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 DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s

Cancer
Principles & Practice of Oncology
11th edition
Editors

Vincent T. DeVita Jr., MD

Amy and Joseph Perella Professor of Medicine
Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven
Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health
Yale University School of Public Health
New Haven, Connecticut
Theodore S. Lawrence, MD, PhD
Isadore Lampe Professor and Chair
Department of Radiation Oncology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Steven A. Rosenberg, MD, PhD

Chief, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland
Professor of Surgery
George Washington University School of Medicine
Washington, District of Columbia

With 384 Contributing Authors

Acquisitions Editor: Ryan Shaw
Editorial Coordinator: Tim Rinehart
Marketing Manager: Rachel Mante-Leung
Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson
Design Coordinator: Holly McLaughlin
Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh
Prepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc.

11th edition

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer.

Copyright © 2015 by Wolters Kluwer Health. Copyright © 2011 by Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Copyright © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright © 2005, 2001 by
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1997, by Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Copyright © 1993, 1989, 1985, 1982
by J.B. Lippincott Company.

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987654321

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: DeVita, Vincent T., Jr., 1935- editor. | Lawrence, Theodore S., editor. | Rosenberg, Steven A., editor.
Title: DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s cancer : principles & practice of oncology / [edited by] Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.,
Theodore S. Lawrence, Steven A. Rosenberg.
Description: 11th edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018043829 | eISBN 9781496394651
Subjects: | MESH: Neoplasms
Classification: LCC RC263 | NLM QZ 200 | DDC 616.99/4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043829

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 Contributing Authors

Ghassan Abou-Alfa, MD, MBA

Attending, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Associate Professor, Weill Medical College at Cornell University
New York, New York

Ross A. Abrams, MD, FACP, FACR, FASTRO

Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois

Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MD
Chief, Gynecology Service
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Professor
Avon Chair in Gynecologic Oncology
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, New York

Gregory P. Adams, PhD

Chief Scientific Officer
Eleven Biotherapeutics
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Anupriya Agarwal, PhD

Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon

Manmeet S. Ahluwalia, MD, FACP

Miller Family Endowed Chair in Neuro-Oncology
Head of Operations, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic
Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of the Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio

Shahab Ahmed, MD
Senior Data Analyst
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Kaled M. Alektiar, MD
Attending Physician
Department of Radiation Oncology
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

James M. Allan, DPhil

Northern Institute for Cancer Research
Faculty of Medicine
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Stephen Ansell, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Cristina R. Antonescu, MD
Director, Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology
Department of Pathology
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

Alvaro Arjona-Sanchez, MD, PhD

Unit of Oncological and Pancreatic Surgery
University Hospital Reina Sofia
Cordoba, Spain

Amanda K. Ashley, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico

Alan Ashworth, PhD, FRS

President, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
San Francisco, California

Jon C. Aster, MD, PhD

Chief, Division of Hematopathology
Department of Pathology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

David A. August, MD
Professor of Surgery
Chief, Division of Surgical Oncology
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
New Brunswick, New Jersey

Brittany A. Avin, PhD Candidate

Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Program
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Itzhak Avital, MD, MBA, FACS

Professor of Surgery
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Executive Medical Director
Soroka Comprehensive Cancer Center
Beersheba, Israel

Joachim M. Baehring, MD, DSc

Professor
Department of Neurology
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Sharyn D. Baker, PharmD, PhD

Professor
Gertrude Parker Heer Chair in Cancer Research
Associate Director, Comprehensive Cancer Center
College of Pharmacy
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

Laurence Baker, DO
Professor
Division of Hematology and Oncology
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Lodovico Balducci, MD
Senior Member Emeritus
Moffitt Cancer Center
Tampa, Florida

Alberto Bardelli, PhD

Full Professor
Director Molecular Oncology
Department of Oncology
University of Torino
Candiolo Cancer Institute
Candiolo, Italy

Ronald Barr, MB, ChB, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medicine
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Tracy T. Batchelor, MD
Giovanni Armenise Professor of Neurology
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Susan Bates, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
New York, New York

