Batch No7 May.

Sir C.R.
Reddy College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
A Project Report on
INCREASING STRENGTH CHARACTERISITCS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

BY ADDING ADMIXTURE OF BANANA FIBERS, BAGGAGESH WITH
STABILIZATION
Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
B. UDAY KIRAN 20B81A0104
G. J.N. ANJANEYULU 20B81A0113
K. PRIYANKA 20B81A0119
M.CH.V. BHAGAVAN 20B81A0132
G. DEEPAK 21B85A0109
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
G. HIMA BINDU, M. TECH
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering
SIR C R REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ELURU

Affiliated to JNTUK University
(2020-2024)
Sir C.R. Reddy College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
SIR C. R. REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Affiliated to JNTUK University ELURU-534007
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
This is to certify that the project work entitled “Improving Strength Characteristics
Of Black Cotton Soil By Adding Admixtures Of Banana Fibers Baggasgesh With
Stabilization” is being submitted by

G.J. N. ANJANEYULU 20B81A0113
During this Academic Year (2023-2024) in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
“Bachelor of Technology” in Civil Engineering in Sir C R Reddy College of
Engineering, Eluru the results embodied in the project have not been submitted to any
other University or Institutions for the award of any degree or diploma.
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work described in this project entitled “Incresing
Strength Characteristics Of Black Cotton Soil By Adding Of Banana Fibers,
Baggagesgh With Stabilization” which is being submitted by us in partial fulfilment of
the award of “Bachelor of Technology” in Civil Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College
of Engineering, Eluru, is the result of study carried out by us under the guidance of
Ms.G.HIMA BINDU,M.TECH Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru,.The is work. The work is original and
has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the awardof any degree
or diploma.
.
Place: Eluru
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take the opportunity to express out a profound thanks and a deep sense of
gratitude to our guide MS.G.HIMA BINDU, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Sir C.R.Reddy College of Engineering , Eluru, who permitted us to carry
out our bachelor of engineering project work under his able guidance. His keen interest,
guidance, help and sustaining encouragement have always been inspiring. We express
our deep-seated sense of obligation to him as he made it possible for us to submit the
thesis in the present form.
It gives us great pleasure to express our heartfelt gratitude to the Head of the
Department Mr. C.Ramesh Dutt, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sir
C.R. Reddy College of Engineering Eluru, for his guidance, professional suggestions,
thought provoking discussions, patience and endless help. His guidance in performing
our Research study, thesis documentation and developing presentation skills are greatly
acknowledged.
We express our deep and sincere gratitude to Dr. K.Venkateswara Rao, Principal
of Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, for the esteemed guidance and
encouragement.
We would like to thank all our teachers, especially G.HIMA BINDHU,

M.TECH madam for guiding us throughout the project in Geotechnical Lab,
Department of Civil Engineering, SIR C.R REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING for providing us with required laboratory facilities
We are graceful to entire Department teaching and non-teaching staff who

involved directly or indirectly in making our project a great success.

ABSTRACT
Black cotton type soils are a particular type of soil which are almost clayey soils.
When they absorb the process of expansion takes place and they shrink when they dry
out. The swelling process generates hydraulic pressure which results in the heaving or
lifting of the structure. Whereas differential settlement can be caused by the process
of shrinkage. Due to the shrinkage and swelling process, many buildings and
pavements which are placed on such soils are exposed to danger. Thus, the technique
of stabilization is made for enhancing the properties of soil to avoid the mentioned
risk. 20% of Indian land covers the black soil, which is around 0.8msqkm.
The experiments are done in the laboratory by using Banana fiber, sugarcane
bagasse we can take the different percentages for different admixtures for banana fiber
0.8%, 1.4%, 2.0% and 2.6% for sugarcane bagasse the admixture percentages are
0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% adding in the black cotton soil. Light compaction test the
MDD is 1.826 g/cc and the Optimum moisture content is 6.226% in basic soil after
the combination of banana fiber the MDD is 1.49 g/cc and the Optimum moisture
content is 23.47%. The specific gravity(G) of 2.66 with the black cotton soil.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Composition of Admixtures ............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Properties of Admixtures ................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 4

CHAPTER-3: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 6
3.1 Sieve Analysis .............................................................................................................. ... 7
3.2 Specific Gravity ............................................................................................................ ... 9
3.3 Liquid Limit .................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Plastic Limit .................................................................................................................... 12
3.5 Compaction Test ...............................................................................................................13
3.6 Unconfined compression test .......................................................................................... 15
3.7 CBR test ...........................................................................................................................17
3.8 Compaction Test with Admixtures ...................................................................................19
3.9 Compaction Test with banana fiber and sugarcane baggash…………………………….21
CHAPTER-4: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Sieve Analysis without Admixtures ................................................................................. 23
4.2 Specific Gravity without Admixtures .............................................................................. 24
4.3 Atterberg’s without admixtures ....................................................................................... 25-26
4.3.1 liquid limit without admixture
4.3.2 plastic limit without admixture
4.4 Compaction Test without Admixtures ........................................................................... 27
4.5 Unconfined compression test without admixtures ........................................................ 28
4.6 CBR Test without admixture…………………………………………………………..29
4.7 Compaction test with admixture of banana fiber ........................................................ 30
4.8 Unconfined compression Test with admixture of banana fiber.....................................33
4.9 CBR Test with admixture of banana fiber…………………………………………….39
4.10 compaction test with sugarcane baggash and banana fiber…………………………..41
4.11 Unconfined test with sugarcane baggash and banana fiber………………………….43
4.12 CBR test with sugarcane baggash and banana fiber
CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………
CHAPTER-6:REFERENCES ..................
ii
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Black cotton soils are inorganic soils from medium to high compressibility
and frame a real soil gather in India. In the rainy season, black cotton soil absorbs
water heavily which results in swelling and softening of soil. In the summer season
reduction in water, content shrinks and produces cracks. These soils possess weak
properties due to the presence of a clay mineral known as Montmorillonite. The
typical behaviour of soil results in the failure of structure in the form of settlement
cracks etc. so the construction is very difficult. Various scientists and researchers tried
to improve the properties of black cotton soil by using different admixtures and waste
materials. L.B.Patil and S.S.Pusadkar et.al. performed an experimental study on the
utilization of rural waste marginally enhances the properties of local soil
The types of admixtures are depends on the soil stabilizations. Physical and
mechanical types of soil stabilization include five different types of techniques
namely; compaction, pre-wetting, wetting-drying cycles, reinforcement and solid
wastes. In the wake of examining the written works on soil adjustment utilizing
different added substances, it has been chosen to pick the materials as soil stabilizers
which are financial and which are available in nature. Sugarcane bagasse ash and
Banana fiber as best appropriate to try different things with expansive soil for
adjustment. The fundamental purposes behind picking these materials are
• They are practical as they are waste items.

• They don't have critical use in any gainful work.
• They have a transfer issue.
• They are locally accessible.
• Sugarcane bagasse fibre
The sugarcane bagasse ash influences the quality of cement. It has a good chemical
composition and physical properties such as fineness, expansion, setting time and
compressive strength. The best composition of sugarcane bagasse ash as substitution
material in cement was 9% in weight of the total weight of the base material.
1
1.1 COMPOSITION OF SUGARECANE BAGASSE

TABLE NO:1 Chemical properties of Sugarcane bagasse
S.No Parameter Value (%)

1 Silica (SiO2) 62.43
2 Alumina (Al2O3) 4.38
3 Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 6.98
4 Lime (CaO) 11.8
5 Magnesia (MgO) 2.51
1.2 PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBERS

