ELEC

LESSON: ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

● Electric Circuit - path for
transmitting electric current
- is a closed path in
which electrons move to produce electric
currents

TYPES OF CIRCUIT
> Series Circuit
● many bulbs are wired one after the
other, so that when one of the bulb
is busted, all will not light up

PARTS OF A COMPLETE CIRCUIT

> First, the electrical circuit it should have a
source of power where the electrical current
starts to flow
> Second, a path such as electrical wires is
needed in order that electricity from the
source can be transmitted
> Third, there should be a current-
consuming device or appliance that will > Parallel Circuit
consume or use electricity ● This is the circuit whereby two or
> And Lastly, a control or switch that will cut more bulbs are wired with each bulb
of the flow of current having its own circuit
● This mean that if one is busted, the
other bulb will still light up because
current passes separately in each
circuit

AC and DC (Direct Current)

> Direct Current
● It is the first type of current because
it was easy to produce. This type of
current always flows in one direction.
● One of the disadvantage of using
DC is the excessive voltage drop
and power loss in the power lines in
a long distance transmission
● Batteries are common sources of
direct circuit
> Alternating Current
● Is the colutiuon to the problem of
DC. AC flow of current in two
directions
● It is possible to step up electricity to
a power station, transmit ito to any
distant place and step it down for
consumption
● Common sources of AC are found in
our AC outlet
> AC and DC Waveform
OHMS LAW
● The relation of the foregoing three
variables was discovered bye GREG
SIMON OHM, who theorized that
current is in direct proportion to
resistance, The relationships is
explained algebraically
● The law may be expressed by the
following equation if the current I is
in amperes, the E is in VOLTS, and
are the resistance R is in OHMS
Equation:
● R= E/I
● E=IxR
● I = E/R
> VOLT - is named after ALESSANDRO
VOLTA, a physicist whose invention made
volt as an electrical pressure needed in
allowing one ampere of current pass
through resistance of one ohm
>CURRENT - ANDRE MARIE AMPERE, a
physicist and mathematician, whose one
ampere of current is rate of flow of charge
passing in a wired conductor
 volts, how do we predict the current through
a resistive load of 1 Ohm?
I =V/R

I = 12 (Volts)/ 1 (Ohm) :

I = 12 Amps (12A)

If in this circuit we observe a current flow of

12 amps (12A)
through the resistive load of 1 Ohm (1Ω),
what must the battery voltage be?

V=IR

V = 12 (Amps) x 1 (Ohm)
If we knew a 10V battery was supplying 5A
V = 12 Volts (12V) of current, what must the load (resistance)
be?
R=V/I

R = 10 (Volts)/ 5 (Amps) :

R = 2 Ohm (2 Ω)

If we knew the battery was supplying 12

AUTOMOTIVE
 PREPARE AND USE HAND TOOLS
● When doing any kind of work, tools are needed to have things done. When fixing
furniture, repairing home appliances, or doing simple repair, tools help you make work
easy, with less effort but with efficient result.
● In automotive application, it is important that the needed tools are not defective and must
be perfect for the job to finish on time. The use of faulty tools might result in injury and
damage to you and the parts you are working on.

> CLEANING TOOLS

a) Scraper is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle. It is used to
scrape hard to remove dirt or stubborn grime or plastic sticker.
b) Steel/Wire brush are thin strips of metal inserted in a wooden or plastic stock. It is
used to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and grime with sweeping action.
c) Utility rag is a fibrous cloth used in cleaning and wiping dirt and dust.

> BENDING/HOLDING/TWISTING/CRIMPING TOOLS

1. Pliers are generally used as all-around tools. They have the capability for bending, crimping,
cutting, holding, stripping and twisting. They are available in various shapes and sizes.
Generally, pliers used for electrical job are insulated, whereas those for mechanical work are
not insulated but sometimes equipped with rubber for gripping. Pliers are not used as substitute
for wrenches.
a) Side cutting pliers are tools having a broad, flat, and rough jaw. They have a pair of
nipper-like blades used for cutting and bending wires.
b) Combination Pliers are equipped with adjustable opening by means of a slip joint. It is
used for gripping object
because of its inner notch and also used for cutting and bending small wires.
c) Long- nose pliers have a needle-nose ends used for holding or picking small object.
They have a razor-like blade on its jaw for stripping, cutting and bending wires.
d) Stripping and crimping pliers have two-half round edges used to strip electrical wire and
a crimping nose to fold and lock wire connector.
e) Vise grip or locking jaw pliers are specially- designed pliers used for holding work pieces
together. They have a variety of uses such as inserting a fastener, holding bolts while
tightening or loosening the nut and removing rounded head bolts and nuts.
f) Machinist pliers have adjustable and cutting jaws with tooth-edged nose used for
holding, bending and cutting wires.
Combination pliers Side cutting pliers

Long nose pliers Stripping and Crimping pliers

Jaw pliers Machinist pliers Vise grip/locking

2. Bench vise is a device for holding and bending pieces of metal. It consists of one fixed and
one movable jaw operated by a clamping action of the screw

>CUTTING TOOLS
1. Chisel is a hand tool essentially used for cutting bolts, nuts and rivets. It comes in
different types and sizes. A flat cold chisel is used for general cutting. Special
chisels like a diamond point are used for cutting sharp-bottomed groove and a
round-end chisel for cutting oil grooves.

