hUuf ef8f ;DaGwL ;+emf}tf

lnlvtd nf}/ z]kf{sf] gflt b'UofNaf] z]kf{sf] 5f]/f l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf ;fljssf] a?jf uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= @, xfnsf] kfFrkf]v/L yfËkfn ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= @, uªvs{ lgjf;L jif{ $* sf] sfdL
z]kf{ -gf=k|=g+= @%**÷@()#, hf/L ldlt @)$%÷)!÷!^_ -o;kl5 k|yd kIf egL ;Daf]wg
ul/g]5_ / >L Rof]d'yfª l/;f]6{ k|f=ln= sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt ;+rfns cWoIf >L bfjf z]kf{
-o;kl5 bf];|f] kIf egL ;Daf]wg ul/g]5_ ljr k|yd kIfsf] gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ sfod /x]sf]
l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf ;fljssf] a?jf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @, xfnsf] kfFrkf]v/L yfËkfn ufpFkflnsf
j8f g+= @, ls=g+= &&% sf] !!–#–#–# sf] hUuf k|yd kIfnfO{ xf]6n tyf l/;f]6{ ;+rfng ug{ lbg]
p2]Zon] b]xfosf] ;fFIfLsf] /f]xjf/df ldlt @)&&÷)%÷@& ut] tof/ u/L of] hUuf ef8f ;DaGwL
;+emf}tfdf b'j} kIfx?n] x:tfIff/ u/L Ps Ps k|lt lnof}F / lbof}F .
!= l/;f]6{ ;+rfng ;DaGwLM– k|yd kIfsf] gfpdf /x]sf] pNn]lvt ls=g+= / If]qkmnsf] hUufdf
bf];|f] kIfn] xf]6n tyf l/;f]6{ ;+rfng ug]{5 . xf]6n tyf l/;f]6{ ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos
nfut tyf k'FhL bf];|f] kIfn] g} h'6fpg' kg]{5 . k|yd kIfn] l/;f]6{ eGbf cGo Joj;fo ;+rfng
ug'{ k/]df k|yd kIfsf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{5 . ;fy} bf];|f] kIfsf] ;xdlt lagf k|yd kIfn] pQm
ls=g+= sf] hUufsf] :jfldTj tyf ef]u s'g} t];|f] kIfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f kfOg] 5}g .
@= s/f/ nfu" x'g] ;do / cjlwM– of] ;++emf}tf ldlt @)&&÷)^÷)! b]lv @) jif{ ;Ddsf] nflu
nfu' x'g]5 .
#= :j?k kl/jt{g ug{ gx'g]M– k|yd kIfsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUufsf]
;f/e't ?kddf c;/ kg]{ u/L :j?k kl/jt{g ug{ kfOg] 5}g . olb :j?k kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]df
k|yd kIfsf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]5
{ .
$= c;n lgotaf6 k|of]u ug'{ kg]{M– bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUuf ejg c;n lgotn]
cfˆg} :jfldTjsf] j:t' ;/x s/f/sf] p2]Zo cg'?k ef]urng, k|of]u, pkef]u, ;+rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{5 . bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUufsf] ef]urng tyf k|of]u ubf{
g]kfnsf] k|rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w ul/Psf] sfo{ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf ;f]af6 ;[lh{t sfg"gL
bfloTj bf];|f] kIf :jod\n] g} jxg ug'{kg]{5 . ;fy} ;+emf}tfsf] p2]Zo k|lts'n x'g] u/L
ef]urng tyf k|of]u u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf k|yd kIfn] s'g} klg ;do ;+emf}tf cGTo ug{
;Sg]5 . obflk pQm Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ bfloTj k|yd kIfsf] g} /xg]5 .
%= dd{t ;Def/ ug'{ kg]{M– bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUuf c;n lgotn] k|of]u ubf{ s'g}
Iflt ePdf jf k'u]df ;f]sf] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ bfloTj bf];f| ] kIfsf] x'g]5 .