TABLE NO:1NO:2 properties of banana fibers
TABLE
SL.NO PARAMETERS VALUES
1 29.98
Tenacity(g/denier)
2 Fineness 17.17
3 Moisture Content (%) 13.00
4 Elongation 6.54
5 Alco-ben Extractives (%) 1.70
6 Total Cellulose (%) 81.80
7 Alpha Cellulose (%) 61.50
8 Residual Gum (%) 41.90
9 Lignin (%) 15.00
10 Tensile Strength (Mpa) 529-914
11 Specific Tensile Strength 392-677
12 Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 27-32
13 Specific Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 20-24
2
14 Failure Strain (%) 1.3
15 Density (Kg/m) 750-950
16 Length (ft) 3-4
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET FOR BANANA FIBER
1.Banana fiber has its own physical and chemical characteristics and many other
properties that make it a fine quality fiber.
2.The Appearance of banana fiber is similar to that of bamboo fiher and ramie fiber, but
its fineness and spinnability is better than the two.
3.The chemical composition of banana fiber is cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
It is highly strong fiber.
4.It has somewhat shiny appearance depending upon the extraction & spinning process.
It has smaller elongation.
5.It has strong moisture absorption quality. It absorbs as well as releases moisture very
fast.
6.It is light weight.
7.It is bio-degradable and has no negative effect on environment and thus can be
categorized as eco- friendly fiber.
8.Its average fineness is 2400Nm.
9.It can be spun through almost all the methods of spinning including ring spinning,
open-end spinning, bast fiber spinning, and semi-worsted spinning among others.
3
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Babu G.L.S., (2012) - This study investigates the effectiveness of sugarcane bagasse
ash in improving the properties of expansive soils. It may provide insights into the use
of sugarcane bagasse ash as an admixture in soil stabilization.
2. Olufemi G.B., (2019) - This research explores the influence of banana fiber on the
engineering properties of lateritic soil. It can offer valuable information on the
potential benefits of using banana fiber as an admixture in soil stabilization.
3. Venkatappa Rao G., (2014) - This study investigates the impact of sugarcane
bagasse ash on the engineering properties of expansive clay. It may provide relevant
data on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash in soil stabilization projects.
4. Shashikant R.M., (2017) - This research explores the utilization of banana fiber as
a reinforcement material in soil stabilization. It can offer insights into the effects of
banana fiber on soil characteristics and stability.
5. Ramesh H., (2015) - This study investigates the combined effect of sugarcane
bagasse ash and lime on stabilizing expansive soil. It may provide useful information
on the synergistic effects of different stabilizers in soil improvement.
6. Mahesh K.P., (2018) - This study investigates the influence of banana fiber on the
strength and swelling characteristics of expansive soil. It may provide valuable data
on the potential of banana fiber as a soil stabilizer.
7. Kumar A., (2016) - This research explores the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a
partial replacement for cement in soil stabilization. It can offer insights into the
mechanical properties and durability of stabilized soils.
8. Reddy K.R., (2013) - This study investigates the improvement of engineering

properties of expansive clayey soil through the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse
4
ash. It may provide relevant data on the effects of sugarcane bagasse ash on soil
stabilization.
9. Singh D.B., (2015) - This research examines the enhancement of soil properties
through stabilization with banana fiber. It can offer insights into the mechanical
behaviour and durability of banana fiber-stabilized soils.
10. Tiwari S., (2019) - This study investigates the geotechnical properties of expansive
soil treated with sugarcane bagasse ash and lime. It may provide relevant data on the
effectiveness of combined stabilizers in mitigating the swell-shrink behaviour of
expansive soils.
5
CHAPTER -3: METHODOLOGY

FLOW CHART:-
TITLE
SELECTION
SEARCHING FOR JOURNALS
SELECTION OF SOILS
ADMIXTURE
ISLIGHT UCS,CBR,IS
ATTERBERGS
LIMIT COMPATCION LIGHT
,UCS,CBR COMPACTION
WITH
ADMIXTURE
RESULT
6
3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS (IS 2720-Part 4)

Apparatus:
1. Sieves (4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 425µm, 300µm, 150µm,

75µm)
2. Weighing balance
3. Wire brush
Procedure:
1. Keep the given representative sample of soil in the oven for 24 hours.
2. Pulverize the oven-dried sample by using the mortar & rubber pestle &
sieve it on the 4.75mm sieve. Take about 1000g of the fraction of the soil
passing a 4.75mm sieve & retained it on a 75mm sieve for the sieve analysis.
3. Soak a sample of 1kg in the water for a period of 24 hours.
4. After 24 hours transfer the sample to the set of sieves & sieve it under a jet
of water.
5. Take the following set of sieves & to stack them one over in the order of
arrangement 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 425µ, 300µ, 150µ, 75µ,
pan.
6. Dry the sample for a period of 24 hours & sieve it by using the stack of
sieves.
7. Weigh the residue retained in each sieve & note down the values.
8. Compute the percentage retained on each sieve by dividing the weight

retained on each sieve by the original weight of the sample taken for the
analysis.
9. Compute the percentage finer by starting with 100% by subtracting the
percentage retained on each sieve accumulative procedure.
10. Draw a graph between the percentage finer drawn to the natural scale on the
y-axis & the particle size drawn to the logarithmic scale on the x-axis then
the plot is called a PSD curve.
7
TABLE NO:3 Particle size classification
Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Coarse Medium Fine
Grain size range in mm
>4.75 4.75-2 2-0.425 0.425- 0.0075- <0.002
0.075 0.002
NOTE:
The reason for doing the wet sieve analysis is the clay particle in their field state got
clumped together & may look like a single grain in dry sieve analysis it is impossible
to screen them but in wet sieve analysis, these particles got separated under the force
of water jet.
Figure: sieve analysis
8
3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST (IS 2720-part 3)

APPARATUS:
1. Weighing Balance
2. 75microns IS sieve
3. Pycnometer
PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 200gms of oven-dried soil samples passing through 75 microns IS

sieves.
2. Weigh the empty density bottle with a stopper & note it as W₁ g.
3. Pour the soil into the container up to some depth & weigh it as W₂ g.
4. Fill the container with water up to the neck & place the stopper. Leave it for a
period of 45 minutes undisturbed.
5. After the period weigh the container & note it as W₃ g.
6. Clean the container & fill it with water & weigh it as W₄ g.
FORMULA:
Specific Gravity (Gs) = (W₂-W₁) / ((W₂-W₁)- (W₃-W₄))
NOTE: Generally, the specific gravity for soil varies from 2.6 to 2.7
Figure: pycnometer
9
3.3 LIQUID LIMIT (IS 2720-Part 5)
The liquid limit is the water content in which the soil changes from a liquid state
to a plastic state. For determination, purpose liquid limit may be defined as the
water content at which a standard groove made in a part of soil placed in the cup
of a standard liquid limit device, closes over a distance of about 13mm when the
cup drops 25 times from a height of 10mm on a hard rubber base.
Apparatus:
1. Casagrande’s liquid limit device

2. 425 microns IS sieve
3. Distilled water
4. Grooving tool
5. Spatula
6. Balance
7. Water content cans
8. Oven
Procedure:
1. Take about 250g of air-dried soil sample passing 425µ IS sieve in a

porcelain evaporating dish.
2. Add a small quantity of distilled water & carefully mix it thoroughly
distilled water to form a uniform paste.
3. Adjust the cup of the liquid limit apparatus to give a drop of exactly
10mm on the point of contact on the base.
4. Place a portion of the past in the cup. Smooth the surface with a spatula
to a maximum depth of 10mm. By using a grooving tool, cut a clean,
straight groove that completely separates the soil pat into two parts.
5. Rotate the handle at a rate of 2 revolutions per second & count the
number of blows until the two parts of the sample cone are in contact at
the bottom of the groove over a distance of 13mm. Record the number
of blows.
10
6. Take about 25g of the soil from the closed part of the groove for
determination of water content.
7. Transfer the remaining soil in the cup to the main soil sample in the
evaporating dish. Then mix thoroughly after adding a small amount of
water.
8. Repeat steps 4 to 7. Obtain at least five sets of reading in the range of
not less than 10 or more than 40 blows.
As per IS 2720, the water content for the 25 blows is taken as the liquid limit of the
given soil
Sample. So the liquid limit (W₁) for the given soil sample is 40%.
Figure: Casagrande’s liquid limit
11
3.4 PLASTIC LIMIT
The plastic limit is the water content at which the soil changes from a
plastic state to a semi-solid state. For the determination purpose, the plastic limit
is defined as the water content at which soil will just begin to crumble when
rolled into a thread of 3mm diameter.
Apparatus:
1. Flat glass plat

2. Distilled water
3. Rod of 3mm diameter
4. 100mm length
5. Weighing balance
Procedure:
1. Take about 20g of air-dried sample passing through 425 microns IS

sieve.
2. Mix thoroughly with distilled water on the glass plate until it is plastic
enough to be shaped into a small ball.
3. Take about 10g of plastic soil mass & roll it between the hand & the
glass plate
& to form a soil mass into a thread. If the thread becomes a diameter of
less than 3mm without cracks, it shows that the water added is more
than the plastic limit; hence the soil is kneaded further & rolls it once
again.
4. Repeat this rolling & remoulding process until the thread starts just
crumbling at a diameter of 3mm.
5. If crumbling starts before the 3mm thread, it shows that the water added
is less than the plastic limit of the soil; hence some more water is to be
added & mixed to a uniform mass & roll it again until the thread starts
crumbling at a diameter of 3mm.
6. Collect the crumbled pieces of soil at a 3mm diameter in an air-tight
container & determine moisture content.
7. Repeat the test two or three times to take an average value.
12
3.5 STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST (LIGHT

