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Blazor WebAssembly By
Example
Second Edition
Use practical projects to start building web apps with

.NET 7, Blazor WebAssembly, and C#
Toi B. Wright
BIRMINGHAM—MUMBAI
Blazor WebAssembly By Example
Second Edition
Copyright © 2023 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief
quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or
implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any
damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products
mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee
the accuracy of this information.
Senior Publishing Product Manager: Suman Sen

Acquisition Editor – Peer Reviews: Saby Dsilva
Project Editor: Amisha Vathare
Content Development Editor: Shazeen Iqbal
Copy Editor: Safis Editing
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Indexer: Sejal Dsilva
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First published: June 2021

Second edition: February 2023
Production reference: 1210223
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
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Birmingham
B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-80324-185-2
www.packt.com
To my boys, for their never-ending patience and understanding. To my readers, for their ceaseless curiosity
about new technologies.
– Toi B. Wright
Foreword
Hi, friends! I love a good second edition. It’s an opportunity to update and add to something that’s
already great. You take feedback from the readers and the community, absorb the zeitgeist, and
turn an A into an A+. Toi has taken Blazor WebAssembly By Example to the next level and now
we welcome you all, readers old and new.
I have known Toi Wright for more than 17 years. I first met her at the Microsoft MVP Summit in
Redmond back in 2005, if you can believe that. She is a brilliant technologist, community leader,
and tech organizer, and we see each other every year at the annual Microsoft MVP Summit. I’ve
had the opportunity to travel from my home in Portland to beautiful Dallas to speak in person at
the Dallas ASP.NET User Group where she’s the president and founder.
Toi has been very active in the ASP.NET community for many years. She brings energy and exper-
tise to everything she does. She has written courseware for Microsoft on ASP.NET and this is her
third book on the topic. She’s a respected programmer, architect, and communicator.
In this book, she walks you step by step through the creation of 11 standalone projects that are
built using the Blazor WebAssembly framework. You’ll learn how to leverage your experience
with the .NET ecosystem to complete many different types of projects. Blazor takes .NET – and
your .NET skills – to the web in a new way, and this book is the key.
The second edition adds small updates everywhere, but also includes new chapters on debugging,
deploying to Azure, and using tech like Azure Active Directory to secure a Blazor WebAssembly app.
In Blazor WebAssembly By Example, Toi shares her extensive knowledge and years of experience
as a web developer and has created an easy-to-follow guide for you to quickly learn how to use the
Blazor WebAssembly framework. Through her words, step-by-step instructions, copious screenshots,
and code samples, you will get started running C# in your browser instead of JavaScript. Everything
she’ll show you, including .NET and Blazor itself, is all open source and based on open standards! I’m
so glad that we both have a partner in Toi Wright to guide us in this powerful new web framework!
Scott Hanselman – hanselman.com
Partner Program Manager at Microsoft
Host of the Hanselminutes Fresh Tech Podcast

Contributors
About the author

Toi B. Wright has been obsessed with ASP.NET for over 20 years and has been recognized as a
Microsoft MVP in ASP.NET for the past 18 years. Toi is a full-stack web developer on the Microsoft
stack as well as a book author, courseware author, speaker, and community leader with over 25
years of experience with full life-cycle application development in a corporate environment. She
has a BS in computer science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) and an MBA from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).
Toi B. Wright currently works with an amazing team at First Command Financial Services, Inc.
You can reach her on Twitter at @misstoi.

I would like to thank my husband and our two sons for their unwavering patience and encouragement
during the countless hours I spent typing away at my computer writing this book. I could not have done
this without you.
About the reviewers
Michele Aponte has been a passionate programmer since 1993, and has worked as a Java, .NET,
and JavaScript programmer for several Italian software houses and IT consultancy firms. In 2013,
he founded the IT company Blexin, which helps its customers to migrate their old solutions to
new technologies, offering them training, consulting, and development.
In 2020 he founded Ellycode to combine two great passions of his life, artificial intelligence and
user experience, which led to the creation of a dashboarding and data visualization platform: Elly.
Last but not least, his passion for teaching prompted Michele to found Improove; a startup that
will redefine the concept of teaching online courses.
He has always believed in the value of sharing, which is why, in December 2008, he founded
DotNetCampania, a Microsoft community for which he has organized many free regional confer-
ences. Microsoft awarded him the MVP award for these activities. In 2020, he brought his passion
to Blazor Developer Italiani, the Italian community on the Blazor framework, of which he is the
founder and community manager. His love for digital pushed him, again in 2020, to join Fare
Digitale, an association that promotes the enhancement of digital culture in Italy.
Michele also speaks at the most important Italian and international conferences on Microsoft
and JavaScript technologies. He has written several technical books and defines himself as a
community addict.
Vincent Baaij has been working as a developer/consultant/architect in the IT industry for over
25 years and is still learning new things every day. His focus has always been on the Microsoft and
.NET stack. Since 1999, he has worked primarily with content management systems like Umbraco
and Episerver (now Optimizely). The open-source tools he created when he was an Episerver
employee are ranked among the most popular community-contributed packages.
At present, Vincent works as a Cloud Solution Architect at Microsoft where he helps customers to
be successful on the Azure platform. He is also the maintainer of the official Microsoft Fluent UI
Web Components for Blazor library, an open-source component package that wraps the Fluent
UI Web Components for use with .NET 6.0 or higher Blazor applications.
Join our community on Discord
Join our community’s Discord space for discussions with the author and other readers:
https://packt.link/BlazorWASM2e
Table of Contents
Preface xxiii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Blazor WebAssembly 1
Benefits of using the Blazor framework �� 2

.NET Framework • 2
Open source • 2
SPA framework • 3
Razor syntax • 3
Awesome tooling • 3
Supported by Microsoft • 4
Hosting models �� 4
Blazor Server • 5
Advantages of Blazor Server • 5
Disadvantages of Blazor Server • 6
Blazor Hybrid • 6
Advantages of Blazor Hybrid • 7
Disadvantages of Blazor Hybrid • 7
Blazor WebAssembly • 7
Advantages of Blazor WebAssembly • 9
Disadvantages of Blazor WebAssembly • 9
Hosting model differences • 10
x Table of Contents
What is WebAssembly? �� 11

