lady. In obedience to Sir John's
hint, my mother kept Joyce at her side the rest of the day,
and she shared my bed at night. She seemed unable to
believe in her own deliverance, and started at every sound.

"She came to my room last night and beat me—oh, so

cruelly!" the poor thing whispered to me, after we were in
bed, "and that was not so bad as her words. She said I was
a witch, and had bewitched her son to his death, and that
she would have me burned! Your good father wont let them
burn me, will he, Mistress Rosamond? I would not so much
mind dying, but it would be dreadful to be burned alive!"

I soothed her and told her she would be safe under my

father and mother's care, and if she would be a good and
obedient maid, she might be as happy as the day was long.

"I will try to be good!" she said, simply. "But I am so

ignorant! I have had no learning. I hardly know anything.
Mistress Earle taught me to work, and spin, and say my
prayers, but I have forgot them all now. Father Joe, our
chaplain, used to teach me a prayer now and then, when he
was sober, and he was kind to me; but he died from
drinking strong ale. And then Walter died. Walter was
always good—and I had no friend save poor old Dorothy."

I told her we would teach her, and bade her try to sleep,
that she might be ready to travel in the morning; and so
with much ado got her quiet.

Early in the morning we left the hall, seeing none of the

family save Dorothy and the steward.

"Now I can breathe again!" said my father, drawing a long

breath, when we were once out on the open moors. Joyce
was on a pillion behind Cousin Joslyn, holding on very tight,
and every now and then looking round with a scared face,
as though expecting pursuit. She grew easier the farther we
went, and when we were quite out of sight of the house,
she too drew a long breath, and seemed as if she were
more at ease.

We rode all day, across all but pathless wastes, seeing

hardly a living thing save a few forlorn sheep tended by a
wild, wolfish-looking dog and a boy not less wild than he.
Toward the middle of the afternoon, however, we came to a
hamlet, where the cottages were more decent than any we
had seen since leaving home; some of them having little
gardens, with parsnips and onions, and a few pot-herbs,
and now and then some hardy flowers. All the people came
to the door at sight of our cavalcade, and there were many
reverences and smiles from men and women. They were a
large, sturdy, wild-looking race, with black curly hair and
black eyes.

"Now we are on your lands, my dear cousin," said Cousin

Joslyn, turning to me. "This is the village of Tremador, and
these be your tenants and cottagers."

I confess I was so silly at first as to feel a sense of prideful

elation at the thought that I was in some sort mistress of
these people and owner of the lands whereon I stood: but
my second thought, I trust, was a better one, and I
inwardly breathed a prayer that in so far as I had special
duties toward these good folks, I might have grace to fulfil
them.

"Truly a fine-looking people!" said my mother. "And the

cottages are far better than I expected to see in these
remote parts."

"That is mostly my late mistress' doing," remarked Master

Penrose. "She could abide naught like sluttishness, or
waste, or unthrift, and made constant war on them. Then
we have an excellent parish priest—no drunken Sir John,
like him down at the place we left this morning but a good
and devout man, whose life is as pure as his prayers. Sir
Stephen, there stands an old playmate of yours and mine—
old Jasper, who helped us to take the falcons on the cliff."

My father must needs stop to see his ancient friend, and we

soon had a crowd about us, all naturally eager to see their
new lady and their old friend Master Joslyn. But they were
no ways rude or prying, and when we rode away, followed
us with many good wishes and welcomes, or so my cousin
said, for they almost all speak the Cornish tongue, which, of
course, is so much Greek to me.

Our road, now a fairly good one, led us away from the
village, and skirted a long and high hill, near the top of
which was perched the church, with a very high gray tower.

"What an odd place for the church!" says Harry.

"Yes, they say the devil had a hand in the building of many
of our Cornish churches, and I don't wonder," answered
Cousin Joslyn: "they are put in such inaccessible places. In
the winter storms 'tis all but impossible for the village folk
to reach this one, and my Lady had a scheme for erecting a
chapel down in the hamlet yonder, but she never carried it
out."

We went on for nearly another mile, rising ever higher,

though by somewhat slow gradations, till we reached all at
once the top of the ridge. Then what a view burst upon us!
There was the sea standing up like a blue wall, so high were
we above it, the land falling off to our right in a sheer
precipice, at the foot of which were jagged rocks, among
which the waves broke wildly, though it was a clear, calm
day. In front of us opened a lovely valley—what we in our
parts call a coombe—filled with woods, among which roared
a brawling stream, which tumbled into the glen at the upper
end in a fine cataract, of which we could catch a glimpse.

Nestling in the mouth of this glen, with a south-western

exposure, lay the gray old house of Tremador, surrounded
with great nut trees, and one huge pile of verdure, which
Cousin Joslyn said was a Spanish chestnut. It had a
homelike look to mine eyes from the first.

"The old house looks just the same," quoth my father: "I
could expect to find my aunt seated in her parlor, with her
cat and its kitlings in a basket by her side, just as I left
them thirty years agone."

"You will find the cat and the kitlings, though not quite the
same that you left," answered Cousin Joslyn. "But the
house can never be the same to me again, now that my
dear old friend and mistress is gone! But here we are.
Welcome home to your own house, my fair Cousin
Rosamond! Master Toby, you remember my Cousin
Stephen; and this is his Lady, and this is Mistress
Rosamond, your new lady and mistress."

Master Toby the steward, bent low to each of us, specially

to my unworthy self, and then came Mistress Grace, and the
men and the maids, all gathered in the hall to meet us. I
don't know how I acquitted myself, but I know I never felt
so young and insignificant in all my life.

Mistress Grace marshalled us all to our rooms. I was to

have my aunt's, by her special direction, while my father
and mother, as was fitting, had the room of state. Dame
Grace says some king once slept there, but she can't tell
who it was. She thinks 'twas either his Majesty Henry Sixth