Stephen B. Baylin, MD
Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor in Cancer Research
Co-Director, Cancer Biology Program
Department of Oncology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Whitney H. Beeler, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Radiation Oncology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Michael T. Bender, MD
Instructor of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, New York

Andrew Berchuck, MD
Chief, Gynecologic Oncology Program
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, North Carolina

Jonathan S. Berek, MD, MMS

Laurie Kraus Lacob Professor
Stanford University
School of Medicine
Director
Stanford Women’s Cancer Center
Senior Scientific Advisor
Stanford Cancer Institute
Stanford, California

Alice Hawley Berger, PhD

Assistant Member
Human Biology and Public Health Sciences Divisions
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle, Washington

Ann M. Berger, MSN, MD

Senior Research Clinician
Chief, Pain and Palliative Care
NIH Clinical Center
Bethesda, Maryland

Ross S. Berkowitz, MD
Director of Gynecologic Oncology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute
William H. Baker Professor of Gynecology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Tara Berman, MD, MS

Medical Oncologist
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Bryan L. Betz, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
University of Michigan
Technical Director
Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory
University of Michigan Health System
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH

Director, Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship
School of Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama

Manali Bhave, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Oncology
Department of Hematology and Oncology
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, Georgia

James S. Blachly, MD
Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine
Division of Hematology
Assistant Professor of Biomedical Informatics
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center—Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J.
Solove Research Institute
Columbus, Ohio

Elizabeth M. Blanchard, MD
Chief
Hematology and Oncology
Southcoast Health
New Bedford, Massachusetts

Archie Bleyer, MD
Clinical Research Professor
Department of Radiation Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Houston, Texas

Sharon L. Bober, PhD

Director, Sexual Health Program
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts

Lawrence H. Boise, PhD

Professor and Vice Chair for Basic Research
Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia

Danielle C. Bonadies, MS, CGC

Director
My Gene Counsel
Branford, Connecticut

Hossein Borghaei, MS, DO

Chief, Thoracic Oncology
Department of Hematology and Oncology
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Otis W. Brawley, MD, MACP

Chief Medical Officer
American Cancer Society
Atlanta, Georgia

Dean E. Brenner, MD
Talpaz Professor of Translational Oncology
Professor, Department of Internal Medicine
Professor, Department of Pharmacology
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan

J. Chad Brenner, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Otolaryngology
Department of Pharmacology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Jonathan R. Brody, PhD

Professor
Department of Surgery
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Justin C. Brown, PhD

Research Fellow
Division of Population Sciences
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Paul D. Brown, MD
Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Christopher B. Buck, PhD

Senior Investigator
Lab of Cellular Oncology
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Harold J. Burstein, MD, PhD

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Alissa M. Butts, PhD, ABPP

Assistant Professor of Psychology
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

A. Hilary Calvert, MB, BChir, FRCP, MSc, FMedSci

Emeritus Professor of Cancer Therapeutics
UCL Cancer Institute
London, United Kingdom

Matthew T. Campbell, MD, MS

Assistant Professor
Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Robert B. Cameron, MD
Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Surgical Oncology
Department of Surgery
David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

Michele Carbone, MD, PhD

William & Ellen Melohn Chair in Cancer Biology
Director, Thoracic Oncology
University of Hawaii Cancer Center
Professor, Department of Pathology
John A. Burns School of Medicine
Honolulu, Hawaii

Thomas E. Carey, PhD

Professor
Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Paolo G. Casali, MD
Associate Professor
University of Milan
Director of Medical Oncology Unit 2
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
Milan, Italy

Eric J. Cassell, MD, MACP

Adjunct Professor
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, New York

Jane H. Cerhan, PhD, ABPP

Department of Psychiatry and Psychology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Jan Cerny, MD, PhD, FACP
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Department of Medicine
Director, Leukemia Program
Co-Director, Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Program
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Associate Director, Cancer Research Office
UMass Memorial Cancer Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Debyani Chakravarty, PhD

Lead Scientist
OncoKB Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

Ronald Chamberlain, MD, MPA, FACS

Clinical Professor
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas
Chief of Surgery
Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gilbert, Arizona