WebAssembly goals • 11
WebAssembly support • 12
Setting up your PC �� 12
Installing Microsoft Visual Studio Community Edition • 14
Installing .NET 7.0 • 15
Installing Microsoft SQL Server Express • 16
Create a Microsoft Azure account • 17
Summary �� 18
Questions �� 19
Further reading �� 19
Chapter 2: Building Your First Blazor WebAssembly Application 21
Creating the Demo Blazor WebAssembly Project Technical Requirements �� 22

Razor components �� 22
Using components • 22
Parameters • 23
Required parameters • 24
Query strings • 24
Naming components • 26
Component life cycle • 26
Component structure • 26
Directives • 27
Markup • 28
Code block • 28
Routing �� 29
Route parameters • 29
Optional route parameters • 31
Catch-all route parameters • 31
Route constraints • 32
Table of Contents xi
Razor syntax �� 33

Inline expressions • 34
Control structures • 34
Conditionals • 34
Loops • 35
Hot Reload �� 37
Creating the Demo Blazor WebAssembly project �� 38
Project overview • 39
Getting started with the project • 39
Running the Demo project • 41
Examining the Demo project’s structure • 43
The Properties folder • 44
The wwwroot folder • 45
The App component • 47
The Shared folder • 48
The Pages folder • 48
The Client folder • 49
The _Imports.razor file • 49
Examining the shared Razor components • 50
The MainLayout component • 50
The NavMenu component • 52
The SurveyPrompt component • 53
Examining the routable Razor components • 53
The Index component • 53
The Counter component • 54
The FetchData component • 55
Using a component • 57
Modifying a component • 58
Adding a parameter to a component • 60
Using a parameter with an attribute • 61
xii Table of Contents
Adding a route parameter • 62

Using partial classes to separate markup from code • 63
Summary �� 64
Questions �� 64
Chapter 3: Debugging and Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly App 67
Technical requirements �� 68

Debugging a Blazor WebAssembly.app �� 68
Debugging in Visual Studio �� 69
Debugging in the browser • 69
Understanding logging �� 72
Understanding log levels • 74
Setting the minimum log level • 76
Handling exceptions �� 77
Setting error boundaries • 79
Creating a custom error component • 81
Using ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation �� 83
Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly app to Microsoft Azure �� 83
Creating the “guess the number” project �� 89
Adding a Game component • 93
Adding the code • 94
Adding a style sheet • 97
Setting up and playing the game • 98
Adding logging • 99
Debugging in Visual Studio • 100
Updating the code • 101
Debugging in the browser • 102
Table of Contents xiii
Adding an ErrorBoundary component • 104

Deploying the application to Microsoft Azure • 104
Summary �� 105
Questions �� 105
Chapter 4: Building a Modal Dialog Using Templated Components 107

Using RenderFragment parameters �� 108
Using EventCallback parameters �� 111
Understanding CSS isolation �� 112
Enabling CSS isolation • 113
Supporting child components • 116
Creating the modal dialog project �� 116
Adding the Dialog component • 120
Add a CSS file • 121
Test the Dialog component • 122
Add EventCallback parameters • 124
Add RenderFragment parameters • 125
Create a Razor class library • 128
Test the Razor class library • 129
Add a component to the Razor class library • 130
Summary �� 131
xiv Table of Contents
Chapter 5: Building a Local Storage Service Using JavaScript

Interoperability (JS Interop) 133

Why use JavaScript? �� 134
Exploring JS interop �� 135
Loading JavaScript code • 135
Invoking a JavaScript function from a .NET method • 136
InvokeAsync • 137
InvokeVoidAsync • 139
IJSInProcessRuntime • 141
Invoking a .NET method from a JavaScript function • 142
Using local storage �� 146
Creating the local storage service �� 147
Writing JavaScript to access local storage • 151
Adding the ILocalStorageService interface • 152
Creating the LocalStorageService class • 153
Creating the DataInfo class • 154
Writing to local storage • 155
Adding a collocated JavaScript file • 157
Reading from local storage • 158
Summary �� 159
Chapter 6: Building a Weather App as a Progressive Web App (PWA) 161

Understanding PWAs �� 162
HTTPS • 163
Table of Contents xv
Manifest files • 163

Service workers • 164
Working with manifest files �� 164
Working with service workers �� 166
Service worker life cycle • 166
Install • 167
Activate • 167
Fetch • 167
Updating a service worker • 167
Types of service workers • 169
Offline page • 169
Offline copy of pages • 169
Offline copy with offline page • 169
Cache-first network • 170
Advanced caching • 170
Background sync • 170
Using the CacheStorage API �� 170
Using the Geolocation API �� 172
Using the OpenWeather One Call API �� 173
Creating a PWA �� 175
Add JavaScript to determine our location • 179
Invoke the JavaScript function • 180
Add an OpenWeather class • 183
Install Bootstrap • 184
Add a DailyForecast component • 186
Fetch the forecast • 187
Display the forecast • 189
Add the logo • 190
xvi Table of Contents
Add a manifest file • 190

Add a simple service worker • 192
Test the service worker • 195
Install the PWA • 198
Uninstall the PWA • 200
Summary �� 201
Chapter 7: Building a Shopping Cart Using Application State 203

Introducing the application state �� 204
Understanding DI �� 204
DI containers • 205
Service lifetimes • 205
Singleton • 206
Scoped • 206
Transient • 206
Creating the shopping cart project �� 207
Creating the shopping cart project • 208
Installing Bootstrap • 210
Adding a Store component • 213
Adding a Product class • 214
Finishing the Store component • 216
Demonstrating that the application state has been lost • 219
Creating the the ICartService interface • 220
Creating the CartService class • 221
Registering CartService in the DI container • 222
Injecting CartService into the Store component • 222
Table of Contents xvii
Adding the cart total to all the pages • 224

Using the OnChange method • 224
Summary �� 226
Chapter 8: Building a Kanban Board Using Events 229