COMPACTION) OMC & MDD determination. (IS 2720 part 8)
Apparatus:
1. Proctor’s cylindrical compaction mould of 15cm diameter & 12.775cm

height with a removable collar & base plate.
2. Compaction rammer of weight 4.89kg.
3. 4.75mm IS sieve.
4. Steel straight edge.
5. Balance.
6. Oven.
7. Water content containers.
8. Mixing equipment.
9. Sample extruder.
Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty proctor mould (W₁ g) & also determine the volume
(V).
2. Fix the mould to the Base plate & attach the collar to the mould apply a
thin layer of oil to the inside surface of the mould & the collar.
3. Take about 3kg of air-dried soil which is pulverized & passed through a
4.75mm sieve.
4. Add to this soil a certain initial percentage of water based on the dry
weight sprinkle this water uniformly on the soil & mix it carefully.
5. Divide the wet soil into five equal parts fill the mould with one part of
the soil & compaction it with 25 evenly distributed blows with the
rammer.
6. Repeat the above process with the second, third, fourth & fifth parts of
the soil.
7. Before each subsequent layer of the soil is placed the top of the
previously compacted layer is scratched with a spatula. This ensures a
thorough bonding of one layer with the other. The mould is thus filled
with all five soil layers.
13
8. Detach the mould from the base plate remove the collar & trim the soil
from the top of the mould. If there is any difficulty in removing the
collar, take a spatula & trim along the bottom edge of the collar until it
comes off easily.
9. Weigh the mould with the compacted soil (W₂ g), after removing the
soil sticking to the mould (trimmings).
10. To extrude the soil specimen from the mould using the sample extruder.
After the sampler has come out, split & take a small quantity of soil
from the middle layer of the sample for water content determination.
11. After weighing the cans with soil samples, keep them in a hot air oven
for 24 hours to determine the water content.
12. Repeat this procedure by taking a fresh sample of soil each time &
adding water to it with increments varying between 2% & 4% until;
based on the wet weight, a peak value is obtained by at least two lesser
compacted weights. The readings are to be recorded in a table.
13. The weight of the moisture cans with oven-dried soil is taken the next
day & the average water content (w) is determined for each test. The
values are to be recorded in a table.
14. The dry density is calculated from the formula
Dry Density = (W/V)/ (1+w) = (W₂-W₁)/V (1+w)
Graph: Plot the water content on X-axis & dry density on Y-axis, and draw the
smooth, compaction curve.
Figures: compaction test
14
3.6 DETERMINATION OF UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF

SOIL BY UNCONFINED COMPRESSION (UCS) TEST As per IS
2720 (Part X)-1985
AIM:
To determine undrained cohesive strength of given cohesive soil sample.
APPARATUS:
1. Unconfined compression apparatus (screw jack with spring load measuring device),
2. Sampling tube
3. Split mould
4. Sample extractor,
5. Oven,
6. Balance, and
7. Vernier calipers.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN:
1. Undisturbed cylindrical specimen may be cut from bigger sample obtained from the
field.
2. Remoulded sample may be prepared by compacting the soil at the desired water
content and dry density.
PROCEDURE:
1) The initial length, diameter and weight of the specimen shall be measured and the
specimen placed on the bottom plate of loading device. The upper plate shall be
adjusted to make the contact with the specimen.
2) The deformation dial gauge shall be adjusted to a suitable reading, preferably in
multiples of 100. Force shall be applied so as to produce axial strain at a rate of 0.5 to
2% per minute causing failure with 5 to 10. The force reading shall be taken at suitable
intervals of the deformation dial reading.
3) The specimen shall be compressed until the failure surfaces have definitely
developed, or the stress-strain curve is reached its peak, or until an axial strain of 20%
is reached.
4) The failure pattern shall be sketched carefully and shown on the data sheet or on the
sheet presenting the stress-strain plot. The angle between the failure surface and the
horizontal may be measured, if possible, and reported.
15
5) Determine the moisture content of the soil samples taken from the failure zone of the
specimen.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Two ends of the specimen should be perpendicular to the long axis of the specimen.
2) The loading of the sample should be at constant rate.
3) Remoulded specimen should be prepared at the same moisture content and density
as of undisturbed sample.
Figure: Unconfined compression
16
3.7 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (IS 2720Part 16)
AIM: To determine California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of given soil specimen.

APPARATUS:
1. Loading machine: This is compression machine, which can operate at a constant rate
of 1.25 mm per minute. A metal penetration piston or plunger of diameter 50 mm is
attached to the loading machine.
2. Cylindrical mould: Mould of 150 mm diameter and 175 mm height provided with a
collar of about 50 mm length and a detachable base. A spacer disc of 148 mm diameter
and 47.7 mm thickness is used to obtain a specimen of exactly 127.3 mm height
3.Compaction Rammer
4. Annular weight: In order to simulate the effect of the overlying pavement weight,
annular weights each of 2.5 kg weight and 147 mm diameter are placed on the top of
the specimen, at the time of testing the sample, as surcharge.
PROCEDURE:
1. Remoulded soil specimen is compacted by dynamic compaction. The preparation

of soil specimens by dynamic compaction or ramming is more commonly adopted and
is explained below. About 4.5 kg material is dried and sieved in 20 mm sieve. If a
noteworthy proportion of material is retained on 20 mm sieve, allowance for larger size
materials is made by replacing it by an equal weight of material passing 20 mm sieve
and retained on 4.75 mm sieve. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density of soil are determined by adopting either IS light compaction (Proctor
compaction) or IS heavy compaction (modified Proctor or AASHTO compaction) as
per the requirement 5.5 kg weight for granular soils and 4.5 kg weight for fine grained
soils is mixed with water up to the optimum moisture content or the field moisture
content if specified so. The spacer disc is placed at the bottom of the mould over the
base plate and a course filter paper is placed over the spacer disc. The moist soil sample
is to be compacted over this in the mould by adopting either IS light compaction or IS
heavy compaction.
(i) For IS light compaction, the soil to be compacted is divided in to three equal parts;
the soil is compacted in three equal layers, each of compacted thickness about 44 mm
by applying 56 evenly distributed blows of 2.6 kg rammer (ii) For IS heavy
compaction, the soil is divided in to five equal parts; the soil is compacted in five equal
17
layers, each of compacted thickness about 26.5 mm by applying 55 evenly distributed

blows of the 4.89 kg rammer. After compaction the last layer, the collar is removed and
the excess soil above the top of the mould is evenly trimmed off by means of the
straight edge. Any hole that develops on the surface due to the removal of coarse
particles during trimming may be patched with smaller size material. 2. The clamps are
removed and the mould with the compacted soil is lifted leaving below the perforated
base plate and the spacer disc, which is removed. 3. The mould with the compacted
soil is weighed. A filter paper is placed on the perforated over the base plate (such that
the top of the soil sample is now placed over the base plate) and the clamps of the base
plate are tightened. Another filter paper is placed on the top surface of the sample and
the perforated plate with adjustable stem is placed over it. 4. Surcharge weights of 2.5
or 5.0 kg weight are placed over the perforated plate and the whole mould with the
weights is placed under the penetration plunger of the loading machine. The
penetration plunger is seated at the center of the specimen and is brought in contact
with the top surface of the soil sample by applying a seating load of 40 kg. 5. The dial
gauge for measuring the penetration values of the plunger is fitted in position. 6. The
dial gauge of the proving ring (for load readings) and the penetration dial gauge are set
to zero. 7. The load is applied through the penetration plunger at a uniform rate of 1.25
mm/min. The load readings are recorded at penetration readings of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5,
2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm. In case the load readings start decreasing
before 12.5 mm penetration, the maximum load value and the corresponding
penetration value are recorded. After the final reading the load is released and the
mould is removed from the loading machine. The proving ring calibration factor is
noted so that the load dial values can be converted into load in kg. About 5 kg of soil
is collected from the top three cm depth of soil sample for the determination of moisture
content.
18
3.8 STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST WITH