Richard Champlin, MD
Chairman, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Susan M. Chang, MD
Professor
Division of Neuro-Oncology in the Department of Neurological Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California

Douglas B. Chepeha, MD, MScPH, FACS, FRCSC

Professor
Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
Department of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Professor
Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Nathan I. Cherny, MBBS, FRACP, FRCP, LLD

Norman Levan Chair of Humanistic Medicine
Director, Cancer Pain and Palliative Medicine Service
Department of Medical Oncology
Shaare Zedek Medical Center
Jerusalem, Israel

Anne Chiang, MD, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Clifford S. Cho, MD
C. Gardner Child Professor of Surgery
Chief
Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Advanced Gastrointestinal Surgery
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Edward Chow, MBBS, MSc, PhD, FRCPC

Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
University of Toronto
Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sean R. Christensen, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Dermatology
Section of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Alicia Y. Christy, MD
Deputy Director
Reproductive Health
Women’s Health Services
Veterans Health Administration
Washington, District of Columbia

Edward Chu, MD
Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology & Chemical Biology
Chief, Division of Hematology-Oncology
Deputy Director, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Callisia N. Clarke, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Division of Surgical Oncology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Erin Cobain, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Hematology and Oncology
Department of Medicine
University of Michigan School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Robert E. Coleman, MB, BS, MD, FRCP

Emeritus Professor
Department of Oncology and Metabolism
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, United Kingdom

Nicolò Compagno, MD
Research Scientist
Institute for Cancer Genetics
Columbia University
New York, New York

Louis S. Constine, MD, FASTRO

Professor of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics
Vice Chair, Department of Radiation Oncology
Director, Judy DiMarzo Cancer Survivorship Program
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, New York

M. Sitki Copur, MD, FACP

Medical Oncology/Hematology
MORRISON CANCER CENTER
Mary Lanning Healthcare
Hastings, Nebraska
Professor University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska

Stefan Cordes, MD, PhD

Clinical Fellow
Hematology Branch
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Andres F. Correa, MD
Urologic Oncology Fellow
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Aimee M. Crago, MD, PhD, FACS

Associate Attending Surgeon
Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service
Department of Surgery
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

David Crockett, MD
CHI Health St. Francis Cancer Treatment Center
Grand Island, Nebraska

Jennifer Cuellar-Rodriguez, MD
Clinician Researcher
Department of Infectious Diseases
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
Associate Professor
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mexico City, Mexico

Brian G. Czito, MD
Gary Hock and Lyn Proctor Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina

Douglas M. Dahl, MD, FACS

Associate Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Chief, Division of Urologic Oncology
Department of Urology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Charles Dai, MD
Research Fellow
Lerner Research Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio

Riccardo Dalla-Favera, MD
Director
Institute for Cancer Genetics
Columbia University
New York, New York
Professor
Executive Vice Chairman
Director of Clinical Affairs
Department of Therapeutic Radiology
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Caroline J. Davidge-Pitts, MB, BCh

Assistant Professor
Division of Endocrinology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Michael A. Davies, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Deputy Chairman
Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Jeremy L. Davis, MD
Surgeon-in-Chief
NIH Clinical Center
Bethesda, Maryland

Marcos de Lima, MD
Director, Stem Cell Transplant Program
University Hospitals of Cleveland
Professor of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio

Alan H. DeCherney, MD
Head, Reproductive Endocrinology and Gynecology
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Roy H. Decker, MD, PhD

Professor and Vice Chair
Department of Therapeutic Radiology
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Angelo Paolo Dei Tos, MD

Professor of Pathology
Department of Medicine
University of Padua School of Medicine
Padua, Italy

Marcello Deraco, MD
Director of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies
Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Nazionale dei Tumori
Milan, Italy

Hari A. Deshpande, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Yale Cancer Center
Smilow Cancer Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut

Frank C. Detterbeck, MD
Professor and Chief, Thoracic Surgery
Department of Surgery
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Khanh Do, MD
Assistant Professor
Medical Oncology
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts

Ahmet Dogan, MD, PhD

Chief
Hematopathology Service
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