Event handling �� 230
Lambda expressions • 232
Preventing default actions • 233
Focusing an element • 233
Attribute splatting �� 235
Arbitrary parameters �� 237
Creating the Kanban board project �� 239
Create the Kanban board project • 240
Add the classes • 244
Create the Dropzone component • 245
Add a stylesheet • 247
Create the Kanban board • 248
Create the NewTask component • 251
Use the NewTask component • 253
Summary �� 254
Chapter 9: Uploading and Reading an Excel File 257

Uploading files �� 258
xviii Table of Contents
Resizing images • 260

Handling multiple files • 263
Using virtualization �� 264
Rendering Local Data • 266
Rendering Remote Data • 267
Reading Excel files �� 268
Creating the Excel reader project �� 272
Create the Excel reader project • 273
Install the Open XML SDK • 276
Add the Medals class • 276
Upload the Excel file • 277
Read the Excel file • 279
Populate the medals collection • 281
Render the Medals collection • 284
Summary �� 285
Chapter 10: Using Azure Active Directory to Secure a Blazor

WebAssembly Application 287

Understanding the difference between authentication and authorization �� 288
Authentication • 289
Authorization • 291
Working with authentication �� 292
Controlling the user interface using authorization �� 294
The Authorize attribute • 294
The AuthorizeView component • 295
Creating the claims viewer project �� 298
Table of Contents xix
Create the claims viewer project • 299

Add the application to Azure AD • 301
Add a user and a group to Azure AD • 304
Add the required NuGet packages • 307
Enable authentication • 308
Add an Authentication component • 310
Add a LoginDisplay component • 311
Add a Secure component • 313
Add a WhoAmI component • 316
View the JSON Web Token (JWT) • 318
Add an authentication policy • 319
Summary �� 322
Chapter 11: Building a Task Manager Using ASP.NET Web API 325

Understanding hosted applications �� 326
Client project • 328
Server project • 328
Shared project • 328
Using the HttpClient service �� 328
Using JSON helper methods �� 329
GetFromJsonAsync • 330
PostAsJsonAsync • 331
PutAsJsonAsync • 332
HttpClient.DeleteAsync • 332
Creating the TaskManager project �� 333
Create the TaskManager project • 334
Adding the TaskItem class • 337
xx Table of Contents
Adding the TaskItem API controller • 337

Setting up SQL Server • 339
Displaying the tasks • 344
Completing the tasks • 346
Deleting tasks • 348
Adding new tasks • 350
Summary �� 351
Chapter 12: Building an Expense Tracker Using the EditForm Component 353

Creating a data entry form �� 354
Binding a form • 355
Submitting a form • 356
Using the built-in input components �� 357
InputCheckbox • 357
InputDate • 357
InputFile • 357
InputNumber • 358
InputRadio • 358
InputRadioGroup • 358
InputSelect • 358
InputText • 358
InputTextArea • 358
Using the validation components �� 359
Locking navigation �� 360
Creating the expense tracker project �� 362
Table of Contents xxi
Create the expense tracker project • 364

Add the classes • 369
Add the API controllers • 370
Create the SQL Server database • 372
View the expenses • 374
Add the edit expense component • 377
Add the input components • 381
Test the edit expense component • 384
Lock navigation • 385
Summary �� 386
Other Books You May Enjoy 391
Index 395
Preface
Blazor WebAssembly is a framework that enables you to build single-page web applications that
use C# on the client instead of JavaScript. It is built on the popular and robust ASP.NET framework.
Blazor WebAssembly does not rely on plugins or add-ons for you to use C# in the browser. It only
requires that the browser support WebAssembly, which all modern browsers do.
In this book, you will complete practical projects that will teach you the fundamentals of the
Blazor WebAssembly framework. Each chapter includes a stand-alone project with detailed
step-by-step instructions. Each project is designed to highlight one or more important concepts
concerning Blazor WebAssembly.
By the end of the book, you will have experience with building both simple stand-alone web
applications and hosted web applications with SQL Server backends.
This is the second edition of this book. In this edition, we have added chapters on debugging,
deploying to Microsoft Azure, and securing your application using Microsoft Azure Active Direc-
tory. Also, all the projects in the book have been updated to use the latest version of the Blazor
WebAssembly framework.
Who this book is for

This book is for experienced web developers who are tired of the constant parade of new JavaScript
frameworks and want to leverage their experience with .NET and C# to build web applications
that can run anywhere.
This book is for anyone who wants to learn Blazor WebAssembly quickly by emphasizing the prac-
tical over the theoretical. It uses complete, step-by-step sample projects that are easy to follow to
teach you the concepts required to develop web apps using the Blazor WebAssembly framework.
You do not need to be a professional developer to benefit from the projects in this book, but you
do need some experience with C# and HTML.
xxiv Preface
What this book covers