ADMIXTURE OF BANANA FIBRE (LIGHT COMPACTION) OMC
& MDD determination (IS 2720 part 8)
Apparatus:
1. Proctor’s cylindrical compaction mould of 15cm diameter & 12.775cm height with
a removable collar & base plate.
3. 4.75mm IS sieve.
5. Balance.
6. Oven.
9. Sample extruder.
Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty proctor mould (W₁ g) & also determine the volume (V).
2. Fix the mould to the Base plate & attach the collar to the mould apply a thin layer
of oil to the inside surface of the mould & the collar.
3. Take about 3kg of air-dried soil which is pulverized & passed through a 4.75mm
sieve.
4. Add 0.8%,1.4%, 2.0%, and 2.6% banana fibre to black cotton soil separately and
add to this soil a certain initial percentage of water based on the dry weight sprinkle
this water uniformly on the soil & mix it carefully.
5. Divide the wet soil into five equal parts fill the mould with one part of the soil &
compaction it with 25 evenly distributed blows with the rammer.
6. Repeat the above process with the second, third, fourth & fifth parts of the soil.
7. Before each subsequent layer of the soil is placed the top of the previously
compacted layer is scratched with a spatula. This ensures a thorough bonding of one
layer with the other. The mould is thus filled with all five soil layers.
19
8. Detach the mould from the base plate remove the collar & trim the soil from the
top of the mould. If there is any difficulty in removing the collar, take a spatula & trim
along the bottom edge of the collar until it comes off easily.
9. Weigh the mould with the compacted soil (W₂ g), after removing the soil sticking
to the mould (trimmings).
10. To extrude the soil specimen from the mould using the sample extruder. After the
sampler has come out, split & take a small quantity of soil from the middle layer of
the sample for water content determination.
11. After weighing the cans with soil samples, keep them in a hot air oven for 24 hours
to determine the water content.
12. Repeat this procedure by taking a fresh sample of soil each time & adding water
to it with increments varying between 2% & 4% until; based on the wet weight, a peak
value is obtained by at least two lesser compacted weights. The readings are to be
recorded in a table.
13. The weight of the moisture cans with oven-dried soil is taken the next day & the
average water content (w) is determined for each test. The values are to be recorded
in a table.
Graph:
Plot the water content on X-axis & dry density on Y-axis, and draw the smooth curve
called the compaction curve.
20

ADMIXTURE OF BANANA FIBRE & SUGARCANE BAGGASH
(LIGHT COMPACTION) OMC & MDD determination (IS 2720 part
8)
Apparatus:
1. Proctor’s cylindrical compaction mould of 15cm diameter & 12.775cm height with
a removable collar & base plate.
3. 4.75mm IS sieve.
5. Balance.
6. Oven.
9. Sample extruder.
Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty proctor mould (W₁ g) & also determine the volume (V).
2. Fix the mould to the Base plate & attach the collar to the mould apply a thin layer
of oil to the inside surface of the mould & the collar.
3. Take about 3kg of air-dried soil which is pulverized & passed through a 4.75mm
sieve.
4. Add 0.8%,1.4%,2.0%, and 2.6 banana fibre & %0.5%,1.5% and 1.0% sugarcane
baggash to black cotton soil separately and add to this soil a certain initial percentage
of water based on the dry weight sprinkle this water uniformly on the soil & mix it
carefully.
5. Divide the wet soil into five equal parts fill the mould with one part of the soil &
compaction it with 25 evenly distributed blows with the rammer.
6. Repeat the above process with the second, third, fourth & fifth parts of the soil.
21
7. Before each subsequent layer of the soil is placed the top of the previously
compacted layer is scratched with a spatula. This ensures a thorough bonding of one
layer with the other. The mould is thus filled with all five soil layers.
8. Detach the mould from the base plate remove the collar & trim the soil from the
top of the mould. If there is any difficulty in removing the collar, take a spatula & trim
along the bottom edge of the collar until it comes off easily.
9. Weigh the mould with the compacted soil (W₂ g), after removing the soil sticking
to the mould (trimmings).
10. To extrude the soil specimen from the mould using the sample extruder. After the
sampler has come out, split & take a small quantity of soil from the middle layer of
the sample for water content determination.
11. After weighing the cans with soil samples, keep them in a hot air oven for 24 hours
to determine the water content.
12. Repeat this procedure by taking a fresh sample of soil each time & adding water
to it with increments varying between 2% & 4% until; based on the wet weight, a peak
value is obtained by at least two lesser compacted weights. The readings are to be
recorded in a table.
13. The weight of the moisture cans with oven-dried soil is taken the next day & the
average water content (w) is determined for each test. The values are to be recorded
in a table.
Graph: Plot the water content on X-axis & dry density on Y-axis, and draw the smooth
curve called the compaction curve.
22
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Sieve analysis without admixtures
TABLE NO:4 sieve analysis

S.NO IS MASS CUMMLATIVE CUMULATIVE %
SIEVES RETAINED MASS % FINER
SIZE RETAINED RETAINED
[MM]
1 4.75 000 0 0 100.0

2 2.25 015 1.5 1.5 98.5
3 1.18 072 7.2 8.7 91.3
4 600µ 132 13.2 21.9 78.1
5 425µ 158 15.8 37.7 62.7
6 300µ 096 9.6 47.3 52.7
7 150µ 281 28.1 75.4 24.6
8 75µ 113 11.3 86.7 13.3
9 Pan 133 13.3 100 0
sieve analysis
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Graph no:1 sieve analysis
23
4.2 Specific gravity without admixtures

Table no:5 Specific gravity
S.NO PARTICULARS TRAIL- TRAIL- TRAIL-
1 2 3
1 Weight Of Pycnometer 0.632 0.632 0.632
2 Weight Of Pycnometer + Dry Soil 0.930 0.927 0.929
3 Weight Of Pycnometer + Soil+ water 1.623 1.634 1.625
4 Weight Of Pycnometer+ water 1.441 1.445 1.440
5 Calculation Of Specific Gravity 2.56 2.78 2.65
6 Average (G) 2.66
Calculations:
Specific gravity of the soil (G) = (W2-W1) / ((W2-W1) – (W3-W4)) =2.66
24
4.3 Atterberg's without admixtures
4.3.1 Liquid limit without admixtures
Table no:6 Liquid limit
TRAIL NO 1 2 3
(W1) (W2) (W3)
No of blows 40 26 20
Weight of container [W1] 29 38 37
Weight of container + wet soil [W2] 43 48 50
Weight of container + dry soil [W3] 39 45 45
Water content 40% 42% 62%

W=(w2w3)/(W3W1) *100
Water content 70%
Calculations:
Water content = (W2-W3)/(W3-W1) = 70%
Without admixtures of liquid limit (WL) = 56%
25
4.3.2 Plastic limit without admixtures
Table no:7 plastic limit

TRAIL NO 1 2 3
(W1) (W2) (W3)
Weight Of Container 36 36 36
(W1)
Weight Of Container + 41 40 43
Wet Soil (W2)
Weight Of Container + 40 39 41
DRY Soil (W3)
Water Content W = (W2- 25% 53% 40%
W3)/
(W3-W1) *100
Water Content 32.67%
AVERAGE VALUE = 32.67
Plasticity index (Ip)=(WL-WP) =23.33%
Plasticity index of line A (Ip) A= 0.73(wL-20) =0.73940-20) =26.28%
Since, Ip >(Ip)A, The taken soil sample is CLAY
As per ISSCS (Indian Standard Soil Classification System), the soil sample is C
26
4.4 Compaction test without admixtures:
Table no:8 Compaction test

Weight of mould(W1) 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728
Amount of water 10% 12% 14% 16% 20% 24%
added
Weight of compacted 5491 5497 5547 5616 5613 5581
soil + mould (W2)
Weight of wet soil 1763 1769 1819 1888 1885 1853
(W2-W1)
Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.870 1.876 1.929 2.003 2 1.966
Container no 2 F C B 4 D
Weight of container 25.65 38.07 38.13 38.13 28.67 36.73
with liquid(W1)
W1 + wet soil (W2) 45.99 56.59 57.54 56.95 43.51 64.97
W1 45.39 55.21 56.43 55.77 42.16 62.42
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 2.789% 5.587% 6.065% 6.689% 10.007% 9.926%
Dry density 1.819 1.776 1.818 1.877 1.818 1.788
From the graph it was very clear that the maximum dry density of 1.87g/cc was
obtained at an optimum moisture content of 10.007%. After increase of moisture
content beyond 25% the dry density decreases. So 25%is taken as optimum moisture
content (OMC)
Calculations: Dry density = 1.87g/cc
Water content =10.007%
27
4.5 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
Table no:9 Unconfined Compressive strength
Deformation proving dial axial strain ε= axial force

stress (p/Ae)
dial reading reading deformat Δl/lo(%) (p) (kg)
ion
S-1 S-2 (Δl)(mm) S-1 S-2 S-1 S-2
0 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0
36 7.6 7.4 0.36 0.473 13.68 13.32 1.592 1.550
72 10.6 10.6 0.72 0.947 19.08 19.08 2.210 2.210
108 12.6 13.2 1.08 1.421 22.68 23.76 2.614 2.739
144 14.6 15.4 1.44 1.894 26.28 27.72 3.015 3.180
180 16.6 17.8 1.8 2.368 29.88 32.04 3.411 3.658
216 18 20 2.16 2.842 32.4 36 3.681 4.090
252 19 22 2.52 3.315 32.4 39.6 3.867 4.478
288 20.1 23.2 2.88 3.789 36.18 41.76 4.071 4.699
324 21.2 23.4 3.24 4.263 38.16 42.12 4.272 4.716