Jessica Donington, MD, MSCR

Professor and Chief, General Thoracic Surgery
Department of Surgery
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

James H. Doroshow, MD
Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
Deputy Director for Clinical and Translational Research
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Steven G. DuBois, MD, MS

Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School
Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Damian E. Dupuy, MD, FACR

Professor of Diagnostic Imaging
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Director of Tumor Ablation
Cape Cod Hospital
Hyannis, Massachusetts

Peter T. Dziegielewski, MD, FRCSC

Chief of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Otolaryngology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

James A. Eastham, MD
Chief, Urology Service
Department of Surgery
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

Jason A. Efstathiou, MD, DPhil

Associate Professor
Harvard Medical School
Director, Genitourinary Division
Department of Radiation Oncology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Christopher A. Eide, BA
Research Specialist
Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology
Knight Cancer Institute
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon

Patricia J. Eifel, MD
Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Tobias Else, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Cathy Eng, MD, FACP

Professor
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas

Douglas B. Evans, MD
Donald C. Ausman Family Foundation Professor of Surgery
Chair, Department of Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Jane M. Fall-Dickson, PhD, RN, AOCN

Associate Professor and Assistant Chair, Research
Department of Professional Nursing Practice
Georgetown University School of Nursing & Health Studies
Washington, District of Columbia

Meagan B. Farmer, MS, CGC, MBA

Director, Cancer Genetic Counseling
Department of Genetics
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama

Adam S. Feldman, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor, Department of Urology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Mary Feng, MD
Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California

Andrea Ferrari, MD
Pediatric Oncology
Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Nazionale Dei Tumori
Milan, Italy

Paul T. Finger, MD, FACS

Director, The New York Eye Cancer Center
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
New York University School of Medicine
Director, Ophthalmic Oncology Service
The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mt. Sinai
New York, New York

Joel A. Finkelstein, MD, MSc, FRCSC

Feldberg Chair in Spinal Research
Associate Professor
Division of Orthopaedics
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Olivera J. Finn, PhD
Distinguished Professor
Department of Immunology
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Gini F. Fleming, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Tito Fojo, MD, PhD

Professor
Department of Medicine
Columbia University
New York, New York

Yuman Fong, MD
Sangiacomo Chair in Surgical Oncology
Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery
Professor of Experimental Therapeutics
City of Hope National Medical Center
Duarte, California

Francine M. Foss, MD
Professor of Medicine Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Arnold S. Freedman, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematologic Malignancies
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Professor of Medicine
Anheuser Busch Chair in Medical Oncology
Director, Section of Medical Oncology
Division of Oncology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri

Chunkit Fung, MD, MSCE

Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California

Larissa V. Furtado, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
University of Utah
Medical Director, Molecular Oncology
ARUP Laboratories
Salt Lake City, Utah

Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, MD
Professor of Hematology
University of Milano Bicocca
Director, Department of Hematology
San Gerardo Hospital
Monza, Italy

Dron Gauchan, MD
Assistant Professor, Adjunct Faculty
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska
CHI Health St. Francis Cancer Treatment Center
Grand Island, Nebraska

Juan C. Gea-Banacloche, MD
Senior Associate Consultant
Division of Infectious Diseases
Mayo Clinic Arizona
Phoenix, Arizona

Nasrin Ghalyaie, MD, FACS, FASCRS

Colon and Rectal Surgeon
Adjunct Assistant Professor of Surgery
Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gilbert, Arizona

Michael Girardi, MD
Professor and Vice Chair
Department of Dermatology
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Karthik V. Giridhar, MD
Instructor in Oncology
Division of Medical Oncology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Iulia Giuroiu, MD
Bernard and Irene Schwartz Gastrointestinal Oncology Fellow
Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology
NYU School of Medicine
New York, New York

Olivier Glehen, MD, PhD

Professor
General Surgery Chief
Department of General Surgery
Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud
Pierre-Bénite, France
Matthew P. Goetz, MD
Professor of Oncology and Pharmacology
Chair, Mayo Breast Cancer Research
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Stephanie L. Goff, MD, FACS

Staff Clinician
Surgery Branch
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Talia Golan, MD
Medical Director
Phase I Program and Pancreatic Cancer Program
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Clinical Associate Professor
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José G. Guillem, MD, MPH

Professor
Department of Surgery
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Murat Günel, MD
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Director, Endocrine Oncology Program
University of Michigan
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Medical Oncologist
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Another random document with
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Natural History of aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 376.