2. Electric Drill is a tool for boring holes. It is made of either carbon steel which
requires frequent sharpening or high speed steel which requires less sharpening.
Electric drill is designed for slow and high speed drilling. It can be hand operated
for slow drilling or electrically operated portable or heavy duty machine for high
speed drilling with replaceable drill attachment at the end. Drills come in various
diameter sizes. Electric drill can also be used as a portable grinding machine by
attaching a handy grinder on its end.

3. File is a hard steel tool used for smoothening metal. It comes in various shapes such as flat,
round, half-round,and triangular. It also comes in different fine-to-coarse cutting edges. A
single-cut file has a single series of cutting edges parallel to each other whereas a double-cut
file has two sets of cutting edges that cross at an angle.

4. Hacksaw is an excellent tool for cutting bolts, tubing and light to fairly thick metal. It has
a light frame handle with blade connected to both ends of the frame. Depending on the type
of work to be cut, a hacksaw, blade tooth per inch (TPI) determines the extent of metal to be
cut. It comes in 14, 18, 24, 32 teeth per inch. The lower the number, the lesser the number of
TPI and the greater its cutting ability. A special hacksaw such as hole saw is used when boring
thin and large diameter sheet of metal. It is electrically operated by an electric drill
5. Tin Snip is a scissor- shaped tool used for cutting thin sheets of metal.

> DRIVING TOOLS

1. Hammers are generally used for driving or striking work. It comes in various sizes, weights,
and kinds .Ball peen hammer is basically used by machinists as in automotive applications. It
has a weighty ball-shaped metal at the end of the handle with flat surface on one side for
striking a chisel or appropriate work and a rounded shaped for riveting or penning. The brass or
plastic-tipped hammers are used for striking soft and delicate part such as

2. Puncher is a tool made of steel. It is used to cut or drive outa bolt or lock needle
pin out of a hole. Starting punch is a punch with tapered portion used for initially
starting a pin or rivet removal. After initially starting the pin, the drift punch or pin
punch is used to complete the job of removing the pin. A hole punch is used in
cutting a paper gasket in making holes.
> LOOSENING AND TIGHTENING TOOLS
1. Wrenches are tools for loosening and tightening of bolts and nuts. It comes in different forms
and number in Metric or in English sizes.
1.1 Allen wrench is used in a type of screw bolt with a hexagonal hole on the head.
1.2 Box end wrench is an enclosed end tool used for moderate application for
loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.3 Combination wrench is a tool with an open-end on one side and box-end
on the opposite side. It has the same size on both ends and used in loosening and
tightening bolts and nuts.
1.4 Oil filter wrench is a circular-shaped steel with internal tooth and handle. It is
inserted to the oil filter body, tightened as it is turned for removal.
1.5 Open end wrench is a tool with open end used for light application in
loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.6 Socket wrench is a tubular-like tool with an enclosed end used for heavy
application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.7 Spark plug wrench is a socket-like wrench intended for removing and
installing spark plugs.
1.8 Tire wrench is a cross-like or sometimes L-shaped piece of round bar used to
remove the wheels of the vehicle.
2. Screwdriver is a piece of long metal rod made of hardened steel and tempered at the tip. It is
used to loosen and tighten screws. It usually comes in different sizes and forms of tips. An Allen
screwdriver has hexagonal sides at the tip and used for hexagonal slot head of the screws.
Flat screw driver has flat tip at the end and used in a single groove screws. A Philips screw
driver has cross-like tip at the end and used in a cross groove head of the screws. Depending
on the kind of application used, a screwdriver can be of special types such as a stubby
screwdriver that has a short shank and handle. It is used for tight space where a typical
screwdriver cannot be used. An offset screwdriver has a shank bent in opposite direction
several distance just before the end of the tip. It is used to loosen and tightened screws in
difficult

> MARKING TOOLS

1. Center punch is a tool made of hardened steel with conical tip point on its end. It is about 3
to 4 in. long in length and used for marking the material before drilling. It is also used for
marking two parts so that after removing, it can be easily replaced by aligning the marks
together.
2. Scriber is a thin steel rod with pointed tip on its end. It is used for marking fine lines on metal
for layout work.
3. Pencil is a thin strip of graphite enclosed in a wooden case and used for making drawings
and marking lines.