Chapter 1, Introduction to Blazor WebAssembly, introduces the Blazor WebAssembly framework. It
explains the benefits of using the Blazor framework and describes the differences between the
three hosting models: Blazor Server, Blazor Hybrid, and Blazor WebAssembly. After highlighting
the advantages of using the Blazor WebAssembly framework, the goals and support options for
WebAssembly are discussed. Finally, it guides you through the process of setting up your computer
to complete the projects in this book. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to proceed to
any of the other chapters in this book.
Chapter 2, Building Your First Blazor WebAssembly Application, introduces Razor components through
the creation of a simple project. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains
Razor components, routing, Razor syntax, and how to use Hot Reload while developing an appli-
cation. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating your first Blazor
WebAssembly application by using the Blazor WebAssembly App project template provided by
Microsoft. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a demo Blazor WebAssembly project.
Chapter 3, Debugging and Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly App, teaches you how to debug and
deploy a Blazor WebAssembly app through the creation of a simple project. This chapter is di-
vided into two sections. The first section explains debugging, logging, handling exceptions, using
ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation, and deploying an app to Microsoft Azure. The second section
walks you step by step through the process of debugging and deploying a Blazor WebAssembly
application. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to debug a simple Blazor WebAssembly
app and deploy it to Microsoft Azure.
Chapter 4, Building a Modal Dialog Using Templated Components, provides you with an introduction
to templated components through the creation of a modal dialog component. This chapter is
divided into two sections. The first section explains RenderFragment parameters, EventCallback
parameters, and CSS isolation. The second section walks you step by step through the process
of creating a modal dialog component and moving it to your own custom Razor class library. By
the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a modal dialog component and share it with
multiple projects through a Razor class library.
Preface xxv
Chapter 5, Building a Local Storage Service Using JavaScript Interoperability (JS Interop), teaches
you how to use JavaScript with Blazor WebAssembly through the creation of a local storage
service. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains the reasons that you
still need to occasionally use JavaScript and how to invoke a JavaScript function from .NET. For
completeness, it also covers how to invoke a .NET method from JavaScript. Finally, it introduces
the Web Storage API that is used by the project. In the second section, it walks you step by step
through the process of creating and testing a service that writes and reads to the local storage of
the browser. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a local storage service by using
JS Interop to invoke JavaScript functions from a Blazor WebAssembly application.
Chapter 6, Building a Weather App as a Progressive Web App (PWA), provides you with an intro-
duction to progressive web apps through the creation of a simple weather web app. This chapter
is divided into two sections. The first section explains what a PWA is and how to create one. It
covers both manifest files and the various types of service workers. Also, it describes how to use
the CacheStorage API, the Geolocation API, and the OpenWeather One Call API that are required
by the project in this chapter. The second section walks you step by step through the process of
creating a 5-day weather forecast app and converting it into a PWA by adding a logo, a manifest
file, and a service worker. Finally, it shows you how to install and uninstall the PWA. By the end
of this chapter, you will be able to convert a Blazor WebAssembly app into a PWA by adding a
logo, a manifest file, and a service worker.
Chapter 7, Building a Shopping Cart Using Application State, explains how to use application state
through the creation of a shopping cart web app. This chapter is divided into two sections. The
first section explains application state and dependency injection. The second section walks you
step by step through the process of creating a shopping cart application. To maintain state in your
application, you will create a service that you will register in the DI container and inject into your
components. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to use dependency injection to maintain
application state within a Blazor WebAssembly app.
Chapter 8, Building a Kanban Board Using Events, provides you with an introduction to event
handling through the creation of a Kanban board web app. This chapter is divided into two sec-
tions. The first section discusses event handling, attribute splatting, and arbitrary parameters. The
second section walks you step by step through the process of creating a Kanban board application
that uses the DragEventArgs class to enable you to drag and drop tasks between the drop zones.
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to handle events in your Blazor WebAssembly app and
will be comfortable using both attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters.
xxvi Preface
Chapter 9, Uploading and Reading an Excel file, explains how to upload various types of files and
how to use the Open XML SDK to read an Excel file. This chapter is divided into two sections. The
first section explains uploading one or more files and resizing images. It also explains how to use
virtualization to render data and how to read data from Excel files. The second section walks you
step by step through the process of creating an application that can upload and read an Excel file
and then use virtualization to render the data from the Excel file. By the end of this chapter, you
will be able to upload a file into a Blazor WebAssembly app, use the Open XML SDK to read an
Excel file, and render data using virtualization.
Chapter 10, Using Azure Active Directory to Secure a Blazor WebAssembly Application, teaches you
how to secure a Blazor WebAssembly App through the creation of a simple application that dis-
plays the contents of a claim. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains
the difference between authentication and authorization. It also teaches you how to work with
authentication and how to use both the Authorize attribute and the AuthorizeView component.
The second section walks you step by step through the process of adding an application to Azure
AD and using it for both authentication and authorization. By the end of this chapter, you will be
able to secure a Blazor WebAssembly app using Azure AD.
Chapter 11, Building a Task Manager Using ASP.NET Web API, provides you with an introduction to
hosted Blazor WebAssembly applications through the creation of a task manager web app. This
is the first chapter to use SQL Server. It is divided into two sections. The first section describes
the components of a hosted Blazor WebAssembly application. It also explains how to use the
HttpClient service and the various JSON helper methods to manipulate data. The last section
walks you step by step through the process of creating a task manager application that stores
its data in a SQL Server database. You will create an API controller with actions, using Entity
Framework. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a hosted Blazor WebAssembly
app that uses ASP.NET Web API to update data in a SQL Server database.
Chapter 12, Building an Expense Tracker Using the EditForm Component, teaches you how to use the
EditForm component through the creation of an expense tracker web app. This chapter uses SQL
Server. It is divided into two sections. The first section introduces the EditForm component, the
built-in input components, and the built-in validation components. It also explains how to use
navigation locking to prevent the user from navigating to another page before they have saved
their edits. The last section walks you step by step through the process of creating an expense
tracker application that uses the EditForm component and some of the built-in components to
add and edit expenses that are stored in a SQL Server database. By the end of this chapter, you
will be able to use the EditForm component in conjunction with the built-in components to input
and validate data that is stored in a SQL Server database.
Preface xxvii
To get the most out of this book

We recommend that you read the first two chapters of the book to understand how to set up your
computer and how to use a Blazor WebAssembly project template. After that, you can complete
the remaining chapters in any order. The projects in each chapter become more complex as you
proceed through the book. The final two chapters require a SQL Server database to complete the
projects. Chapter 3 and Chapter 10 require a Microsoft Azure subscription.
You will require the following software/hardware covered in the book:
• Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition

• SQL Server 2022 Express Edition
• Microsoft Azure
If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or access the code
via the GitHub repository (link available in the next section). Doing so will help you avoid any potential
errors related to the copying and pasting of code.
This book assumes that you are an experienced web developer. You should have some experience
with C# and HTML.
There are some projects that use JavaScript and CSS, but all the code is provided. Also, there are
two projects that use Entity Framework, but once again, all the code is provided.
Download the example code files

You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at https://github.com/
PacktPublishing/Blazor-WebAssembly-by-Example-Second-Edition. In case there’s an update
to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository.
We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://
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xxviii Preface
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American history
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States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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Title: Essays in American history
Author: Henry Ferguson
Release date: October 20, 2023 [eBook #71922]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: James Pott and Company, 1894
Credits: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading

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Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS IN

