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BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS AND
RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR BIOACTIVE FOODS IN
CHRONIC DISEASE STATES
The work of editorial assistant, Bethany L. Stevens and the Oxford-based Elsevier staff
in communicating with authors, working with the manuscripts and the publisher was
critical to the successful completion of the book and is much appreciated. Their daily
responses to queries, and collection of manuscripts and documents were extremely
helpful. Partial support for Ms Stevens’ work, graciously provided by the National Health
Research Institute as part of its mission to communicate to scientists about bioactive foods
and dietary supplements, was vital (http://www.naturalhealthresearch.org). This was
part of their efforts to educate scientists and the lay public on the health and economic
benefits of nutrients in the diet as well as supplements. Mari Stoddard and Annabelle
Nunez of the Arizona Health Sciences library were instrumental in finding the authors
and their addresses in the early stages of the book’s preparation.
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS AND
RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
Edited by
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights,
Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333;
email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books
website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information.
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons, or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or, operation of any methods,
products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical
sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
ISBN: 978-0-12-397156-2
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom and United States of America
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
2. Inflammation in Arthritis 17
N.J. Correa-Matos, S.B. Vaghefi
1. Introduction 17
2. Mechanism of Inflammation in Arthritis 18
3. Dairy Products and Inflammation 18
4. Effects of Food and Spices in Inflammation 19
5. The Role of PUFA in Arthritis 20
6. Antioxidants and Inflammation in Arthritis 23
7. Summary 23
v
vi Contents
1. An Integrative Approach 97
2. Restoring Alkaline Balance 102
Contents vii
3. Self-Care 108
4. Discussion 109
5. Conclusions 109
1. Introduction 133
2. Measuring Metaflammation 134
3. Nutrition and Metaflammation 135
4. Summary 140
1. Introduction 175
2. Acquired Immunity: The Tailored Response Against Antigen 176
3. Flavonoids in the Immune System 177
4. Concluding Remarks 185
Glossary 186
1. Introduction 215
2. Plants as Immunomodulators 216
3. Conclusions 223
Acknowledgments 223
Contents ix
1. Introduction 251
2. The Application 251
1. Introduction 271
2. Structure 271
x Contents
3. Function 272
4. Background 272
5. Conclusion 275
27. The Role of Dark Chocolate on Inflammation: A Bitter Taste for a Better Life 371
R. di Giuseppe, M.B. Donati, G. de Gaetano, L. Iacoviello
1. Introduction 371
2. Cocoa Processing and Flavanol Content 372
3. Conclusions 376
8. Safety 396
9. C-Reactive Protein 397
10. Effect of FO on CRP 398
1. Background 451
2. Research into Immunomodulation by Food, with a Focus on Allergy 452
3. Conclusions and Future Research 456
1. Introduction 461
2. Resveratrol and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 462
3. Resveratrol and SIRT1 464
4. Resveratrol and ERs 465
5. Resveratrol and Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disease 466
6. Conclusions 468
Glossary 468
45. Medicinal Efficacy of Indian Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Arthritis 601
R. Arora, P. Malhotra, A. Sharma, R. Haniadka, H.S. Yashawanth, M.S. Baliga
1. Introduction 601
2. Conclusion 614
Acknowledgment 615
Index 641
PREFACE: ARTHRITIS AND INFLAMMATION
The roles of dietary supplements and foods in two related areas are included in the 47
chapters of this book: arthritis and inflammation with immunomodulation in osteoarthri-
tis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disorder worldwide, affecting over
50% of aged adults. Bioactive foods and their extracts modulate mechanisms of inflam-
mation. Therefore they play roles in arthritis treatment and prevention as they modulate
excessive immune function. Cartilage destruction, an important pathologic feature and
cause of joint dysfunction, is mediated by inflammatory cells acting via synovial fluids and
are susceptible to modulation by immune modulating supplements. Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs are the commonly used medications for arthritis, accounting for
more than 125 million prescriptions in the USA. These medications are associated with
significant complications, so patients are looking at alternative medicines in foods, herbs,
and supplements. Arthritis has aspects of inflammatory disease with mediators of inflam-
mations including cytokines, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and proteases. Sixteen arthritis
reviews include the role of inflammation in arthritis and an overview article on bioactive
foods’ contribution to immune regulation and inflammation in arthritis. A variety of
foods: beef, plums in bone health, Indian herbal medicines, anti-inflammatory herbs,
and passion fruit peel extracts are each reviewed, as they have activity in arthritis. Specific
supplements: curcumin, vitamin D, antioxidant flavonoids, and omega 3 fatty acids are
defined for their mechanisms of action. Bioactive foods, potassium, dietary antioxidant
and ginger components are defined in their amelioration of arthritis symptoms.