[88]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 18.

[89]

Op. cit. v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1882, p. 61.

[90]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 341.

[91]

Descent of Man, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker,

Arch. f. Naturgesch. lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.

[92]

See J. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. 1876, p. 161.

[93]

For many particulars as to respiration of Dytiscus, and peculiarities

of the larva see Miall, Aquatic Insects, 1895, pp. 39, etc. (In the
figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the terminal segment of
the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to in the text.)

[94]

For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," Sci.

Trans. R. Dublin Soc. (2) ii. 1882.

[95]

Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids

have been published by Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xxxix.
1892, p. 137, and Erichson, Arch. Naturgesch. xiii. 1847, p. 275.

[96]
Arch. Mus. Paris (2), viii. and ix. 1887.

[97]

For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart,

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue,
Séverin, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxiii. 1889.

[98]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, xxi. 1852, p. 619.

[99]

Horn, Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, Insect Life, i. 1889,
p. 300.

[100]

Insect Life, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.

[101]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.

[102]

Westwood, Tr. ent. Soc. London (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann,
Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod. 1894, p. 121.

[103]

Rev. ent. franc. ix. 1890.

[104]

Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa: II. Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea.

Vienna, 1895 and 1899.

[105]

Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste, Nijhoff, 1890; and

Tijdschr. ent. xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p.
632.

[106]

Schiödte, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) v. 1857, p. 169.

[107]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.

[108]

Monograph, Trichopterygia illustrata, by A. Matthews, London,

1872.

[109]

For further information refer to Matthews, An Essay on

Hydroscapha, London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.

[110]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.

[111]

Larves de Coléoptères, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.

[112]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. p. 438.

[113]

The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in Ann.

Soc. ent. France, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made
since then.

[114]

For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, Larves, etc.

p. 24.
[115]

SB. Ak. Wien. xxiv. 1857, p. 330.

[116]

Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in Ann. Soc. ent. France,

1888, p. 429.

[117]

For classification, see Sharp, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1894,
p. 443.

[118]

See Ganglbauer, Käf. Mitteleuropas, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte

and Horn Classification, etc., p. 130.

[119]

Perris, Larves, etc., p. 75.

[120]

Ritsema, Catalogue of Helota, Notes Leyden Mus. xiii. 1891, p.

223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.

[121]

Zool. Anz. xviii. 1895, p. 244.

[122]

Gerstaecker, Monographie der Endomychiden, Leipzig, 858, 1433

pp. Since this work was published, the species known have been
multiplied two or three times.

[123]

Stettin. ent. Zeit. xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.

[124]
It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the
existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very
difficult to find.

[125]

Bull. ent. ital. 1886, p. 406, and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xliii. 1887, pp.
201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species, but we
presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, Luciola italica.

[126]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, op. cit. xl.
1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see
p. 259.

[127]

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. 1887, p. 137, postea.

[128]

Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.

[129]

Ent. Mag. xxiv. 1887, p. 148.

[130]

Larves des Coléoptères, 1878, p. 208.

[131]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 7.

[132]

Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.

[133]

Arch. Naturgesch. xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.

[134]

"Les Élatérides lumineux," Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xi. 1886; also
Leçons de Physiologie générale, Paris, 1898, and C.R. Ac. Sci.
cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.

[135]

It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior

segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated
on the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference
of opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of
embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by
Westwood (Mod. Classif. i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably
Buprestis attenuata is doubtless a Passalid.

[136]

Casey has examined the wings in the genus Blapstinus (an

"apterous" genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied
in development, according to the species; in no case, however, did
they appear to be capable of giving more than a laboured and
feeble flight.—Ann. New York Ac. v. 1890, p. 416.