4.733
360 22 23.6 3.6 4.7368 39.6 42.48 4.412
396 22.1 24 3.96 5.210 39.78 43.2 4.410 4.789
432 23.1 24.2 4.32 5.684 41.58 43.56 4.586 4.805
468 23.4 24.4 4.68 6.157 42.12 43.92 4.622 4.820
504 23.6 24.8 5.04 6.631 42.48 44.64 4.638 4.874
540 23.8 25 5.4 7.105 42.84 45 4.654 4.889

576 23.8 25.4 5.76 7.578 42.84 45.72 4.630 4.942
612 23.6 25.2 6.12 8.052 42.48 45.36 4.568 4.878
28
4.6 CBR test without admixtures:

Table no:10 CBR VALUE
Penetration dial Penetration (mm) Proving ring dial Load on plunge
guage
0 0 0 0
50 0.5 1.2 7.404
100 1.0 1.6 9.872
150 1.5 1.8 11.106
200 2.0 2.0 12.34
250 2.5 2.1 12.957
300 3.0 2.2 13.574
400 4.0 2.4 14.808
500 5.0 2.5 15.425
600 6.0 2.6 16.042
700 7.0 2.9 17.893
1000 10.0 3.1 19.127
1200 12.0 3.2 19.744
Calculation:
At 2.5mm penetration CBR value = 12.957/1350 *100=94.5%
At 5mm penetration CBR value = 15.425/2055 *100=68.5%
29

ADMIXTURE OF BANANA FIBRE
4.7.1 Compaction test with 0.8% admixtures:
Weight of mould(W1) 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728

Amount of water 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 28%
added
Weight of compacted 5361 5426 5427 5490 5520 5503
soil + mould (W2)
Weight of wet soil 1633 1698 1699 1762 1792 1775
(W2-W1)
Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.73 1.80 1.80 1.87 1.90 1.88
Container no B C D E F 2
Weight of container 26.37 25.56 26.11 29.09 31.27 12.73
with liquid(W1)
W1 + wet soil (W2) 49.92 54.16 55.08 43.7 52.45 36.33
W1 37.74 50.12 51.12 41.32 48.37 31.31
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 10.71% 16.45% 15.83% 19.46% 23.86% 27.02%
Dry density 0.84 1.55 1.53 1.56 1.54 1.48
obtained at an optimum moisture content of 19.46%After increase of moisture content
beyond 25% the dry density decreases. So 25%is taken as optimum moisture content
(OMC)
Water content = 19.46%

Weight of mould (W1) 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728

Amount of water added 20% 22% 24% 26% 30%
Weight of compacted soil +
5449 5498 5498 5507 5466
mould (W2)
30
Weight of wet soil (W2-W1) 1721 1770 1770 1779 1738

Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.83 1.88 1.88 1.89 1.84
Container no B C D E E
Weight of container with
51.15 38.12 25.61 11.38 26.37
liquid(W1)
W1 + wet soil (W2) 57.12 66.19 43.2 32.25 41.24
W1
53.24% 60.49% 39.79% 27.73% 37.74%
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 18.5 25.48 24.05 27.65 30.78
Dry density 0.64 1.50 1.51 1.48 1.41
content (OMC)

Weight of mould(W1) 3728 3728 3728 3728 3728

amount of water added 24% 26% 28% 30% 32%
Weight of compacted soil +
5430 5461 5467 5472 5466
mould (W2)
Weight of wet soil (W2-W1) 1702 1733 1739 1744 1738
Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.81 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.84
Container no 1 2 3 4 4
26 37.71 27 27 32
liquid(W1)
W1 + wet soil (W2) 40 49 39 43 47
W1
37.58 46.1 36.2 39.27 42.86
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 20.90 34.56 30.43 30.40 38.12
Dry density 1.49 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.34
31
content (OMC).
4.7.4Compaction test with 2.6% admixtures:

Weight of mould(W1) 3728 3728 3728

amount of water added 26% 28% 30%
Weight of compacted soil
5476 5484 5447
+ mould (W2)
Weight of wet soil (W2-
1748 1756 1719
W1)
Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.85 1.86 1.82
Container no 1 2 A
39 38 38
liquid(W1)
W1 + wet soil (W2) 88 89 72
W1
77.68 80.89 65.24
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 26.68 18.91 24.82
Dry density 1.46 1.57 1.46
obtained at an optimum moisture content of 18.91%. After increase of moisture content
beyond 25% the dry density decreases. So 25%is taken as optimum moisture content
(OMC)
Calculations:
Dry density = 1.57g/cc
32
4.8 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST WITH ADMIXTURES

4.8.1 unconfined compression test with 0.8% admixture
Deform proving dial axial axial force (p)

stress (p/Ae)
ation reading deformat strain ε= (kg)
dial ion Δl/lo(%)
reading S-1 S-2 (Δl)(mm) S-1 S-2 S-1 S-2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36 1 0.8 0.36 0.474 1.8 1.44 0.210 0.168
72 1.4 1 0.72 0.947 2.52 1.8 0.292 0.209
108 1.8 1.2 1.08 1.421 3.24 2.16 0.374 0.249
144 2 1.4 1.44 1.895 3.6 2.52 0.413 0.289
180 2.2 1.4 1.8 2.368 3.96 2.52 0.452 0.288
216 2.4 1.4 2.16 2.842 4.32 2.52 0.491 0.286
252 2.6 1.6 2.52 3.316 4.68 2.88 0.529 0.326
288 2.6 1.6 2.88 3.789 4.68 2.88 0.527 0.324
324 2.8 1.8 3.24 4.263 5.04 3.24 0.564 0.363
360 2.8 2 3.6 4.737 5.04 3.6 0.562 0.401
396 3 2 3.96 5.211 5.4 3.6 0.599 0.399
432 3 2.2 4.32 5.684 5.4 3.96 0.596 0.437
468 3 2.2 4.68 6.158 5.4 3.96 0.593 0.435
504 3.2 2.2 5.04 6.632 5.76 3.96 0.629 0.432
540 3.2 2.4 5.4 7.105 5.76 4.32 0.626 0.469
576 3.2 2.4 5.76 7.579 5.76 4.32 0.623 0.467
612 3.4 2.4 6.12 8.053 6.12 4.32 0.658 0.465
648 3.4 2.4 6.48 8.526 6.12 4.32 0.655 0.462
684 3.6 2.6 6.84 9.000 6.48 4.68 0.690 0.498
720 3.6 2.8 7.2 9.474 6.48 5.04 0.686 0.534
756 3.6 2.8 7.56 9.947 6.48 5.04 0.683 0.531
792 3.6 3 7.92 10.421 6.48 5.4 0.679 0.566
828 3.6 3 8.28 10.895 6.48 5.4 0.675 0.563
864 3.4 2.8 8.64 11.368 6.12 5.04 0.634 0.522
33
Graph no 2: UCC

stress (p/Ae)
dial ion Δl/lo(%)
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

36 2.2 4 0.36 0.474 2.160 7.200 0.251 0.838
72 3 5.4 0.72 0.947 4.680 9.720 0.542 1.126
108 4.2 6.4 1.08 1.421 7.200 11.520 0.830 1.328
144 5.2 7.4 1.44 1.895 9.720 13.320 1.115 1.528
180 6 8.2 1.8 2.368 11.880 14.760 1.357 1.685
216 6.6 8.8 2.16 2.842 14.040 15.840 1.595 1.800
252 7.2 9.4 2.52 3.316 15.480 16.920 1.750 1.913
288 7.8 10 2.88 3.789 16.560 18.000 1.863 2.025
324 8.2 10.2 3.24 4.263 17.280 18.360 1.935 2.056
360 8.4 10.4 3.6 4.737 18.000 18.720 2.006 2.086
396 8.8 10.6 3.96 5.211 18.540 19.080 2.055 2.115
432 9 10.8 4.32 5.684 18.900 19.440 2.085 2.144
468 9.2 11 4.68 6.158 19.440 19.800 2.134 2.173
504 9.2 11 5.04 6.632 19.440 19.800 2.123 2.162
540 9.6 11.2 5.4 7.105 19.800 20.160 2.151 2.190
576 10 11.2 5.76 7.579 19.800 20.160 2.140 2.179
612 10.2 11.4 6.12 8.053 19.800 20.520 2.129 2.207
648 10.4 11.4 6.48 8.526 20.160 20.520 2.157 2.195
684 10.6 11.6 6.84 9.000 20.160 20.880 2.146 2.222
34
720 10.8 11.6 7.2 9.474 20.340 20.880 2.154 2.211