AMERICAN HISTORY ***
E S S AY S
IN
AMERICAN HISTORY
BY
HENRY FERGUSON, M. A.
Northam Professor of History and Political Science in
Trinity College, Hartford.
New York
JAMES POTT AND COMPANY
114 Fifth Avenue.
Copyright, 1894,
BY
JAMES POTT & CO.
CONTENTS.
i.
the quakers in new england 9
ii.
the witches 61
iii.
sir edmund andros 111
iv.
the loyalists 161
PREFACE.
These essays are presented to the public in the belief that
though what they contain be old, it is worth telling again, and in the
hope that by viewing the early history of the country from a
somewhat different stand-point from that commonly taken, light may
be thrown upon places which have been sometimes left in shadow.
The time has been when it was considered a duty to praise
every action of the resolute men who were the early settlers of New
England. In the glow of an exultant patriotism which was unwilling to
see anything but beauty in the annals of their country, and in a spirit
of reverence which made them shrink from observing their fathers’
shortcomings, the early historians of the United States dwelt lovingly
on the bright side of the colonial life, and passed over its shadows
with filial reticence. It is evident that no true conception of any period
is possible when so studied, and it is a matter for congratulation that
at the present day the subject can be treated with greater
impartiality, and that it is no longer necessary for American writers to
make up for the political and literary insignificance of their country by
boasting either of the vastness of their continent or of the Spartan
virtue of their forefathers.
In the same manner, in earlier days, when the recollection of the
struggle for independence was still vivid, patriotic Americans were
unable to recognize anything but arbitrary tyranny in the attempts
made from time to time by the English government to give unity and
organization to the group of discordant and feeble settlements, or to
see anything but what was base and servile in the sentiments that
inspired those whom they nicknamed Tories. Now, under the
influence of calmer consideration, men are beginning to admit that
something may be said for men like Andros, who strove against the
separatist spirit which seemed to New England to be the very
essence of liberty, and even for those unfortunates who valued the
connection with Great Britain more than they did the privileges of
self-government, and who were compelled in grief and sorrow, from
their devotion to their principles, to leave forever the homes they
loved. The war of secession has taught Americans to understand the
term, and appreciate the sentiment, of loyalty. It is no longer an
unmeaning word, fit only to be ridiculed in scurrilous doggerel by
patriot rhymsters, as was the case a hundred years ago, but appeals
to an answering chord in the heart of every man who remembers the
quick heart-beats and the grand enthusiasm of those four years of
struggle, the true heroic age of American history.
The paper upon The Quakers in New England is an enlargement
and revision of an article printed in the American Church Review, in
April 1889, and that upon Sir Edmund Andros has been printed by
the Historical Society of Westchester County, N. Y., before whom it
was read in October 1892, but it has been revised and enlarged.
Instead of burdening the pages with notes and references, they have
been placed together after each essay, so that they may be readily
used by those who desire to do so, and yet may not affront the eyes
of those who do not desire them.
It is impossible to give credit for every statement to every
historian who may have made it; it has been the desire of the author
to indicate his principal sources of information, and he has not
knowingly omitted any work upon which he has relied for the
historical facts presented.
Trinity College, Hartford,
October 1894.
I.
THE QUAKERS IN NEW ENGLAND.
In the year 1656, in the midst of the period of the