> MEASURING TOOLS

1. Torque wrench is a special service tool for measuring the twisting force applied
when tightening bolts and nuts.
2. Steel rule is a measuring strip of steel available in various lengths in metric and English
system. It is available in 12, 24, 36 and 48 inches size. It is used in linear measurement of short
length or height.
3. Caliper is a tool used in measuring the diameter of a circular work. The Inside caliper is used
in measuring the inside diameter whereas the outside caliper is used in measuring the outside
diameter of an object. The caliper is adjustable. The Vernier caliper is a good example that is
capable to measure both the inside and outside diameter of an object with accuracy. It can also
measure the thickness and thinness in thousandths of an inch.
4. Metal tape measure is a push and pull, long strip of thin sheet of metal with corresponding
increments in millimeter and inches graduation. It is used for measuring stock and can be
bought in different sizes of length.
5. Feeler gauge is a thin strip of metal with different thickness used to measure or set gap and
clearance between parts of mechanism.
Common faults of hand tools
● Common faults of hand tools are usually blamed on manufacturer’s defect. However, it
doesn‟t mean that whenever hand tools become faulty or defective, the manufacturer
always carries the responsibility.

● Metal fatigue is one of the usual causes of faulty hand tools specially those that are
made from steel. Like human body that sometimes needs rest, metal fatigue is
developed from overuse of tools. It can also result from too much imposition of force
on tools which is less than its capacity to endure. It will render the tools unserviceable.

● Because of wrong habits or attitudes, human error also contributes to faulty hand
tools. Wrong use of tools for the job will create bad effect on the tools. A screwdriver
which is intended for loosening and tightening screws becomes defective and reduces
its usefulness when used like cold chisel.

● Natural tear and wear causes tools to widen or reduce its size. A slack is noticeable
when a box wrench for removing the bolt becomes loose when the internal sides of the
wrench is bigger than the external sides of the bolt‟s head. If used in this condition, both
the bolt and the wrench will develop fault.

● Tools not kept, not maintained, and unused will become rusty. Tools with jaws
become difficult to operate. It will take time cleaning and removing the corrosion before it
becomes functional.
1. Cleaning tools. Wire and fiber brush must be tightly fit and securely intact on its recess.
Frayed brushes indicate overuse. Bristles can easily be removed and may splatter. They can
pose danger to the eyes and skin. Likewise, dirty rags can create dust and affect the respiratory
system.

2. Bending/ Cutting/ Holding/Twisting tools.Overused, dulled teeth cutting edge of tools such as
hacksaw, tin snip and cutter pliers will reduce time and work performance. Loosehacksaw blade
to frame must be repaired or replaced at once. Dulled teeth and loose pivot lever of holding
tools such as machinist and combination pliers lessen the grip and reduces its holding power.
As a consequence, it will result in slippage. Pliers‟ teeth and its cutting edge must be
reconditioned or must be replaced. Mushroom- headed cold chisel can cause danger when
driven with a hammer. The driving force of a hammer may change direction due to the
mushroom-like contusion on the head of the chisel. If this happens, body part is hammered
rather than the object itself. Thus, injury is certain.

3. Driving tools. A swollen striking edge and loose hammer head handle can create a very
devastating injury and fatal blow when the head flies out of its handle and hits a delicate part of
the body.

4. Loosening and tightening tools. A slacked wrench or screwdriver is a product of overused

or wrong sized tool when forcefully used. Incorrect position of tools or the person doing the job
will create an unbalanced force. When force is applied, the possibility of accident may happen.
There is also a tendency of slippage when the surrounding sides of the wrench don‟t fit squarely
with the sides of the bolt or nut being removed or tightened. Therefore, this kind of fault must be
addressed right away and the wrench or screwdriver be replaced at once.

5. Marking tools. A bent and dulled tip of marking tool will not give accurate marking. A dulled
tip creates blurred lines; therefore, interpretation of lines and dimensions are not precise. This
must be corrected at once. Sharpen tools with the use of an appropriate sharpening gadget.

6. Measuring Tools. A measuring tool must be always kept clean. Dirty, bent, and creased
measuring tools like measuring tape, steel rule, and caliper will give inaccurate reading if the
gradation lines are not readable.

Safety requirements of hand tools

● Hand tools come in different sizes, shapes, weights, brands, and designs. These
characteristics of hand tools are very important because they give us technical data
about their production. These technical data will enable us to know the capacity of tools
if subjected to the degree of use. The standard requirements of tools for use and safety
are very important on the part of the buyer as well as the user. Without them, they have
no bearing at all if not assured with safety features. Tools are engineered and designed
to numerous sequence of events when used within the normal working range. To use a
 tool appropriately, know its safety requirements, to be guided accordingly when you
purchase one.

● Tools produced in the industry must pass the Work Equipment Law. In this law,\
procedures on the extent, fitness, correctness, and usability of tools and equipment are
provided in accordance with specified task. This ensures safety standards before tools
are released in the market.

The following are some of the information you need to know about the safety
requirements of hand tools:

1. Technical data. This will give information about the manufacturer‟s specifications of the tools
produced. The size, weight, production code number, and the brand are usually marked on the
body of the item.