756 10.8 11.6 7.56 9.947 20.340 20.880 2.142 2.199
792 10.8 11.7 7.92 10.421 20.160 21.060 2.112 2.206
828 10.8 11.7 8.28 10.895 20.160 21.060 2.101 2.195
864 10.9 11.8 8.64 11.368 21.240 2.202
900 11 11.6 9 11.842 20.880 2.153
Graph no 3: UCC
35


stress (p/Ae)
dial ion Δl/lo(%)
0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000

36 2.2 2.6 0.36 0.47 3.96 4.680 0.461 0.545
72 3 3.4 0.72 0.95 5.40 6.120 0.626 0.709
108 4.2 4.2 1.08 1.42 7.56 7.560 0.872 0.872
144 5.2 4.6 1.44 1.89 9.36 8.280 1.074 0.950
180 6 5 1.8 2.37 10.80 9.000 1.233 1.028
216 6.6 5.4 2.16 2.84 11.88 9.720 1.350 1.105
252 7.2 5.6 2.52 3.32 12.96 10.080 1.466 1.140
288 7.8 5.8 2.88 3.79 14.04 10.440 1.580 1.175
324 8.2 6 3.24 4.26 14.76 10.800 1.653 1.209
360 8.4 6.4 3.6 4.74 15.12 11.520 1.685 1.284
396 8.8 6.6 3.96 5.21 15.84 11.880 1.756 1.317
432 9 6.8 4.32 5.68 16.20 12.240 1.787 1.350
468 9.2 6.8 4.68 6.16 16.56 12.240 1.818 1.343
504 9.2 7.4 5.04 6.63 16.56 13.320 1.808 1.455
540 9.6 7.4 5.4 7.11 17.28 13.320 1.877 1.447
576 10 7.6 5.76 7.58 18.00 13.680 1.946 1.479
612 10.2 7.8 6.12 8.05 18.36 14.040 1.974 1.510
648 10.4 7.8 6.48 8.53 18.72 14.040 2.003 1.502
684 10.6 7.8 6.84 9.00 19.08 14.040 2.031 1.494
720 10.8 7.8 7.2 9.47 19.44 14.040 2.058 1.487
756 10.8 7.8 7.56 9.95 19.44 14.040 2.048 1.479
792 10.8 8 7.92 10.42 19.44 14.400 2.037 1.509
828 10.8 8 8.28 10.89 19.44 14.400 2.026 1.501
864 10.9 7.8 8.64 11.37 19.62 14.040 2.034 1.455
900 11 9 11.84 19.80 0.000 2.042 0.000
936 11 9.36 12.32 19.80 0.000 2.031 0.000
972 11.2 9.72 12.79 20.16 0.000 2.056 0.000
1008 11.2 10.08 13.26 20.16 0.000 2.045 0.000
1044 11.2 10.44 13.74 20.16 0.000 2.034 0.000
1080 11.4 10.8 14.21 20.52 0.000 2.059 0.000
1116 11.4 11.16 14.68 20.52 0.000 2.048 0.000
1152 11.4 11.52 15.16 20.52 0.000 2.036 0.000
1188 11.4 11.88 15.63 20.52 0.000 2.025 0.000
36
Graph no 4: compaction test

Table no:18 unconfined Compression test

stress (p/Ae)
dial ion Δl/lo(%)
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

36 5 3.2 0.36 0.474 9.000 5.760 1.048 0.670
72 8.6 5.5 0.72 0.947 15.480 9.900 1.793 1.147
108 12.2 6.4 1.08 1.421 21.960 11.520 2.532 1.328
144 15.6 7.6 1.44 1.895 28.080 13.680 3.222 1.570
180 19 8.8 1.8 2.368 34.200 15.840 3.905 1.809
216 22 9 2.16 2.842 39.600 16.200 4.500 1.841
252 24 11 2.52 3.316 43.200 19.800 4.885 2.239
288 25.2 12 2.88 3.789 45.360 21.600 5.104 2.431
324 26.6 12.8 3.24 4.263 47.880 23.040 5.361 2.580
360 27.6 13.4 3.6 4.737 49.680 24.120 5.535 2.687
396 28.2 13.8 3.96 5.211 50.760 24.840 5.628 2.754
432 28.4 14 4.32 5.684 51.120 25.200 5.639 2.780
468 28.6 14.2 4.68 6.158 51.480 25.560 5.650 2.805
504 29 14.4 5.04 6.632 52.200 25.920 5.700 2.831
540 29.2 14.6 5.4 7.105 52.560 26.280 5.711 2.855
576 29.6 14.6 5.76 7.579 53.280 26.280 5.759 2.841
612 30 14.6 6.12 8.053 54.000 26.280 5.807 2.826
648 30.2 14.6 6.48 8.526 54.360 26.280 5.816 2.812
37
684 30.6 14.6 6.84 9.000 55.080 26.280 5.862 2.797

720 30.6 14.6 7.2 9.474 55.080 26.280 5.832 2.782
756 30.6 14.6 7.56 9.947 55.080 26.280 5.801 2.768
792 30.6 14.4 7.92 10.421 55.080 25.920 5.771 2.716
828 30.2 14.4 8.28 10.895 54.360 25.920 5.665 2.701
Graph no 5: compaction test
38
4.9 CBR TEST WITH ADMIXTURE OF BANANA FIBRE

4.9.1 CBR test with 0.8% admixture of banana fibre
Table no:19 CBR value

Penetration dial Penetration Proving Ring Load on Plunge
gauge (mm) Dial Reading (KG)
0 0 0 0
50 0.5 0.2 6.17
100 1 0.4 12.34
150 1.5 0.6 18.51
200 2 0.6 18.51
250 2.5 0.8 24.68
300 3 0.8 24.68
400 4.5 1 30.85
500 5 1.2 37.02
600 6 1.4 43.19
700 7 1.6 49.36
1000 10 2 61.7
1200 12 2.2 67.87

0 0 0 0
50 0.5 0.2 6.17
100 1 0.2 6.17
150 1.5 0.2 6.17
200 2 0.2 6.17
250 2.5 0.2 6.17
300 3 0.2 6.17
400 4.5 0.2 6.17
500 5 0.4 12.34
600 6 0.4 12.34
700 7 0.4 12.34
1000 10 0.4 12.34
1200 12 0.6 18.51
39

0 0 0 0
50 0.5 0.2 6.17
100 1 0.2 6.17
150 1.5 0.2 6.17
200 2 0.2 6.17
250 2.5 0.2 6.17
300 3 0.2 6.17
400 4.5 0.2 6.17
500 5 0.4 12.34
600 6 0.4 12.34
700 7 0.4 12.34
1000 10 0.4 12.34
1200 12 0.6 18.51

Penetration dial Penetration Proving ring

Load on plunge
gague (mm) dial
0 0 0 0
50 0.5 1.2 jj 37.02
100 1 1.6 49.36
150 1.5 1.8 55.53
200 2 2 61.7
250 2.5 2.1 64.785
300 3 2.2 67.87
400 4 2.4 74.04
500 5 2.5 77.125
600 6 2.6 80.21
700 7 2.9 89.465
1000 10 3.1 95.635
1200 12 3.2 98.72
40
4.10 COMPACTION TEST WITH BANANA FIBRE AND

SUGARCANCE BAGGASH ADMIXTURES
4.10.1Compaction test with 2.6% banana fibre and 0.5%sugarcane
baggash admixtures:
Weight of mould(W1) 3725 3725 3725 3725

Amount of water added mould(W1) 24% 26% 28% 30%
Weight of compacted soil + mould (W2) 5477.
5426.5 5483.5 5467.5
5
Weight of wet soil (W2-W1) 1752.
1701.5 1758.5 1742.5
5
Volume of mould 942 942 942 942
Bulk density 1.806 1.806 1.806 1.806
Container no 2 B F A
Weight of container with liquid(W1) 26 36 37.5 37.5
W1 + wet soil (W2) 49 59 60 61
W1 47 55 55 56
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 9.523 21.05 28.571 27.027
26
Dry density 1.649 1.568 1.451 1.456
4.10.2Compaction test with 2.6% banana fibre and 1.0% sugarcane

baggash admixtures:

Amount of water added 24% 26% 28%
Weight of compacted soil + mould (W2) 5427 5470 5458
Weight of wet soil (W2-W1) 1699 1742 1730
Volume of mould 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk density 1.80 1.85 1.84
Container no B A D
Weight of container with liquid(W1) 37.70 37.14 37.92
W1 + wet soil (W2) 62 71 67
W1 59 69 63
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 14.08 6.28 15.95
41
Dry density 1.58 1.74 1.58
4.10.3 Compaction test with 2.0% banana fibre and 1.5%sugarcane

baggash admixtures:
Amount of water added 24% 26% 28%

Weight of compacted soil + mould (W2) 5443 5467 5452
Weight of wet soil (W2-W1) 1718 1742 1727
Volume of mould 942 942 942
Bulk density 1.823 1.849 1.833
Container no S5 S6 S1
Weight of container with liquid(W1) 34 36 37
W1 + wet soil (W2) 70 66 61
W1 66 63 58
+ dry soil (W3)
Water content 12.5 11.111 14.28
5
Dry density 1.621 1.664 1.604
4.10.4 Compaction test with 2.6% banana fiber and

2.0%sugarcanebaggash admixtures:
Water Content 24% 26% 28% 30%

Wt. Of Mould W1 3728 3728 3728 3728
Wt. Of Mould +C.S W2 5401 5434 5446 5418
Wt. Of W.S (W2-W1) 1673 1706 1718 1690
Volume Of Mould V 942.5 942.5 942.5 942.5
Bulk Density 1.78 1.81 1.82 1.79
Container No: 8 1 5 7
Wt. Of Container M1 26 29 13 27
Wt. Of C+ Wet Soil M2 49 50 30 49
Wt. Of C+ Dry Soil M3 43 46 25 44
Water Content % 35.29 23.53 41.67 29.41
Dry Density 1.31 1.47 1.29 1.39
42
4.11 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST WITH BANANA

FIBRE AND SUGARCANE BAGGASH ADMIXTURES:
4.11.1 unconfined compression test with 2.6% banana fiber and

0.5%sugarcanebaggash admixtures:
Defor proving dial axial strain axial force (p) stress (p/Ae)
matio reading deformati ε= (kg)
n dial on Δl/lo(%
)
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
36 3.2 4.8 0.36 0.474 5.760 8.640 0.670 1.006
72 5.2 7 0.72 0.947 9.360 12.600 1.084 1.460
108 7.2 9.2 1.08 1.421 12.960 16.560 1.494 1.909
144 10.4 12 1.44 1.895 18.720 21.600 2.148 2.478
180 12.6 14.6 1.8 2.368 22.680 26.280 2.590 3.001
216 15 16.4 2.16 2.842 27.000 29.520 3.068 3.355
252 17.6 20 2.52 3.316 31.680 36.000 3.582 4.071
288 20 23.2 2.88 3.789 36.000 41.760 4.051 4.699
324 22 25.4 3.24 4.263 39.600 45.720 4.434 5.119
360 24 26.8 3.6 4.737 43.200 48.240 4.813 5.375
396 26 28 3.96 5.211 46.800 50.400 5.188 5.588
432 27.6 28.8 4.32 5.684 49.680 51.840 5.480 5.719
468 29.2 29.8 4.68 6.158 52.560 53.640 5.769 5.887
504 30.2 30 5.04 6.632 54.360 54.000 5.936 5.897
540 31.6 30.4 5.4 7.105 56.880 54.720 6.180 5.945
576 32.4 31.2 5.76 7.579 58.320 56.160 6.304 6.071
612 33 31.6 6.12 8.053 59.400 56.880 6.388 6.117
648 33.8 32.2 6.48 8.526 60.840 57.960 6.509 6.201
684 34.8 32.4 6.84 9.000 62.640 58.320 6.667 6.207
720 35.2 32.8 7.2 9.474 63.360 59.040 6.708 6.251
756 35.6 33.6 7.56 9.947 64.080 60.480 6.749 6.370
792 36 34.2 7.92 10.421 64.800 61.560 6.789 6.450
828 36.6 34.2 8.28 10.895 65.880 61.560 6.866 6.416
864 37 34.8 8.64 11.368 66.600 62.640 6.904 6.493
900 37.6 34.8 9 11.842 67.680 62.640 6.978 6.459
936 38.2 35 9.36 12.316 68.760 63.000 7.052 6.461
972 38.8 35.4 9.72 12.789 69.840 63.720 7.124 6.499
43
1008 39.2 35.8 10.08 13.263 70.560 64.440 7.158 6.537

1044 39.6 36.2 10.44 13.737 71.280 65.160 7.192 6.574
1080 40 36.4 10.8 14.211 72.000 65.520 7.224 6.574
1116 42 37 11.16 14.684 75.600 66.600 7.544 6.646
1152 40.8 37.6 11.52 15.158 73.440 67.680 7.287 6.716
1188 39 38 11.88 15.632 70.200 68.400 6.927 6.749
1224 38.4 12.24 16.105 0.000 69.120 0.000 6.782
1260 39 12.6 16.579 0.000 70.200 0.000 6.849
1296 39.2 12.96 17.053 0.000 70.560 0.000 6.845
1332 39.6 13.32 17.526 0.000 71.280 0.000 6.876
1368 40 13.68 18.000 0.000 72.000 0.000 6.905
1404 40 14.04 18.474 0.000 72.000 0.000 6.865
1440 40.2 14.4 18.947 0.000 72.360 0.000 6.860
1476 40.6 14.76 19.421 0.000 73.080 0.000 6.887
1512 41 15.12 19.895 0.000 73.800 0.000 6.914
1548 41.6 15.48 20.368 0.000 74.880 0.000 6.974
1584 42 15.84 20.842 0.000 75.600 0.000 6.999
1620 42.6 16.2 21.316 0.000 76.680 0.000 7.057
1656 40.2 16.56 21.789 0.000 72.360 0.000 6.619
1692 39 16.92 22.263 0.000 70.200 0.000 6.383
Graph no 6: unconfined compressive strength
44
4.11.2 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST WITH 2.6%

BANANA FIBRE AND 1.0%SUGARCANE BAGGASH
ADMIXTURES:
Table no:28Unconfined Compressive strength

axial strain
Deforma Proving Dial deformati ε= axial force (p)
stress (p/Ae)
tion Dial Reading on Δl/lo( (kg)
Reading (Δl)(mm) %
S-1 S-2 ) S-1 S-2 S-1 S-2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36 4.6 7.6 0.36 0.474 8.28 13.68 0.964 1.592
72 11.8 13.8 0.72 0.947 21.24 24.84 2.461 2.878
108 16.2 19.8 1.08 1.421 29.16 35.64 3.362 4.109
144 19 25.6 1.44 1.895 34.2 46.08 3.924 5.287
180 21 30 1.8 2.368 37.8 54 4.316 6.166
216 22 32.8 2.16 2.842 39.6 59.04 4.5 6.709
252 22.6 34.8 2.52 3.316 40.68 62.64 4.6 7.083
288 23.2 36.8 2.88 3.789 41.76 66.24 4.699 7.454
324 23.8 38.4 3.24 4.263 42.84 69.12 4.797 7.74
360 24.4 40 3.6 4.737 43.92 72 4.894 8.022
396 25.4 41.4 3.96 5.211 45.72 74.52 5.069 8.262
432 26.8 42.6 4.32 5.684 48.24 76.68 5.321 8.459
468 28 43.8 4.68 6.158 50.4 78.84 5.532 8.653
504 29 45.4 5.04 6.632 52.2 81.72 5.7 8.924
540 29.8 47.2 5.4 7.105 53.64 84.96 5.828 9.231
576 30.8 49 5.76 7.579 55.44 88.2 5.993 9.534
612 31.6 51 6.12 8.053 56.88 91.8 6.117 9.872
648 32.4 52.2 6.48 8.526 58.32 93.96 6.239 10.052
684 33 53.2 6.84 9 59.4 95.76 6.322 10.192
720 33.8 54.6 7.2 9.474 60.84 98.28 6.442 10.406
756 34.8 55.8 7.56 9.947 62.64 100.4 6.598 10.579
792 35.8 57 7.92 10.421 64.44 102.6 6.751 10.749
828 36.8 58 8.28 10.895 66.24 104.4 6.903 10.88
864 38.6 59 8.64 11.368 69.48 106.2 7.202 11.009
900 40 60 9 11.842 72 108 7.424 11.136
936 41.2 61.8 9.36 12.316 74.16 111.2 7.605 11.408
972 42.2 58.2 9.72 12.789 75.96 104.8 7.748 10.686
1008 43.6 55.4 10.08 13.263 78.48 99.72 7.962 10.116
1044 44.4 10.44 13.737 79.92 0 8.063 0
45
1080 45.2 10.8 14.211 81.36 0 8.164 0