Commonwealth, the good people of Massachusetts, who were
enjoying a brief season of rest after their troubles with the Baptists
and the Antinomians, heard to their horror that they were likely to be
visited by certain fanatics of whom they had heard from their
brethren in England. These were known to them by the invidious
name of Quakers, and were confounded with Adamites,
Muggletonians, and Ranters, strangely named sects which the
1
confusion of the times had brought forth.
This remarkable body of men, whose history has presented such
strange contrasts of wild enthusiasm and imperturbable stolidity, of
fanaticism and quietism, of contempt for the world and its rewards on
the one side, and of sordid love of peace and money-getting upon
the other, had recently come into being as one of the natural results
of the unsettling of religious faiths and practices which had
accompanied the political revolution in England. The Quaker
movement was a revolt at once from the enforced conformity of the
Laudian establishment and from the intolerable spiritual oppression
of the Calvinistic divines, whose little fingers, when they came into
power, had been thicker than the loins of their predecessors.
The great Anglican prelates of the reign of Charles I. were
unfortunate in the circumstances amidst which their lives were spent.
They were liberal and tolerant in theology, and they were pilloried as
bigots; they held an idea of what the Church of England should be,
that was utopian in its comprehensiveness, and they are described
by every New England writer of school histories or children’s story-
books as narrow minded enemies of freedom of thought. The system
proposed by Andrewes and Montague was essentially that of Sir
Thomas More: liberality in matters of belief, with uniformity in
practice and in ritual. The Puritan divines, on the other hand, were
despotic in matters of faith and doctrine to a degree rarely equalled
in the history of the human mind, while they insisted upon their right
of refusing the system of worship which was established by law in
the Church of England, and of choosing for themselves religious
ordinances to suit their own tastes and fancies. They did not plead
for liberty on the ground that the principle of compulsion in religious
matters was wrong and illegitimate, but because the services of the
Church of England were, in their opinion, unscriptural if not
idolatrous. The one party was tolerant in doctrine, and despotic,
tyrannical at times, in matters of ritual; the other claimed to be
indifferent as to ritual, but was despotic in opinions. The church, by
attempting to regulate public worship, was led in some instances to
appear to be persecuting men for doctrinal differences; the Puritans,
from their zeal for orthodoxy in doctrine, became, when the power
was placed in their hands, the strictest possible disciplinarians. The
tendency of the one party was to subject the church to the state, and
thus make it an instrument of political authority; the other tended to
the subjection of the state to the church, making the civil authority
little more than the body by which the edicts of the ministers should
be registered and their decrees should be enforced.
With the early history of Quakerism we have little to do. Its
founder, George Fox, was the son of a weaver at Fenny Drayton (or
Drayton in the Clay) in Leicestershire. He had been piously brought
up by his parents, who were members of the Church of England, and
passed a boyhood and youth of singular purity and innocence. When
he was growing up to manhood he passed through a period of deep
religious depression, and found no help from any of his friends or
from the ministers of the parish churches in his neighborhood (who
at this time were mainly Presbyterians) or from the newer lights of
the rising separatist bodies. One counselled him to have blood let,
another to use tobacco and sing psalms; and the poor distracted
boy, whose soul was heavy with a sense of the wrath of God, found
no comfort from any of them. A careful study of the Bible made him
quick to see the weak points in the systems that surrounded him,
and at last he found the comfort he sought in the sense of an
immediate communion with God and an indwelling of the Spirit of
Christ within the soul. For a time he led a solitary life, leaving home
and friends and wandering over the country on foot, clothed in
garments of leather, sleeping wherever he could find a lodging, and
spending whole days sometimes in the hollows of great trees. Soon
it was “borne in upon him” that the presence of the Spirit and the
inner light was as good a qualification for the office of preacher as
that of being a graduate of Oxford or Cambridge, and he began his
2
public ministry about the year 1646.
With the externals of Quakerism we are all familiar: the morbid
conscientiousness that forbade the use of the common forms of
courtesy, the simple dress, the refusal to submit to the authority of
magistrates or of priests in matters concerning religion, and the
unwillingness to pay them the usual compliments due to their
position. The true inner nature of Quakerism, which gave it its
strength, lay not merely in its abhorrence of forms and formulas, its
vigorous protest against any compulsion in matters either of religious
thought or religious observance, but essentially in its consciousness
of the need of the Divine presence and its belief in the fulfilment of
the Saviour’s promise to send his Spirit into the world.
It was a faith for martyrs and enthusiasts, a faith which in its
simple earnestness had wonderful power of conviction, but which
was especially liable to counterfeits and pretenders, who could
delude themselves or others into a belief in their inspiration, and who
substituted a wild extravagance for the enthusiasm of the first
believers. One cannot help regretting that Fox’s fate placed him in so
uncongenial a century as the seventeenth and in so matter-of-fact a
country as England. Had he been born in Italy in the middle ages, his
name might rank with that of Francis of Assisi. But it was impossible
to expect comprehensiveness or liberality from the Puritans of the
day, all the less because of the abuses and fanatical actions by
which Quakerism was parodied and made ridiculous. It was
essentially an esoteric religion, and had, in consequence, the great
disadvantage of being able to furnish no tests by which the true
could be distinguished from the false, those inspired with a genuine
religious enthusiasm from the fanatics and pretenders.
Their revolt from all established customs and usages, their
disrespect for authority, and the boldness with which they rebuked
and disputed with the preacher in the pulpit of the “steeple house” or
with the justice on the bench, brought them at once into difficulties
with the rulers in church and state, who showed themselves no more
tolerant of dissent from their own favorite way of thinking and acting
than were the most despotic of all the Anglican prelates. They were
imprisoned, fined, beaten, and exiled; in 1656 Fox computed that
there were seldom less than a thousand Quakers in prison at once.
They seemed inspired with a spirit of opposition; wherever they were
not wanted, there were they sure to go. They visited Scotland and
Ireland, the West India islands and the American colonies; one
woman testified before the Grand Turk at Adrianople, two others
were imprisoned by the Inquisition at Malta; one brother visited
Jerusalem and bore his testimony against the superstition of the
monks, others made their way to Rome, Austria, and Hungary, and a
3
number of them preached their doctrines in Holland and Germany.
Such enthusiasm, even in those in whom it was genuine, was very
nearly akin to insanity; and in many instances the dividing line was
crossed, and the votaries allowed themselves to commit grotesque
and indecent actions, or to speak most shocking blasphemies and to
receive an idolatrous veneration from the silly women who listened to
their ravings. The disturbances of the times produced many other
bands of fanatics who were frequently confounded with the Quakers,
and gave to them the odium of their misdeeds. The Ranters, the
Adamites, the Muggletonians, and the Fifth Monarchy Men were all
akin to the Quakers in being opposed to the order established by
law, and in professing to be guided by an inner light; they differed
from them, however, in making their religious fanaticism very often a
cloak for secret vice or for wild plots against the government. The
temporary overthrow of the comprehensive church establishment of
the judicious statesmen and reformers of Elizabeth’s reign had
opened the gates to a flood of irreligion and fanaticism. The
ecclesiastical despotism established by the Westminster Assembly
was more repugnant to Englishmen than the old church which had
been suppressed, and the condition of England in religious matters
during the Commonwealth forms one of the best apologies for the
severe reactionary measures that were adopted when the king and
the bishops were restored in 1660.
It was in the middle of this period that the episode of the Quaker
troubles in New England occurred, an episode which has been given
an unpleasant prominence in the colonial history of New England,
partly from the bitterness of the feelings which were aroused on both
sides, but especially from the bearing that it had upon the question of
the people of Massachusetts for the powers and responsibilities of
self-government. The story is a sad one of misdirected earnestness
and zeal on the one side, of mistaken consistency and fidelity to
principle, however false, upon the other. We condemn while we
admire; we wonder at the steadiness and constancy of both judged
and judges, while we regret the tragic results that stained the new
commonwealth with innocent blood. It is not surprising, however, that
such a conflict took place, for as a recent writer of great learning and
ability has well said of the relations of the Quakers and their
opponents,—“the issue presented seemed to have a resemblance to
the mechanical problem of what will be the effect if an irresistible
4
body strikes an immovable body.”
The colonial governments which had been established in New
England in the first half of the seventeenth century were not, as is
frequently assumed, homogeneous and similar, but differed from
each other in their political status and to some extent in their political
institutions, and very greatly in the spirit which governed and
directed them.
Massachusetts had a charter obtained from the Crown for a
trading company, and transferred to the colony by a daring
usurpation; Rhode Island had a charter granted by the Long
Parliament; Plymouth had obtained its territory by purchase from the
old Plymouth Company, but its political existence was winked at
rather than recognized; Connecticut and New Haven were, to all
intents and purposes, independent republics, save for a somewhat
doubtful acknowledgment of the supremacy of the king and of the
Commonwealth that was his successor. All but Rhode Island were
joined together in a federal league for mutual defence against
external and internal enemies.
The circumstances of the settlement of the various colonies had
been such as to render the colonists extremely tenacious of their
own privileges, and extremely jealous of any interference from the
other side of the ocean. The people of Massachusetts, especially,
lived in constant dread of their much-prized charter being taken
away from them by the king, from whom it had been obtained, or by
the parliament, which considered that it was its province to meddle
with and to regulate all things in heaven and on earth.
It is quite remarkable that the attitude of the colonies to the home
government, during the period of the Commonwealth, no less than in
the years which preceded it, was one of jealous suspicion. The
charter colonies feared that their privileges would be interfered with,