2. User’s manual. It tells where, when and how the tools are to be used. It also gives
information on the limitation of tools if subjected to constant use. In this manual, users are given
warning on the possible injury one may get if used incorrectly. It also gives detailed information
on how tools are maintained and stored. If tools need to be assembled, the manual gives a
step-by-step instructions on how to do the task.

3. Physical requirements. Physical requirements of tools have bearing on how they are
manufactured. Their good quality must be:
a. Tensile strength. Tools must belight but durable so that excessive force in using them is
not necessary. In this manner, strain on hands and shoulders are reduced. A tool must be
strong and reliable to stand the stress of constant use. Tooth edge of hacksaw and chisel must
be tempered and so with a screw driver.

b. Powerful. Tools must not be heavy on the hand side rather than on the end portion of the
driving force, as in a hammer. They must be considerably long\ to give a powerful twisting force
as in a wrench and screw or a heavy blow when using hammer. This reduces muscular effort
and efficiency of work is achieved.

c. User- friendly. Tools must be easy and comfortable to use. They must be hand-fit and
oval or cylindrically shaped. A square-shaped handle creates discomfort on palms because of
the edge area.

d. Safe Tools must have gripping surface on their handles to assure holding power and
avoid slip that may lead to injury. Stopper must also be on pointed and sharp-bladed/edged
tools. Driving tools must be provided with appropriate length of grip.

e. Functionally Accurate. Tools are especially made to measure like torque wrench. Vernier
caliper and feeler gauge must be technically and functionally accurate.They must give correct
reading of division and sub-division of their fractional value or scale. Inaccurate reading gives
wrong data or information and may result in severe damage to parts.

PREPARE REPORT OF MALFUNCTIONING TOOLS

● Preparing report for malfunctions of hamd tools in unplanned or unusual events

Tools are made for use. Its life cycle must be used to its maximum effectiveness. It is
designed to give its purpose so that work becomes easy and efficient. A tool that is 100
percent usable brings joy to the one using it but a faulty tool is unsafe to use. It is not
recommended for use because of its risk to workplace activities. That is why; faulty tools
must be recorded, marked, and reported at once Defective tools can be repaired
according to company procedure. This is essential in restoring back their technical
specifications. A good example is the drill bit’s angular cutting edge. If standard procedure is
not followed in sharpening its edge, it will not cut effectively compared to the original
specifications. Partially defective tools can be reconditioned for another form of use.
Heavily damaged tools not fit for human use are condemned and disposed. Tools must
be set apart according to their serviceability. It is important that defective or faulty tools
must be marked. Markings will mean that they are not to be used and are intended for
repair or reconditioning.
● Effects of a defective tool that can result in the following consequences:
1. Reduces work efficiency. It decreases work effectiveness and additional time allotment is
needed to finish the work. Therefore, delay of work is sure.

2. Lessens the concentration of the user. Frequent breakdown or change of

tools because of its faulty
condition affects the
mental focus of the user.
It creates anxiety and
apprehension thus
delaying the work instead
of finishing it on time.

3.Decreases credibility. Competitiveness

is the language of service. Once the
customer perceives that a worker or a serviceman uses faulty tools without giving notice
 of it, it lessens their trust and confidence. In order to avoid these situations, proper
inventory of tools must be conducted, recorded and updated. Reporting the condition
of good, faulty and damaged tools will give an account of their present condition. It will
give a basis for disposal, if damage is severe or beyond recovery; for recycling, if the fault
can be corrected and repaired and reused to another form of service.
A broken hacksaw can be recycled to another form like converting it to a sharp blade for
stripping electrical wire. Maintenance of tools entails cleaning and doing simple repair in
order to prolong their use.

Basic Sample of forms are given to give you an idea of what an inventory, requisition and
account of tools are.

Sample of Inventory Tools

MAINTAIN HAND TOOLS
> Standard operational procedure, principles and techniques maintaining
tools
● Tool management is a manifestation of a good serviceman or any
person working with tools. The way a person manages his tools has
bearing on the way he manages his personal property.
● One of the maintenance schemes of the Provision and Use of Work
Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) under the Law on Tools
and Maintenance is to ensure the safekeeping and securing of the
equipment including tools.

>Operational Procedure in tools and equipment maintenance

1. Safe Use - Assurance of safe use is expected. This can be done by
knowing the purpose, application, and requirement of tools and
equipment.

2. Sakefeekping -
Regular
maintenance of
tools and
equipment
through
safekeeping
must be a part of the health and safety of users and owners.
Dangers to theft and exposure to moisture is avoided, property is
taken care of, and risk is evaded.

3. Safety Signs and Symbols - By putting safety signs and symbols,

users are informed and warned of what to do and what not to do.
Risk is limited and put in control.
4. Safety Protection - The use of Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) is necessary. Safety gears must be worn properly. Suitability
 of PPE to the workplace must conform with the work being done.
The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary.
Safety gears must be worn properly. Suitability of PPE to the
workplace must conform with the work being done.