Inflammation and immune modulation are also a major focus of this book by eval-
uating the immunomodulatory mechanisms of dietary supplements. The strategic plan
of the US National Institutes of Health is this book’s focus, preventing adverse inflam-
mation. Many dietary components show evidence of modulating immune functions.
Immune homeostasis could help directly benefit patients with chronic immune stimula-
tion (inflammatory) diseases, like allergy and arthritis. Pharmaceutical treatments fre-
quently have major toxicities and take decades to develop; so more people are using
bioactive foods and supplements as they are readily accessible. Thus there is an increased
focus on understanding the efficacy of botanicals and other dietary supplements by reg-
ulation of immune function and chronic inflammation. In reviews, foods are recognized
to modulate immune functions in humans, their chronic diseases, and resistance to in-
fection through the foods’ antioxidants. Small molecules in foods, nutrients, lycopene,
and fatty acids in fish oil, are immunomodulatory. More complex molecules, polyphe-
nols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, Pycnogenol, and resveratrol, are defined as active in
immune change and inflammatory diseases. A few chapters define the importance of
xvii
xviii Preface: Arthritis and Inflammation
some foods without completely knowing the active ingredients: olive oil, dark chocolate,
and tart cherry consumption have important implications for human health. Finally, the
book covers the immune changing aspects of broader categories: nutriceuticals, fruit,
vegetables, and anti-inflammatory actions of natural foods.
Sometimes foods can cause toxic or dysfunction immune reactions as reviewed
relative to wheat and tomato allergies. The role of other foods, whose immunomodula-
tion in mitigating allergic disease, including Indian medicinal plants, show the positive
and negative aspects of foods in allergy, arthritis, and health. Bacteria and their products
are important in immune regulation. Lactic acid bacteria are reviewed for their anti-
inflammatory actions. Similarly, reviews of prebiotics and probiotics help explain the
roles of bacteria in health; including a chapter which defines the role of probiotics in
eczema therapy.
CONTRIBUTORS
C. Abe
Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan
G. Accardi
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
C. Andres-Lacueva
Pharmacy School-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
G. Appendino
Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
A. Armentia
Allergy Unit, Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
R. Arora
Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Life Sciences and International
Cooperation, New Delhi, India
V. Azevedo
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
S.L. Badole
PES’s Modern College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India
S.-C. Bae
Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
M.S. Baliga
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
C.R. Balistreri
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
L.G. Bermúdez-Humarán
INRA-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
H. Bhat
Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women’s College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
S.L. Bodhankar
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
S.F. Bolling
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
R. Bollor
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
R.G. Bowden
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
xix
xx Contributors
R. Bravo-Clouzet
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
P.C. Calder
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
N.O.S. Câmara
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
G. Candore
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
M. Castell
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
C. Castellote
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
J. Castrodeza
Direction of Public Health, Investigation, Development and Innovation, SACYL, Valladolid,
Spain
J.M. Cerón
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
J. Chacko
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Z.T. Chowdhury
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
M. Comalada
Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain; University of Granada, Granada, Spain
J. Contreras-Moreno
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
F.M. Cordova
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
N.J. Correa-Matos
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
J. Crespo
Allergy Unit, Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
G.Á. de Cienfuegos
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
G. de Gaetano
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
D. de Luis
Allergy Unit, Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
Contributors xxi
A. de Moreno de LeBlanc
Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán,
Argentina
M.A. de Pablo
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
B. de Roos
The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
S. del Carmen
Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán,
Argentina
L.E. Dı́az
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
R. di Giuseppe
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
M.B. Donati
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
G. Egger
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
R.M. Elias
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
R. Fayad
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
F. Fazal
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
W. Feleszko
The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
A.K. Fischer
New York University, New York, NY, USA
À. Franch
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
A.E. Galena
Baptist Medical Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
J. Gálvez
University of Granada, Granada, Spain
S. Gómez-Martı́nez
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
C. Graziano
University of Arizona Undergraduate in Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
xxii Contributors
J. Hall
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
R. Haniadka
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
R.D. Hurst
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
S.M. Hurst
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
L. Iacoviello
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
L. Inglada
Allergy Unit, Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
R. Jaffe
Health Studies Collegium, Ashburn, VA, USA
J. Jaworska
The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
P.B. Kaufman
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
N. Khan
Pharmacy School-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
A. Kirakosyan
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
P. Langella
INRA-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
L. Latheef
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
J.G. LeBlanc
Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán,
Argentina
R. Llorach
Pharmacy School-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
E.A. Lucas
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
P. Malhotra
Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
A. Marcos
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Contributors xxiii
M. Marı́n-Casino
Hospital del Mar – Consorci Parc de Salut MAR de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
S. Martı́n-Armentia
Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
J. Mateu-de Antonio
Hospital del Mar – Consorci Parc de Salut MAR de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
A. Menaa
Medical Center, Saint-Philbert de Grand lieu, France
B. Menaa
Fluorotronics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
F. Menaa
Université of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-Sao Paolo, Brazil; Fluorotronics, Inc., San
Diego, CA, USA
J. Mes
Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
K.I. Minato
Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
A. Miyoshi
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
M. Monagas
Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Madrid, Spain
J. Moreillon
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
G.E. Mullin
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
T.R. Neyestani
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
B. Oommen
University of Houston – Victoria, Sugar Land, TX, USA
C. Pai
VA Boston Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
R.J. Pai
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
T. Pérez-Berezo
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
F.J. Pérez-Cano
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
xxiv Contributors
F. Pérez de Heredia
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
T.M. Petro
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
T. Pozo-Rubio
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
H.K. Prabhala
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
R.H. Prabhala
Brigham & Woman’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,
USA; VA Boston Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
V. Pravettoni
Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
S.L. Prescott
University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
L. Primavesi
Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
E. Puertollano
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
M.A. Puertollano
University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
S. Ramos-Romero
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
R. Rastmanesh
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
E. Rendina
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
J. Romeo
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, Madrid), Spanish National
Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
A. Sabetisoofyani
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
P. Sampath
Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women’s College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
A.G. Schauss
AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., Natural and Medicinal Products Research, Puyallup, WA, USA
E.M. Seymour
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Contributors xxv
A. Sharma
Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
B. Shelmadine
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
B.J. Smith
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
S.G. Somasundaram
University of Houston – Victoria, Sugar Land, TX, USA; Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX, USA
M.-K. Sung
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
S. Togni
Business Development – Indena SpA, Milan, Italy
M. Urpi-sarda
Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
S.B. Vaghefi
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
R.R. Watson
University of Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA; Southwest Scientific Editing
and Consulting, LLC, Tucson, AZ, USA
C.E. Weber
Hendersonville, NC, USA
C.E. West
Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
H. Wichers
Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
L.G. Wood
John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
J. Xaus
University of Granada, Granada, Spain
H.S. Yashawanth
Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
S. Zibadi
University of Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
Intentionally left as blank
CHAPTER 1
Antioxidant Flavonoids for Arthritis
Treatment: Human and Animal Models
S.G. Somasundaram*,†, B. Oommen*
University of Houston – Victoria, Sugar Land, TX, USA
†
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
ABBREVIATIONS
ASU Avocado-soybean unsaponifiable
COX Cyclooxygenase
GTP Green tea polyphenols
H and E Hematoxylin and eosin
HES Hesperidin
IL Interleukin
LD Lethal dose
MC Malpighian corpuscles
Mg Magnesium
NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
RA Rheumatoid arthritis
THM Traditional herbal medicine
TNF Tumor necrosis factor
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYTOFLAVONOIDS
Plants have been used in many cultures and regions as forms of medicine for many centuries.
Before pharmaceutical companies came into existence, holistic medicine was practiced.
For years, plants and their extracts have been shown to be effective in treating a variety
of ailments. However, people still choose traditional medications in spite of numerous
adverse effects. With advanced technology, many drugs are being made synthetically after
elucidating a few mechanisms of action. In the past, accurate information and studies of
herbal medicine and its effect on different diseases were not easily accessible. Today, we
know that there are hundreds of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, derived from indig-
enous plants that we consider important drugs. These medicinal plants are used in the forms
of powders, crude powders, compressed tablets, tinctures, decoctions, pastes, etc. These
preparations are rarely based on a single herb but are mostly prepared from several plants.
From the report of Latiff et al., there are 1676 plant species that have been reported to
cure various diseases. Among them, about 60 plant species are reported to provide a cure
Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases # 2013 Elsevier Inc.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397156-2.00001-6 All rights reserved. 1
2 S.G. Somasundaram and B. Oommen
for rheumatism or joint pains (Latiff, 1980). There are over 41 plants that were reported
to possess anti-inflammatory properties. An antioxidant-rich polyphenolic flavonoid
fraction isolated from green tea has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antic-
arcinogenic properties in experimental animals. In three independent studies, experi-
mental mice which were given green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in water exhibited
significantly reduced incidences of arthritis, as compared to mice not given GTP in water
(Ahmed, 2010). Also, the juice and leaves of Clerodendron inerme were used as an alter-
native febrifuge and to resolve buboes. When boiled in oil, the roots of this plant yield
a liniment that is useful in rheumatism (Chopra et al., 1956). The aqueous extract
was found effective in reducing edema of formalin-induced arthritis in rats. External
application of the alcoholic extract of the leaf also reduced the edema. Among the 12
Clerodendron species, C. phlomidis, C. indicium, and C. inerme are reported to possess anti-
arthritic activity.