1116 46.2 11.16 14.684 83.16 0 8.298 0
1152 47.2 11.52 15.158 84.96 0 8.431 0
1188 48.4 11.88 15.632 87.12 0 8.597 0
1224 49.6 12.24 16.105 89.28 0 8.76 0
1260 51 12.6 16.579 91.8 0 8.957 0
1296 53 12.96 17.053 95.4 0 9.255 0
1332 54.8 13.32 17.526 98.64 0 9.515 0
1368 55.4 13.68 18 99.72 0 9.564 0
100.
1404 55.8 14.04 18.474 0 9.577 0
44
106. 10.1
1440 59.2 14.4 18.947 0 0
56 02
10.1
1476 60 14.76 19.421 108 0 0
78
110. 10.3
1512 61.2 15.12 19.895 0 0
16 21
102.
1548 57 15.48 20.368 0 9.556 0
6
1584 55.4 15.84 20.842 99.72 0 9.232 0
46
4.11.3 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST WITH 2.6%

BANANA FIBRE AND 1.5% SUGARCANE BAGGASH
ADMIXTURES:
Deformatio proving axial axial force stress (p/Ae)

strain
n dial dial deformatio (p)
reading ε=
reading n (Δl)(mm) (kg)
Δl/lo(%
S-1 S-2 S-1 S-2 S-1 S-2
)
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
36 5 4.4 0.36 0.474 9.000 7.920 1.048 0.922
72 7.8 6.8 0.72 0.947 14.040 12.240 1.627 1.418
108 10.8 9.2 1.08 1.421 19.440 16.560 2.241 1.909
144 13 11.2 1.44 1.895 23.400 20.160 2.685 2.313
180 15 13 1.8 2.368 27.000 23.400 3.083 2.672
216 16.2 14.4 2.16 2.842 29.160 25.920 3.314 2.945
252 17.4 15.8 2.52 3.316 31.320 28.440 3.542 3.216
288 18.6 17 2.88 3.789 33.480 30.600 3.767 3.443
324 19.8 18.4 3.24 4.263 35.640 33.120 3.991 3.709
360 21 20.2 3.6 4.737 37.800 36.360 4.212 4.051
396 22.4 21.4 3.96 5.211 40.320 38.520 4.470 4.271
432 23 22.2 4.32 5.684 41.400 39.960 4.567 4.408
468 23.6 23 4.68 6.158 42.480 41.400 4.662 4.544
504 24.2 23.6 5.04 6.632 43.560 42.480 4.757 4.639
540 24.8 24 5.4 7.105 44.640 43.200 4.850 4.694
576 25.4 24.4 5.76 7.579 45.720 43.920 4.942 4.748
612 26.2 24.8 6.12 8.053 47.160 44.640 5.072 4.801
648 27 25.4 6.48 8.526 48.600 45.720 5.200 4.981
47
684 27.8 25.8 6.84 9.000 50.040 46.440 5.326 4.943

720 28.4 26.2 7.2 9.474 51.120 47.160 5.413 4.993
756 29.2 26.8 7.56 9.947 52.560 48.240 5.536 5.081
792 30.4 27 7.92 10.421 54.720 48.600 5.733 5.092
828 31.6 27.8 8.28 10.895 56.880 50.040 5.928 5.215
864 32.4 28.4 8.64 11.368 58.320 51.120 6.046 5.299
900 33.4 29 9 11.842 60.120 52.200 6.199 5.382
936 34 29.6 9.36 12.316 61.200 53.280 6.276 5.464
972 35 30.2 9.72 12.789 63.000 54.360 6.426 5.545
1008 35.6 31 10.08 13.263 64.080 55.800 6.501 5.661
1044 36.2 31.6 10.44 13.737 65.160 56.880 6.574 5.739
1080 37.2 32 10.8 14.211 66.960 57.600 6.719 5.780
1116 38 32.6 11.16 14.684 68.400 58.680 6.825 5.855
1152 39 33.4 11.52 15.158 70.200 60.120 6.966 5.966
1188 40.2 34.8 11.88 15.632 72.360 62.640 7.140 6.181
1224 41.8 36 12.24 16.105 75.240 64.800 7.383 6.358
1260 43 37 12.6 16.579 77.400 66.600 7.552 6.498
1296 44 37.8 12.96 17.053 79.200 68.040 7.684 6.601
1332 45.2 38.2 13.32 17.526 81.360 68.760 7.848 6.633
1368 46 39 13.68 18.000 82.800 70.200 7.941 6.733
1404 47 39.6 14.04 18.474 84.600 71.280 8.067 6.797
1440 48 40.2 14.4 18.947 86.400 72.360 8.191 6.860
1476 49.2 40.8 14.76 19.421 88.560 73.440 8.346 6.921
1512 50.4 41.6 15.12 19.895 90.720 74.880 8.500 7.016
1548 51.6 42 15.48 20.368 92.880 75.600 8.651 7.041
1584 53.2 15.84 20.842 95.760 0.000 8.866 0.000
1620 55 16.2 21.316 99.000 0.000 9.111 0.000
1656 56 16.56 21.789 100.800 0.000 9.221 0.000
1692 53.4 16.92 22.263 96.120 0.000 8.739 0.000
1728 53.2 17.28 22.737 95.760 0.000 8.653 0.000
48
49
REFERENCES
1.K s.shobana et.al " soil stabilization using banana fibre and disposable face masks "
International Journal of Research in Engineering Science and Management volume 4,
Issue 5, May 2021.
2. Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering,
Jalgaon, India, 425002 lalitalalitapatil@rediffmail.com.
3. Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India, 441108 ss_pusadkar@yahoo.co.in.
4.Performance of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Banana
Fibers.
5.15th– 17th December, 2022, KochiIndian Geotechnical ConferenceIGC 2022 K s
shobhana et.al" soil stabilization using banana fibre and disposable face masks"
volume 4, Issue 5, May2021.
6.Sumit Shring et .al "improvement of engineering properties of black cotton soil by
20% sugarcane bagasse ash and coir fibre (ar – 80)" volume 07, issue 01, january
2019.
7. Himani Saini et.al " stabilization of black cotton soil by using sugarcane bagasse
ash" Volume 07, Issue 01, January 2019.
8.L. B. Patil, S.S.Pusadkar Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of
Engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India " MDD & OMC of Black Cotton Soil
Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Banana Fibers".
9.N F Bawadi et al "Influence of Banana Fiber on Shear Strength of Clay Soil" 2020
IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
Signature of the project guide Signature of the project team
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Sir C.R.

Reddy College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

INCREASING STRENGTH CHARACTERISITCS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

G. HIMA BINDU, M. TECH

Department of Civil Engineering

SIR C R REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ELURU

SIR C. R. REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

B. UDAY KIRAN 20B81A0104

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

B. UDAY KIRAN 20B81A0104

G. J.N. ANJANEYULU 20B81A0113

M.CH.V. BHAGAVAN 20B81A0132

We would like to thank all our teachers, especially G.HIMA BINDHU,

We are graceful to entire Department teaching and non-teaching staff who

B. UDAY KIRAN 20B81A0104

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 4

• They are practical as they are waste items.

1.1 COMPOSITION OF SUGARECANE BAGASSE

S.No Parameter Value (%)

1.2 PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBERS

SL.NO PARAMETERS VALUES

3 Moisture Content (%) 13.00

5 Alco-ben Extractives (%) 1.70

6 Total Cellulose (%) 81.80

7 Alpha Cellulose (%) 61.50

8 Residual Gum (%) 41.90

9 Lignin (%) 15.00

10 Tensile Strength (Mpa) 529-914

11 Specific Tensile Strength 392-677

12 Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 27-32

13 Specific Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 20-24

14 Failure Strain (%) 1.3

15 Density (Kg/m) 750-950

16 Length (ft) 3-4

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET FOR BANANA FIBER

3.The chemical composition of banana fiber is cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

It is highly strong fiber.

It has smaller elongation.

6.It is light weight.

8.Its average fineness is 2400Nm.

8. Reddy K.R., (2013) - This study investigates the improvement of engineering

CHAPTER -3: METHODOLOGY

SEARCHING FOR JOURNALS

3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS (IS 2720-Part 4)

1. Sieves (4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 425µm, 300µm, 150µm,

8. Compute the percentage retained on each sieve by dividing the weight

TABLE NO:3 Particle size classification

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Figure: sieve analysis

3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST (IS 2720-part 3)

1. Take about 200gms of oven-dried soil samples passing through 75 microns IS

2. Weigh the empty density bottle with a stopper & note it as W₁ g.

6. Clean the container & fill it with water & weigh it as W₄ g.

Specific Gravity (Gs) = (W₂-W₁) / ((W₂-W₁)- (W₃-W₄))

3.3 LIQUID LIMIT (IS 2720-Part 5)

1. Casagrande’s liquid limit device