CARPENTRY
BASIC CARPENTRY TOOLS
What is carpentry?
The art of trade of cutting, working and joining timber. The term includes
both structural timber in framing items such as doors, windows, and
staircases

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARPENTRY TOOLS

~ Driving Tools
● Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces

● Mallet - made out fo woods or rubber used to drive other tools like
chisel

● Nail Set - used in setting the head of finishing nail below the surface
 of the wood

● Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws

~ Measuring Tools
● Pull-push Rule - is and extendable steel strip coiled into a container
● Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple
measurements

● Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece

● Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check

 adjacent surfaces for squareness

● Calipers - to measure internal and external dimensions. One jaw of

the slide calipers is fixed to the main part of the tools

~ Marking Lining Tools

● Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines
● Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and
a point used to mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood
● Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface

● Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step
off division on a line

● Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal or wood

 ~ Marking Lining Tools
● Steel Square - Framing square used to mark out the work for
squaring and checking of angeles and is used in the construction of
framing and large furniture

● Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces

● Plumb Bob - special device to check the straightness of a post,

studs and the like

~ Edge Cutting Tools

● Chisel - used to trim and shape wood
● Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surfaces

● Spoke Shave - it is a small plane with a handle on each side of its

blade, used to shape for shaping curved surfaces

~ Tooth-Cutting Tools
● Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain
● Rip Saw - used to cut the wood along the grain

● Back Saw - it has steel or brass rib or back pressed on the

back of the fine blade
● Compass/Keyhole Saw - used to cut irregular either in large or small
board

● Coping Saw - U-shaped saw used for cutting the irregular

shape in small board

~ Boring Tools
● Auger Bit - used to make hole in woods

● Expansive Bit - used to drill holes of various sizes in woods

● Drill Bit - used for boring holes either metals, woods or plastics

~ Holding Tools
● C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working

● Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place

● Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while
assembling or gluing

~ Miscellaneous Tools
● Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel

● Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces

 ● Paint Bursh - used to apply paint or varnish or wood surfaces
● Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood

● Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or
the other to form a set

I. Portable Power Tools

1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of wood
surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large panel
 stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to perform a
multitude of tasks.

II. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high frequency noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of spray paint fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.

DRESSMAKING
SEWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS ( TYPES AND USES)

Introduction
● Stitching can only be accomplished with a thread and a needle. That's all it takes to
repair some of life's daily problems like missing button, a thread fraying, a hole that
needs patching up. You might think of it as the fundamentals. That can be overwhelming
when you learn how to sew, when you see all the different sewing tools and supplies.
There are many ways to do it, but in the end, you will get by learning more about sewing
machines and supplies and how to use them properly. Each of which is classified in
different categories with a particular use.

Sewing Tools and Materials

● Different tooling devices are also used in the construction of garments. The good and
effective use of the various sewing tools and equipment will allow precise and rapid
measurement of the body and drawing of patterns. Right tools must be used to make
one successful at the right time and must also be in the right place to ensure optimal
outcomes of good time management and productivity.

~ Measuring Tools
● Ruler - A clear ruler comes in handy a lot when drafting a pattern
and adding seam allowances
● Yardstick/Meter Stick -is used to measure fabric and to check grain
line. It can be used in marking a long straight line and in measuring
hem lengths.

● Hip Curve - it is used in connecting or shaping slightly curve points.

It has a measure of inches at the front and centimeters at the back
point

● L-square - is useful in constructing perpendicular lines with

divisional parts located in longer and shorter arms.
● French Curve - When you must lengthen or shorten a pattern, you
must blend-in the lines. Using a French curve allows you to draw a
perfectly smooth curve.

● Tape Measure - 60-inch-long measuring device used in taking body

measurements, drafting patterns, and measuring fabrics. It has a
metal tip and reversible markings in centimeters and inches.

~ Marking Tools
● Tailor’s Chalk - A thin piece of hard chalk used in tailoring for
making temporary alteration marks on clothing.
● Wax Chalk - made especially for coarse and woolen fabrics.
Because the marks are difficult to remove, fabrics should be marked
on the reverse side. Made from special high-quality waxes.

● Dressmaker’s Paper - is something like carbon paper, in that it

transfers markings with applied pressure. Place it between your
pattern and your fabric, and then use the tracing wheel to draw over
the lines on the pattern to transfer them to the fabric.

● Tracing Wheel - used to transfer markings from sewing patterns

 onto fabric with or without the use of tracing paper and can be used
to make slotted perforations. Such markings might include pleats,
darts, buttonholes, notches or placement lines for appliques or
pockets.

~ Cutting Tools
● Bend-Handled Shears - A 7- to 8-inch-long scissors suitable for
cutting fabric because the blades rest flat on the cutting surface.

● Pinking Shears - It cuts a zigzag edge and is used for finishing hem
edges, seams, etc. It should not be used for cutting out a garment
because it will not give an accurate cut line of the fabric.

