Cognitive Radio for Ad-hoc

Network
Cognitive Radio: Basic Idea

Cognitive Radio (CR) technique has been proposed by the Federal

Communication Committee (FCC) as a solution to such spectrum scarcity
problem.
Cognitive radios enhance the control process by adding:
❖ Intelligent control of radio;
❖ Ability to sense the environment;
❖ Processes for learning about environmental parameters;
❖ Awareness of its environment: signals & channels;
❖ Awareness of capabilities of the radio;
❖ Ability to negotiate waveforms with other radios.
Cognitive Radio Definition in our words

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent wireless communication system that is

aware of its surrounding environment and uses methodology of understand-by-
building to learn from environment and adapt its internal states to statistical
variations by making corresponding changes in its operating parameters.

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive radio technology that can automatically

detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission
parameters to improve the radio operating behavior.
Characteristics of Cognitive Radio
Cognitive Capability
• Spectrum sensing Location identification
• Network/system discovery Service discover
• Characteristics of Cognitive Radio

Reconfigurable Capability
• Frequency agility
• Dynamic frequency selection
• Adaptive modulation/coding (AMC)
• Transmit power control (TPC)
• Dynamic system/network access

Self-organized Capability
• Self- organized Capability With more intelligence to communication terminal
devices, CRs should be able to self-organize their communication based on
sensing and reconfigurable functions
Cognitive Radio Applications
 Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks
Two types of cognitive users:
01 ❑ Primary users (PUs) or licensed users
❑ Secondary users (SUs) or unlicensed users

Two types of cognitive radio networks

❑Synchronous
02 ❑Asynchronous

Three types of spectrum sharing modes

03 ❑ Overlay
❑ Underlay
❑ Interweave
 PUs & SUs
A user who has a lower
priority and therefore Primary
User
exploits the spectrum in
such a way that it does
not cause interference to
primary users. The A user who has higher
Spect- priority or legacy rights
unlicensed spectrum can
rum on the usage of a specific
be freely accessed by Sensing part of the spectrum. The
any user licensed spectrum is for
the exclusive use of
designated. Users For
Second- The task of obtaining instance, it includes the
ary User awareness about the UHF/VHFTV frequency
spectrum usage and bands.
existence of primary
users in a geographical
area.
 PUs & SUs

SUs
Can sense occupancy of licensed
channels and use licensed channels when
they are not occupied by PUs based on
spectrum sensing results.

PUs and SUs

form primary wireless network and
secondary wireless network (cognitive
radio network), respectively.
 Synchronous Cognitive Radio Networks(1)
❖ Time axis is divided into slots
❖ SUs are synchronized with PUs
• Same knowledge on the time-slot boundary
❖ PUs spectrum activity is consistent during a given time slot

An example of Synchronous CRN with interweave spectrum sharing mode

 Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Network Architecture

❖ A decentralized and self-configured

network is considered as ad-hoc
network, where the network does not
depend on pre-existing infrastructures
.
❖ The decentralized feature of wireless
ad-hoc networks allows the network
to be more scalable. Moreover, swift
deployment and minimal
configuration make wireless ad-hoc
networks suitable for emergency
situations like natural calamities or
military conflicts
 Cognitive Radio Networks Architecture for
Ad-hoc Architecture
❖ There is no infrastructure support in ad-hoc architecture. The network is
set up on the fly.
❖ If a MS recognizes that there are some other MSs nearby and they are
connectable through certain communication standards/protocols, they
can set up a link and thus form an ad-hoc network. Note that these links
between nodes may be set up by different communication technologies.
❖ In addition, two cognitive radio terminals can either communicate with
each other by using existing communication protocols 4. (e.g., WiFi,
Bluetooth) or dynamically using spectrum holes.
 Clustering
❖ The performance of the ad-hoc network may degrade once the size of
the network increases. This is because with increasing network size,
control overhead in ad-hoc network also surges. Clustering is one of the
most widely investigated solutions for scaling down the ad-hoc network
while maintaining the network connectivity.
 Self-Organized CRN Architecture