In Eleodes, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of

delicate membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring
some examination for their detection.

[137]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and Ent. Mag. xxvii. 1891, p.
18.

[138]

Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 556.

[139]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, lx. 1891, p. 447.

[140]

"On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-

Beetle, Meloe," Tr. Linn. Soc. xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p.
167.

[141]

Rep. U.S. ent. Commission, i. 1878, p. 297.

[142]

Amer. Nat. xvii. 1883, p. 790.

[143]

For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this

work.

[144]

Les Insectes Vésicants, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work
were previously published in J. de l'Anat. Phys., xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886
and 1887.

[145]

Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon), x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.

[146]

Berlin. ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.

[147]

Ann. Soc. Liége, x. 1855, p. 260.

[148]

Mem. Soc. Liége, xvi. 1861, p. 387.

[149]

Packard, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. 1890, p. 689.

[150]

Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.

[151]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.

[152]

Sharp, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.

[153]

For a more extensive account of Rhynchites betulae and others

refer to Wasmann. Der Trichterwickler, Münster, 1884, and Debey,
Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der
Attelabiden, Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive
philosophical discussion; the second is a valuable collection of
observations.

[154]

Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent. New series, No. 7, 1897.

[155]

Perris, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.

[156]

In the males of the genus Cedeocera the tips of the elytra are
drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves,
and rivalling the forceps of earwigs.

[157]

The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of

these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the
males, some individuals of which—in the case of Brenthus
anchorago—are five times as long as others.
[158]

This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera:

nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species
that attack Hemiptera.

[159]

Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that the

Stylops produced from the body of one individual are all of one
sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more
especially female Stylops, and male bees male Stylops. If any
correlation as to this latter point exist, it is far from general.

[160]

Von Siebold, Arch. Naturges. ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's

recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. Zool.
Centralbl. i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data
furnished by von Siebold.

[161]

Ent. Meddel. v. 1896. p. 148, and Ov. Danske Selsk. 1896, p. 67.

[162]

Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1879, p. 14.

[163]

Named by Mr. Distant Callidea baro; according to the Brussels

catalogue of Hemiptera, Chrysocoris grandis var. baro.

[164]

Kellogg, Kansas Quarterly, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.

[165]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 751.

[166]

The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of

these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as
such.

[167]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 263.

[168]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that

many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.

[169]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 168.

[170]

Amer. Natural. xiv. 1880, p. 313.

[171]

For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this

moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the
maxillae are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, Quart. J.
Micr. Sci. xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous
proboscides, and as to the difficulties that exist in comprehending
the exact mode of action of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's
papers, especially Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xv. 1882, p. 151.

[172]

See Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz. ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also
Riley, P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 310.

[173]

Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission, 1885, p. 49.

[174]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his Thesis, Bordeaux,
1895.

[175]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.

[176]

Fauna of British India, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.

[177]

It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on this

point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The
Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca,
1895, being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the
Elements of Insect Anatomy, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg,
also to Packard's discussion of the subject in Mem. Ac. Sci.
Washington, vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to
in these two memoirs, is based on development, and, when
extended, will doubtless have very valuable results. See Spuler,
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 597.

[178]

The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt

with as part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p.
329, etc.

[179]

The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively

studied. For information refer to Dufour, C.R. Ac. Paris, xxxiv.
1852, p. 748; Scudder, Butt. New England, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot
and Burgess, Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm. 1885, p. 53.

[180]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), v. 1890, p. 143.

[181]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 305.

[182]

Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, p. 238.

[183]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.

[184]

Isis, 1845, p. 835.

[185]

For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, Traité

anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule, La Haye,
1762.

[186]

See Plateau, Bull. Ac. Belgique, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to

structure of ocelli, Blanc, Tête du Bombyx mori ... 1891, pp. 163,
etc.; and Landois in Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 27.

[187]

Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge, Cassel, 1815.

[188]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.

[189]

For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels,

refer to Helm, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and Gilson,
La Cellule, vi. 1890, p. 116.

[190]
Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges. lviii. 1881, p. 116.

[191]

The student will find important information as to the varieties of

external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see
especially Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, 1894, and 1896.