● Thread Clippers - small scissors used for nipping excess thread and
 parts of the fabric that have frayed or unraveled. Some clippers look
like the ancient type of scissors because their blades are held
together by a bent

● Seam Ripper - handy little tool for taking out seams and removing
stitches. It must be used carefully so as not to cut the fabric.

● Rotary Cutter - It is a tool generally used by quilters to cut fabric. It

consists of a handle with a circular blade that rotates, thus the tool's
name. Rotary cutter blades are very sharp, can be sharpened, and
are available in different sizes: usually smaller blades are used to
cut small curves, while larger blades are used to cut to straight lines
and broad curves.
 ~ Pinning and Sewing Tools
● Hand Needle - used for general hand sewing; built with a sharp
point, a round eye, and are of medium length. Those with a double-
eye can carry two strands of thread while minimizing fabric friction

● Sewing Needle Threader - It is a device for helping to put thread

through the eye of a needle. Many kinds exist, though a common
type combines a short length of fine wire bent into a diamond shape,
with one corner held by a piece of tinplate or plastic.
● Thimble - is a small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger
that pushes the needle in sewing. Usually, thimbles with a closed
top are used by dressmakers but special thimbles with an opening
at the end are used by tailors as this allows them to manipulate the
cloth more easily

● Pin Cushion - used in sewing to store pins or needles with their

heads protruding to take hold of them easily, collect them, and keep
them organized.
MATERIALS
● Thread - may be defined as smooth, evenly spun, hard-twisted ply
yarn, treated by a special finishing process to make it resistant to
stresses in its passage through the eye of a needle and through
material involved in seaming and stitching operations.

● Fabric - uses for fabric can include upholstery, curtains, quilts,

dress as well as apparel, outdoor needs and soft furnishings to
name a few.
 ICT
Introduction to INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

ICT: refers to the convergence of computing, telecommunication, and governance policies for
how informations should be accessed.

IT VS ICT:
- IT: refers to an entire industry that uses computers to manage information.
- Information technology

- ICT: use of technology, which enables individuals, businesses and organizations to use
digital info.
- Information Communications Technology
- ICT covers any product that will store or receive information electronically in a digital
form.

Keyboarding:
Key: one of the parts that you press on a keyboard to produced letters, numbers, etc.
Keypad: part at the side of a computer keyboard.
Escape key: allows someone to stop an action or leave a program.
Function key: used for a particular operation on a program.
Tab: a key you press to make several spaces along the same time.
Caps lock: lets you switch the letters on your keyboard from lowercase to uppercase.
Alt key: a key you press together with another key.
Control key: used in combination with other keys doing particular operations.
Space bar: key that makes a space between or when between the words you type.
Backspace: key that moves backwards.
Enter key: makes the computer perform an action.
Arrow key: keys that has left, right, up, and down.
Delete key: this key removes characters.
Numeric keypad: keys that has numbers on them.
Num lock: key that you press make the numbers below it enter numbers.
Shift: Press Shift in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press Shift in
combination with another key to type the symbol shown on the upper part of that key.

Ergonomics: this is important because when you’re doing a job and your body is stressed by
an awkward poster.
- Wrist Placement: to prevent injury, keep our wrist in a neutral position.
- Keyboard Placement: the elbows should be 90-110 degrees. Keyboard should ba
flatten on a desk.
- Finger Placement: the finger should press the assigned key to not mixed up the letters
and numbers we type.

➢ Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation,
and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
➢ Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform
certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo
key , and Esc.
➢ Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled
as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program
to program.
➢ Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or webpages
and editing text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete,
 and Insert.
➢ Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys
are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.

Shortcuts:

Alt+Tab: Switch between open programs or F1: Display help

windows
Alt+F4: Close the active item, or exit the
active program Windows key+F1: Display windows help
and support
Ctrl+S: Save the current file or document.
Esc: cancel or escape
Ctrl+C: Copy
Application key: Open menu of commands
Ctrl+X: Cut related to a selection in a program.
Ctrl+V: Paste
Ctrl+Z: Undo
Ctrl+A: Select all items in a document or
window.
 COOKERY
Commercial Kitchen - is a house, restaurant, hotel or bar or any other hospitality type business
that main focus is to prepare food

Kitchen Utensils
Knives
● Slicer - long thin blade, used for cutting large food such as meat and poultry
● Boning knife - used to remove bones from meat, fish and poultry
● Paring knife - pares or trims off the peel from fruits and vegetables
● Butcher knife - cut meat,fish or poultry
● French knife - used for cutting and mincing food

Cleaning and Sanitizing Kitchen Utensils Steps:

● Cleaning - process of removing food and other types of soil from a surface
● Sanitizing - process of reducing the number of micoorganisims on a clean surface to
safe levels
● Drying

Carry out measurements and calculations

> Measuring Liquids

1. Place a liquid measuring cup on a level surface
2. View the amount at eye level to be sure of an accurate measure if
using a traditional measuring cup