the self-organized colonies were in dread of a quo warranto or a
scire facias, which would disclose the irregularity of their
organizations or the defectiveness of their titles.
The godly and judicious Winthrop, the statesmanlike founder and
governor of Massachusetts, had died, sorrowing on his death-bed for
the harshness in religious matters into which he had been forced;
and in his place was the severe and fanatical Endicott, a man of
gloomy intensity of nature, a stern logician, a man who neither asked
nor granted mercy. The clergy were fanatically devoted to their
religious and political peculiarities, and were inferior in wisdom and
judgment to the great leader who had come out from England with
the early settlers at the beginning of the colony. Cotton was dead,
and was succeeded in his office of teacher by John Norton, who
differed from his predecessor by the lack of the principal
characteristics which had so greatly distinguished him: “Profound
judgment, eminent gravity, Christian candor, and sweet temper of
spirit, whereby he could very placidly bear those who differed from
5
him in other apprehensions.” Hooker had long since removed to
Connecticut, where he had been largely instrumental in founding a
more genial commonwealth upon a broader and more liberal basis.
Wilson, the first pastor of the church at Boston, was indeed still
living, but was a worthy associate of Endicott and Norton, and
distinguished then, as he had always been, rather by zeal than by
either discretion or Christian charity.
By a process of successful exclusions and banishments the
community had been rendered tolerably homogeneous, or at least
submissive to the theocratical system which had been established.
Those who had been defeated in the struggle for existence had gone
elsewhere to found new commonwealths, all with a greater amount
of religious liberty than that of Massachusetts.
The first we hear of the Quakers in New England is in an order of
the General Court appointing May 14, 1656, as a public day of
humiliation, “to seek the face of God in behalf of our native country,
in reference to the abounding of errors, especially those of the
6
Ranters and Quakers.”
About two months later a ship arrived from Barbadoes, bringing
as passengers two Quaker women, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin. As
soon as they arrived in the harbor, the Governor, the Deputy
Governor, and four assistants met and ordered that the captain of
the ship should be compelled to carry them back to Barbadoes; that
in the mean time they should be kept in jail, and the books which
they had brought with them should be burnt. During imprisonment
they were subjected to great indignities and insults at the hands of
the brutal jailer, apparently without warrant, being stripped naked
and their bodies examined for witch-marks, with attending
circumstances of great indecency. They were half-starved in prison,
and then after a detention of about a month they were sent away. No
sooner had they gone when another vessel arrived from England,
bringing eight more, four men and four women, besides one man
from Long Island, who had been converted during the voyage.
Officers were sent on board the vessel, and the Quakers were taken
at once to the jail, where they were kept eleven weeks, and then
7
sent back to England, despite the protests of the shipmaster. During
their detention they were examined before the magistrates, and they
increased the abhorrence in which they were held by their rude and
contemptuous answers, which gave the authorities a sufficient
excuse for keeping them in prison. Their books were burned; and
though some pains seems to have been taken to convince them of
their errors by argument, it was in vain. One of the women, Mary
Prince by name, made herself particularly obnoxious by the
eloquence of her abuse. She reviled the governor from the window
of the prison, denouncing the judgment of God upon him, wrote
violent letters to him and to the magistrates, and when the ministers
attempted to argue with her, she drove them from her as “hirelings,
deceivers of the people, priests of Baal, the seed of the serpent, the
brood of Ishmael, etc.”
While this second batch of Quakers was in prison, the Federal
Commissioners were in session, and resolved to propose to the
several General Courts that all Quakers, Ranters, and other
notorious heretics should be prohibited coming into the United
Colonies, and if any should hereafter come or arise, that they should
8
be forthwith secured or removed out of all the jurisdictions. These
recommendations were acted upon by all the General Courts at their
next sessions: by Connecticut, October 2, 1656; Massachusetts,
October 14, 1656; New Haven, May 27, 1657; Plymouth, June 3,
1657.
In Massachusetts the action of the General Court was most
decided and severe. Shipmasters who brought Quakers into the
jurisdiction were to be fined one hundred pounds, and to give
security for the return of such passengers to the port from which they
came. Quakers coming to the colony were to be “forthwith committed
to the House of Correction, and at their entrance to be severely
whipped, and by the master thereof to be kept constantly at work,
and none suffered to converse or speak with them during the time of
their imprisonment.” A fine of five pounds was imposed upon the
importation, circulation, or concealment of Quaker books; persons
presuming to defend heretical opinions of the said Quakers should
be fined two pounds for the first offence, four pounds for the second;
for the third offence should be sent to the House of Correction till
they could be conveniently sent out of the colony; and what person
or persons soever should revile the officer or person of magistrates
or ministers, “as was usual with the Quakers,” should be severely
9
whipped, or pay the sum of five pounds.
It was not long before the law was put into operation. The first
cases were Ann Burden and Mary Dyer. They were imprisoned for
two or three months, and then Burden, after having all of her little
property taken from her in fines and jail charges, was sent back to
England, and Dyer was delivered to her husband, the Secretary of
Rhode Island, upon his giving security not to lodge her in any town in
10
the colony nor permit any to speak with her.
Mary Clarke, however, who had come from England “to warn
these persecutors to desist from their iniquity,” was whipped,
receiving twenty stripes with a whip of three cords, knotted at the
ends. Charles Holden and John Copeland, who had been sent away
the year before, returned to the colony, and were whipped thirty
stripes apiece and imprisoned, and Lawrence and Cassandra
Southwick were imprisoned and fined for harboring them. Richard
Dowdney, who arrived from England to bear his testimony, was
scourged and imprisoned, and, together with Holden and Copeland,
11
was reshipped to England.
The authorities now thought that their laws were too lenient, and
in October 1657 they were made more rigorous. The fine for
entertaining Quakers was increased to forty shillings an hour, and
any Quaker returning into the jurisdiction after being once punished,
if a man, was to lose one ear, and on a second appearance to lose
the other. If he appeared a third time, his tongue was to be bored
through with a red-hot iron. Women were to be whipped for the first
and second offences, and to have their tongues bored upon the
12
third. In May of the following year, a penalty of ten shillings was
laid upon every one attending a Quaker meeting, and five pounds
13
upon any one speaking at such meeting.
In spite of these severe enactments the Quakers returned; and
the more they were persecuted, the more they appeared to aspire to
the distinction of martyrdom. Holden, Copeland, and John Rouse, in
1658, had their right ears cut off; but the magistrates were afraid of
the effect upon the people of a public execution of the law, and
hence inflicted the penalty in private, inside the walls of the prison, in
spite of the protest of the unfortunates, after which they were again
14
flogged and dismissed. In October 1658 a further step was taken
in accordance with the advice of the Federal Commissioners, who
met in Boston in September, and the penalty of death was
threatened upon all who, after being banished from the jurisdiction
15
under pain of death if they returned, should again come back.
Massachusetts was the only colony to take this step, which indeed
was carried in the meeting of the Commissioners by her influence
against the protest of Winthrop of Connecticut; and the measure was
passed by a bare majority of the General Court after long debate,
and with the express proviso that trial under this act should be by
special jury, and not before the magistrates alone. Captain Edward
Hutchinson and Captain Thomas Clark, men whose names should
be remembered, desired leave to enter their dissent from the law.
The Court was urged on to this unfortunate action by a petition from
twenty-five of the citizens of Boston, among whom we find the name
of John Wilson, the pastor of the First Church. These represented
that the “incorrigibleness” of the Quakers after all the means that had
been taken was such “as by reason of their malignant obdurities,
daily increaseth rather than abateth our fear of the Spirit of Muncer
and John of Leyden renewed, and consequently of some destructive
evil impending,” and asked whether the law of self-preservation did
not require the adoption of a law to punish these offenders with
16
death. In order to justify its action, the Court ordered that there
should be “a writing or declaration drawn up and forthwith printed to
manifest the evils of the teachings of the Quakers and danger of
their practices, as tending to the subversion of religion, of church
order, and civil government, and the necessity that this government
is put upon for the preservation of religion and their own peace and
safety, to exclude such persons from among them, who after due
17
means of conviction should remain obstinate and pertinacious.”
This declaration was composed by John Norton, and printed at
18
public expense.
The rulers of the colony had now committed themselves to a
position from which they could not recede without loss of dignity, and
which they could not enforce without great obloquy. They evidently
were under the impression that the mere passage of the law would
be enough, and that they would never be obliged to proceed to the
last extremity. But they miscalculated the perseverance and
enthusiasm of the men with whom they had to deal, and were soon
involved in a conflict of will from which there seemed to them to be
no escape except by putting the law into effect. It would have been
better for them to have heeded the wise advice that they had already
received from Rhode Island, whose magistrates had replied to one of
the former communications of Massachusetts requesting their co-
operation in restrictive measures against the Quakers, in these
remarkable words:
“We have no law among us, whereby to punish any for only
declaring by words, etc., their minds and understandings
concerning the things and ways of God, as to salvation and an
eternal condition. And we, moreover, find that in those places
where these people aforesaid in this colony are most of all
suffered to declare themselves freely, and are only opposed by
arguments in discourse, there they least of all desire to come.
And we are informed that they begin to loathe this place, for that
they are not opposed by the civil authority, but, with all patience
and meekness, are suffered to say over their pretended
revelations and admonitions. Nor are they like or able to gain
many here to their way. Surely, we find that they delight to be
persecuted by civil powers; and when they are so, they are like
to gain more adherents by the conceit of their painful sufferings
19
than by consent to their pernicious sayings.”
The law was passed in October 1658, and at first it seemed to