❖ Cognitive radio self-organized architecture on

multi agent systems (MAS) is presented This
architecture divides an ad-hoc network into
smaller groups, where spectrum allocation is
done separately in each group. Collaborative-
Max-Sum-Bandwidth rule is used to allocate
spectrum in each group.
❖ There is a master node in each group, which
coordinates the group behavior. Master node
keeps the information of all nodes, where
non-master node only has its neighbors’
information.
Cluster-Based Distributed Topology Management
in Cognitive Radio

❖ Ad Hoc Networks Grounded on local control channel (LCC), a cluster-

based structure for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks is proposed in [34],
where there exists one local control channel in every cluster. In the
architecture, before forming the clusters, CRs sense free spectrums and
perform 2-hop neighbor discovery. This neighbor discovery process
takes two schedule rotational rounds among the channel.
 A Cluster Formation Protocol for Cognitive Radio
Ad Hoc Networks
❖ Based on Network Coded Cognitive Control Channel (NC4), a cluster-based spectrum-aware
architecture is proposed for cognitive radio ad-hoc network.
❖ The control packet exchange process lasts for a limited time, which is referred as neighbor
discovery delay.
❖ During this time, CR exchanges control packets till it receives replies from all its neighbors.
❖ The cluster formation phase starts with the CRs.
 CogMesh: A Cluster-Based Cognitive Radio
Network
❖ The architecture presented in presents a cluster-based decentralized network
formation technique in the context of open spectrum sharing, which
opportunistically utilizes
❖ different spectrum holes for smooth peer-to-peer communication.
❖ Nodes that form clusters become the cluster-heads where cluster-heads are
responsible for inter-cluster communications and intra-cluster channel access
control.
❖ Inter-cluster connection in the architecture is achieved in two ways; two cluster-
heads are
❖ linked by one gateway node, or linked by two gateway nodes . There are 3 types of
❖ member in a cluster, which are cluster-head, gateway node and ordinary node.
 Fast Neighbor Discovery with Lightweight
Termination Detection in Heterogeneous
Cognitive Radio Networks

❖ Fast Neighbor Discovery with Lightweight Termination Detection in

Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks The research work presented in
proposes a deterministic neighbor discovery algorithm
❖ where the cognitive radio ad-hoc network is divided into virtual groups. There is
a leader in each group. The leader election algorithm makes sure that the hop
count between two leader nodes must be at least 3.
 Non Clustering Architecture for Cognitive Radio
Ad-Hoc Network.

Architecture Without Common Control Channel :

It reduces the co-channel interference triggered by the neighboring nodes
using the common channel.

Full Duplex Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Cognitive Radio

Networks:
There is a home channel (HCh) for each node, which is randomly selected
from the free frequencies. After selecting or changing the HCh, node
broadcasts the HCh information to all its neighbors using a common
control channel.
 Non Clustering Architecture for Cognitive Radio
Ad-Hoc Network.

Architecture Without Common Control Channel :

It reduces the co-channel interference triggered by the neighboring nodes
using the common channel.

Full Duplex Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Cognitive Radio

Networks:
There is a home channel (HCh) for each node, which is randomly selected
from the free frequencies. After selecting or changing the HCh, node
broadcasts the HCh information to all its neighbors using a common
control channel.
 Non Clustering Architecture for Cognitive Radio
Ad-Hoc Network.
Transmission Power Control Based CRN Architecture:
The proposed work in allocates dynamic channel among the requesting
applications in cognitive radio ad-hoc networks by limiting the transmitted
power in the sub-bands using joint power control and link scheduling
strategy. The joint power control and link scheduling strategy help the CR
to support high and low priority traffic based on delay sensitivity

Neighbor Discovery for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks:

the accessible channel sets vary in CRNs; a secondary user (SU) or cognitive
user finds its neighbors based on the accessible channels by sequential
scanning or by randomized channel hopping.
END