>Measuring Dry Ingredients

1. Fill cup to overflowing
2. Then level by sweeping a metal spatula or flat side of a knife accros
the top

>Measuring Bulk Ingredients

 1. Spoon bulk dry ingredients such as cranberries, raisings, chocolate
chips or oats into the measuring cup. If necessary, level the top with
a spatula or flat side of a knife

>Measuring Brown Sugar

1. Firmly press brown sugar into the cup with your fingers or the brack
of the spoon. Level with the rim of the cup. It should be pressed
firmly because of the moisture of brown sugar unlike white sugar
2. Brown sugar should hold the shape of the cup when it is turned out

> Measuring sour cream and yogurt

1. Spoon sour cream, yogurt or shortening into a dry measuring cup,
then level the top by sweeping a metal spatula or flat side of a knife
across the top of the cup

>Measuring Butter
1. The wrappers for stick of butter come with marking for tablespoons.
USe a knife to cut off the desired amount
Calculate cost of production
Principles of Costing
● Markup - is the amount added to the price cost. It can also be stated
as permanent amount or as percentage of the total cost
● Selling Price - is the price at which a product or service is sold
● Purchase Cost - is the price a buyer pays for the food bought
● Total cost - is the total cost of production

Calculating Markup:
Markup = Selling price - purchase price

Kitchen Layout
U-Shaped Kitchen
● Popular in large and small homes alike
● Perfect for families who use their kitchens a great deal
● Efficent work triangel

L-shaped Kitchen
● Very flexible layout design
● Major appliances can be places in a variety of areas
● Work areas are close to each other
● Can easily convert to a U-shpaed with a cabinet leg addition

G-shaped kitchen
● Very much like U-shaped kitchen with the addition of an elongated
partial wall
● Plenty of counter and cabinet space
● Ideal for larger families needing extra storage space

Corridor/Galley Kitchen
● Simple and is typically reserved for long, narrow kitchens with door

Single Wall/ Pullmans Kitchen

 ● Kitchen layout that features cabinets and appliances located against
a single wall

Island Option
● Provides additional workspace/counter space and storage in the
center of your kitchen

Types of fire Esqtinguisher

Class A
● Cloth
● Wood
● Ruber
● Paper
● plastics
Class B
● Gasoline
● Grease
● oil
Class C
● Eelctrical fires
Class D
● Combustible metal
Class K
● Kitchen fires

Beauty Care
USE OF NAILCARE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
NAIL CARE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS MANICURE TRAY
TOOLS are articles used in any nail care - A flat container where all the necessary
service which are durable or permanent and tools and implements are placed for use by
are handheld. Tools are also referred to as the manicurist.
implements.
NAIL CUTTER / NAIL CLIPPER / NAIL
TRIMMER
- A hand tool made of metal used to trim
fingernails and toenails.
CUTICLE NAIL PUSHER
- Used to push back and loosen the
cuticles.
CUTICLE NIPPER
- Used to cut the cuticles.
CUTICLE SCISSORS
- Used to cut stubborn cuticles
NAIL BUFFER
- Used for smoothening and polishing the
nails
NAIL FILE
An implement used to shape the free
edges of the nail with the coarse side and
bevel the nail with the finer side.
ORANGEWOOD STICK
An implement with pointed and rounded
ends to remove excess polish
MANICURE NAIL BRUSH
A plastic brush with nylon bristles used to
clean dirt and cosmetic residue from the nail
surface and skin
PEDICURE NAIL BRUSH
A tool used to remove cosmetics and
cleanse nails
FINGER OR MANICURE BOWL
A small bowl use for soaking the fingers
to soften the cuticles.
Nail Structure and Conditions
FOOT SPA BASIN
A large rectangular container used for
bathing and soaking the feet when giving a
pedicure.
CALLUS REMOVER
Designed to strip off calluses and
corns.
FOOT FILE
made of metal or sandpaper, with a rough
file on one side to remove calluses and a
fine file on the other to smoothen the feet.
PUMICE STONE
A type of volcanic rock, that removes dry
and annoying skin of the feet as well as
calluses.
MIXING BOWL
A small open-top, rounded cup-like
container used for mixing the aromatic oils
and other fluids for the hand or foot spa.
CONTAINER FOR COTTON
A small receptacle for cotton.
SUPPLY TRAY
A flat container that holds the necessary
cosmetics and implements
TROLLEY
A wheeled cart that is pushed by hand
and used for transporting manicuring and
pedicuring tools and materials.
MATERIALS are cosmetics and supplies
that are consumed and should be replaced
from time to time. They are also called
consumables.
 ● Finger nail is produced by living skin cells in the finger. It is a plate
of kratom that lies on the tips of the fingers and toes.
Three Main parts of Nail
● Nail Body - it is composed of densely packed dead keratinocytres.
● Free Edge - tip part of the fingernail or toenail
● Nail root - this is also known as the germinal matrix, its edge
appears as white crescent, known as the LUNULA a pearly colored
half-moon shape