have accomplished its object. The first six Quakers who were

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Blazor WebAssembly  1

Benefits of using the Blazor framework ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2

Chapter 2: Building Your First Blazor WebAssembly Application  21

Creating the Demo Blazor WebAssembly Project Technical Requirements ����������������������� 22

Adding a route parameter • 62

Chapter 3: Debugging and Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly App  67

Adding an ErrorBoundary component • 104

Chapter 4: Building a Modal Dialog Using Templated Components  107

Chapter 5: Building a Local Storage Service Using JavaScript

Chapter 6: Building a Weather App as a Progressive Web App (PWA)  161

Manifest files • 163

Add a manifest file • 190

Chapter 7: Building a Shopping Cart Using Application State  203

Adding the cart total to all the pages • 224

Chapter 8: Building a Kanban Board Using Events  229

Chapter 9: Uploading and Reading an Excel File  257

Resizing images • 260

Chapter 10: Using Azure Active Directory to Secure a Blazor

Create the claims viewer project • 299

Adding the TaskItem API controller • 337

Create the expense tracker project • 364

Other Books You May Enjoy  391

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

You will require the following software/hardware covered in the book:

• Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition

Download the example code files

Download the color images

A block of code is set as follows:

public event Action OnChange;

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

Title: Essays in American history

Author: Henry Ferguson

Release date: October 20, 2023 [eBook #71922]

Original publication: New York: James Pott and Company, 1894

Credits: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS IN

In the year 1656, in the midst of the period of the

Chapter 1: Introduction to Blazor WebAssembly 1

Benefits of using the Blazor framework �� 2

Chapter 2: Building Your First Blazor WebAssembly Application 21

Creating the Demo Blazor WebAssembly Project Technical Requirements �� 22

Chapter 3: Debugging and Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly App 67

Chapter 4: Building a Modal Dialog Using Templated Components 107

Chapter 6: Building a Weather App as a Progressive Web App (PWA) 161

Chapter 7: Building a Shopping Cart Using Application State 203

Chapter 8: Building a Kanban Board Using Events 229

Chapter 9: Uploading and Reading an Excel File 257

Other Books You May Enjoy 391