[192]

Latter, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 399.

[193]

Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. 1894, No. 115.

[194]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 623.

[195]

Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iii. 1889, p. 646.

[196]

Amer. Natural., xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.

[197]

Amer. Natural., xxxii. 1898, p. 256.

[198]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. viii. 1857, p. 326.

[199]

Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1896, No. 15.

[200]

Natural Science, viii. 1896, p. 94.

[201]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1896, p. 257.

[202]

Ent. Record, vi. 1895, p. 258.

[203]

Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 293, etc.

[204]

The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we

think it better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most
unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.

[205]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1862, p. 507.

[206]

A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in

Beddard's Animal Coloration, London, 1892. An account of the
subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase,
"Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," Bibl. Zool. iii. 1893, Heft viii.
Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may
refer to Professor Poulton's work, The Colours of Animals
(International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.

[207]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 372.

[208]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these

naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae
(see p. 388).
[209]

Stett. ent. Zeit. li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.

[210]

For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, Nov.

Zool. v. 1898, pp. 374-415.

[211]

Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep.
iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all other
butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by
Grypocera, because Netrocera is the name of a genus.

[212]

The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The

following works contain information as to general questions: 1,
Scudder's Butterflies of New England, a beautifully illustrated work
completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2,
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, Exotische Tagfalter, in three folio
volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies
and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber
die Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. xxii. 1896,
treating fully of classification and phylogeny.

[213]

Journal of Entomology, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South

American Nymphalidae see Müller, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. i. 1886, p.
417.

[214]

This is the subject of Scudder's Life of a Butterfly, 1893.

[215]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 205.

[216]

Finn, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p. 213.

[217]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 1862, p. 495.

[218]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 355.

[219]

P. ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. xxix.

[220]

Allen's Naturalists' Library, Butterflies, i. 1896.

[221]

A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to

these Vanessa, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.

[222]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.

[223]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 191.

[224]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1856, pp. c, ci.

[225]

Baker, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.

[226]

Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.
[227]

J. Bombay Soc. ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.

[228]

Hopkins, Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1895, p. 661.

[229]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be many
more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly become
extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.

[230]

Mem. Ac. Washington, vii. 1895, p. 57.

[231]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. op. cit. 1896, pp. 129
and 567.

[232]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also Ann. N. York Ac. viii.
1895, p. 194, and Ent. Record, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.

[233]

Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1895.

[234]

London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of

State for India in Council.

[235]

Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our

arrangement.

[236]
For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the
nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered
temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of
a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their
scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle
(hypochlorite of potash).

[237]

The genus Cyphanta (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the
fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.

[238]

This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been

known that the female of Heterogynis does not leave the cocoon
(for references see p. 392); the larvae, however, do not live in
cases, as those of Psychidae do.

[239]

See Westwood, Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.

[240]

For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li.
1890, p. 258.

[241]

For pupa see Chapman, Ent. Rec. vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.

[242]

Souvenirs entomologiques, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.

[243]

Amer. Natural. xii. 1878, p. 379.

[244]
Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," Ind. Mus. Notes, ii. No. 2, 1891,
15 plates.

[245]

See on this subject Pérez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii. 1894, p. 236,
etc.

[246]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxvii. 1883, p. 9.

[247]

Tr. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.

[248]

Psyche, vi. 1893, p. 385.

[249]

Bar and Laboulbène, Ann. Soc. ent. France, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.

[250]

Op cit. (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxix. 1878, p.
221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.

[251]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[252]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.

[253]

Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying

appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both
Perophora and Cicinnus, melsheimeri, and states that it belongs
[according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers
to be enormously developed setae. J. N. York ent. Soc. iv. 1896, p.
92.

[254]

Tijdsch. Ent. xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.

[255]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[256]

Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent. xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.

[257]

Jones, P. Liverpool Soc. xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.

[258]

Studies in the Theory of Descent, part 2, London, 1881.

[259]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1885 and 1886.

[260]

Tijdschr. Ent. xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.

[261]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 351.

[262]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.

[263]

See Poulton, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, etc.