Nail Disorder
● Are conditions caused by injury to the nails, diseases or imbalances
in the body

Bluish Nail
● Appears blue in color which reveals the body is not getting enough
oxygen (heart disorder or poor blood circulation)

Bruised Nail
● Result to trauma to the nail plate
Corrugations
● Wavy ridges caused by uneven growth of the nails

Hangnails
● Split cuticles;loose skin separates from the cuticle

Oilonychia or Spoon nail

● Nails with concave shape caused through iron deficiency anemia
Onychatrophia
● A atrophy or wasting away of the nail

Onychophagy or Bitten Nails

● Caused by nervous habits and stress related

Nail Designs
a) Plain - it is the traditional application of nail polish to the entire nail
plate
b) French Tip - involves the application of colored polish over the
whole part of the nail except the area of the free-edge

c) Half-moon - applying of nail polish over the whole plate except the
area of lunula

d) Half-moon with tip - application of colored polish over the whole

plate except the area of lunula and free edge
 e) Elephant Tusk - style that involves the application of nail polish to
create S curve, leaving slightly larger gap along the nail walls

Common workplace hazards

>Electrical hazard
>Control hazard
● Always check any electrical equipment before use
● Have and electrician to check the workplace
● Do not use broken or damaged electrical equipment
● When adjusting or cleaning equipment, switch off the power
● Do not touch equipment with wet hands or use wet cloth to clean
sockets
>Chemical Hazard
● Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
● Maximal Allowable Concentration (MCL)
Workplace controls
> Sterilization is the process of destroying all living microorganisms.
> Sanitization is the process of destroying some microorganisms to a safe level.

DRAFTING
Prepare Drafting Materials and Tools/Drawing Instrument
● Assembly drawing- a drawing that shows how different parts go
together.
● Compass- an instrument used when drawing arcs and circles.
Delivery receipt- a form that shows proof or receipt of goods or
services.
● Detailed drawing - a drawing showing a single part of a machine.
● Dimensioning - the process of placing measurements in a drawing in
the metric or english system.
● Divider- a drawing instrument used when transferring
measurements, dividing lines, arcs into the desired number of equal
parts.
● Drawing - a picture, diagram made of lines, a graphic representation
of real thing, an idea or a design for production or construction.
● Drawing pencil - one of the most important tools of a draftsman,
used for drawing.
● English system - a system of linear measurement where it is based
on standard foot.
● Erasing shield - used when clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines.
● Geometrical construction - the process wherein geometric problems
are solved accurately in mechanical drawing.
● Mechanical drafting - a process for making accurate drawings using
special drawing tools and instruments
● Metric system - a system of linear measurement which is based on
the standard meter.
● Orthographic drawing - the object is presented into two or more
views by projecting the outline into the planes of projection
perpendicular to each other.
● Pictorial view- the presentation of an object where it is viewed
showing the three faces of an object are shown.
● Protractor - used for determining gradations of the degrees when
measuring arcs and circles.
● Requisition form - an official form, a printed document on which a
request is made.

ALPHABET OF LINES
3 types of line weights
● Thick lines
● Medium thick line
 ● Thin line

ALPHABET OF LINES
● Visible Line - a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline
of the object
● Hidden Line - a medium thick line; it represents the surface or edges
that cannot be seen
● Center Line - a thin line; it represents the axis or center of
symmetrical
● Section Line - a thin line to show the surface that has been cut
● Extension Line - a thin line that extends from the object in order to
show dimension limits
● Dimension Line - a thin line; sued to indicate the measurements of
the object
● Long-break Line - a medium thick line; used to limits the length of an
elongated object without changing the size of its view
● Short break Line - a thick line drawn in freehand to show details that
a part has been cut off or broken out
● Leader Line - a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end
and short horizontal on the other end
● Phantom Line - a thin line that shows positions of part of an object
that moves drawn by two short dashes and one long dash
● Cutting plane Line - thick lines used to indicate and imaginary cut
through an object along the line

CONVERT ENGLISH TO METRIC MEASUREMENTS SYSTEM AND VICE

VERSA
> Measurements
Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate
measurement would mean waste of time, effort and materials. The
development of the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read
measurements
An orthographic or pictorial view of an object cannot be used as working
guide in construction of an object without complete and accurate
dimensions

TWO TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

● English System (England)
● Metric System (France)

>Millimeters mm
>Centimeters cm
>Decimeters dm
>Meters m

Metric System of Measurement

>10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
>10 centimeters (cm) = 1 decimeter (dm)
>10 decimeter (dm) = 1 meter (m)
> 10 meters (m) = 1 decameter (Dm)
>10 decameter (Dm) = 1 hectometer (Hm)
> 10 hectometer (Hm) = 1 kilometer (km)
> 10 kilometer (km) = 1 myriameter (Mn)