2. WHAT IS ARTHRITIS?
Can you imagine waking up one morning and not being able to move any limbs, being
awakened by excruciating pain, or being restricted from doing daily routines such as
brushing your teeth, writing, or even opening a bottle cap? Arthritis is the leading cause
of disability in the United States, affecting 43 million US adults (Bolen et al., 2005). This
burden will continue to increase, with the prevalence of arthritis in the United States
projected to reach 67 million (25% of the adult population) by 2030 (Hootman and
Helmick, 2006). Arthritis is most often progressive, and the demineralization of joints
may have occurred years before the symptoms even appear. Arthritis’s main targets
are the synovial joints. These joints are encased in a tough fibrous capsule lined with
a membrane that secretes a clear synovial fluid that helps absorb shock and reduce friction
caused by the two articulating bones when the bones rub against each other. Arthritis can
involve either inadequate amounts of synovial fluid resulting in stiffness or excessive
amounts of fluid causing swelling and edema. In both cases, the result is excruciating pain
that patients primarily complain about. In this chapter, we focus on how flavonoids affect
arthritis by using data from animal models and clinical trials.
The purpose of this chapter is to put together an organized collection of plant-derived
flavonoids to display their use for treating arthritis. Arthritis is an inflammation involving
the joints which is categorized into different types, the most common being osteoarthri-
tis, which is a degenerative arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which is an immunological
reactive arthritis. Up until now, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and
other anti-inflammatory medications were the only escape that patients could find to re-
lieve themselves of pain. But these medications all have adverse side effects. Among
NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitors induce lethal side effects. COX-2 inhib-
itors were promising at first but have led to cardiovascular side effects such as
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Author: W. W. Jacobs
Language: Finnish
Merimiesjutelma
Kirj.
W. W. JACOBS
Suomensi
E. P.
Vasta kun kansi oli pesty ja kuunari taas loisti puhtaana ja sievänä,
ehti perämies ajatella omaakin siivoustaan. Oli kaunis ja lämmin
toukokuun päivä, ja pieni osa lastista oli tarttunut hänenkin hiuksiinsa
ja hikiseen otsaansa. Kajuuttapoika, tietäen tarpeet, oli tuonut
ämpärin puhdasta vettä kajuutan katolle ja ämpärin viereen keltaisen
saippuapalasen ja pyyhinliinan. Perämies hymyili huomattuaan
valmistukset, riisui paidan päältään, kiersi housunkannattimet
vyötäisilleen, kumartui ämpäriin ja alotti pesuhommansa melulla ja
tyytyväisellä mielellä.
"Ei sillä tapaa hieno", sanoi jälellä oleva matruusi, astuen hänkin
lähemmäksi huomatessaan perämiehen hyvän tuulen. "Enpä luule
hänen rahtia etsivän, sillä —, vaan — — —, sementistä saa hyvän
maksun."
"Pötki sinä matkoihisi", sanoi Sam vanhus. "Ei sovi sinun ikäistesi
poikaviikareitten sekaantua vanhempain ihmisten puheisiin! Mitä
sinustakin vielä joskus tullee?
Poika lähestyi.
"Ellet sinä tule, tulen minä", murisi Dick, jolle puhe vääristä
setelirahoista oli arka kohta.
"En ymmärrä mitä hän niillä kirjeillään oikein tekee", jatkoi poika,
ollenkaan välittämättä tulevaisuudestaan. "Sen vaan varmasti tiedän,
että perille ne eivät koskaan mene. Luulen häneltä puuttuvan
rohkeutta. — Puh! — Onpa nyt pakanan lämmin!"
"En", sanoi Henry lyhyesti. "Mitäs minä sitä tilaan, kun te kerran
tilaatte."
"Ei se mitään tee, kunhan eivät vaan punaisiksi muutu", sanoi hän
levollisesti, "ja sitä ei tämä kurja moska suinkaan kykene tekemään."
"Kuka?"
"Ei täällä asu sen nimistä", sanoi vanha rouva. "Oletteko varma,
että etsimänne henkilön nimi on juuri Jackson?" lisäsi hän.
"Tämä herrahan etsii aivan toista henkilöä, äiti", sanoi tyttö. "Sinä
vaan suotta viivyttelet häntä."
"No, jos hän kerran useita vuosia on etsinyt", sanoi vanha rouva
närkästyen, "niin näillä muutamilla minuuteilla ei suinkaan suuria voi
aikaan saada."
"Niin, kuka sen voi tietää", sanoi vanha rouva. "Yksi häntä muuten
jo etsiikin… Herra Glover, tyttäreni tuleva mies."