1
^= lnhbftfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{M– ljljw sf/0fn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUuf ef]urng jf
k|of]u of]Uo gePdf jf pQm ls=g+= sf] hUufx?df s'g} sf/0fn] t];|f] kIfsf] xs :yfkgf ePdf
jf s;}af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf cj/f]w ePdf bf];|f] kIfn] k|yd kIfnfO{ !% lbg leq
hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 . t/ k|yd kIfsf] sf/0f s'g} t];|f] kIfsf] xs :yfkgf ePsf] cj:yfdf
of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
&= lnhk|fKtstf{ hjfkmb]xL x'g]M– ;+emf}tfsf] cjlwe/ pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUuf xflg, gf]S;fgL
x'gaf6 arfpg bf];|f] kIfn] kof{Kt ;'/Iffsf pkfox? ckgfO{ ef]urng tyf k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
s'g} sf/0fn] gi6 jf ljgfz ePdf jf s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg, gf]S;fgL eO{ d'No sd x'g] ePdf
To; afkt bf];|f] KfIf g} hjfkmb]xL x'g]5 . bf];|f] kIfn] g} k"j{ cj:yfdf Nofpg' kg]{5 / To:tf]
ug{ g;s]df k|yd kIfnfO{ To; afktsf] Ifltk"lt{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{5 . t/ k|s[lts k|sf]k tyf
ljkbsf] sf/0faf6 xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf bf];|f] kIf hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
*= lnhaxfn e'QmfgL ;DaGwLM– bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] ejg
;+emf}tfsf] efjgf tyf dd{ cg'?k ef]urng tyf k|of]u u/] jfkt jflif{s k|lt /f]kgL
?=%,)))÷– -kfFr xhf/ dfq_ e'QmfgL ug]{5 . ;+emf}tf z'? ePsf] % jif{;Dd ef8f /sddf
s'g} j[l4 ug{ kfOg]5}g . % jif{ kl5 s'n ef8f /sdsf] !% k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g]5 .
(= ;a–lnhdf lbg ;Sg]M– bf];|f] KfIfn] k|yd KfIfsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ s'g} t];|f] kIfnfO{ pNn]lvt
ls=g+= sf] hUufsf] s]xL c+z jf k'0f{ efu ;a–lnhdf lbg ;Sg]5 . obflk ;+emf}tf cjlweGbf
a9L ;dosf] nflu ;a–lnhdf lbg ;Sg]5}g .
!)= s/f/sf] sfg"gL cl:tTjM– o; ;+emf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] zt{x?sf] kfngf ug'{ b'j} kIfsf]
bfloTj x'g]5 . ;fy} s/f/sf] s'g} zt{sf] pNn+3g ePdf sfg"gL bfloTj ;[hgf x'g]5 . ;f]sf]
axfg ug'{ b'j} kIfsf] sfg"gL bfloTj x'g]5 . s'g} sf/0f b]vfO{ s'g} kIfn] ;+emf}tf pNn+3g
cyfj /2 ubf{ csf]{ kIfnfO{ s'g} Iflt k'Ug uPdf jf xflg gf]S;gL ePdf ;f]sf] d'Nofsg u/L
pNn+3g ug]{ kIfn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg'kg]{5 .
!!= ;+emf}tfsf] e+uM– s'g} kIfn] s/f/ cjlw cfuj} s/f/ e+u ug{ rfx]df csf]{ kIfnfO{ slDtdf %
-kFr
F _ dlxgf klxn] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 . k|yk kIfn] s/f/ e+u ubf{ ;+emf}tf nfu"
ePsf] ldltn] % jif{, !) jif{, !% jif{, @) jif{ leq ePdf pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUufdf l/;f]6{
;+rfngsf] nflu u/]sf] s'n nufgL /sdsf] qmdzM !)) k|ltzt, () k|ltzt, *) k|ltzt /
%) k|ltzt /sd bf];|f] kIfnfO{ ltg{' kg]{5 . k|yd kIfn] pNn]lvt /sd bf];|f] kIfnfO{ e'Qmfg
ul/;s]kl5 bf];|f] kIfn] pQm hUdf /x]sf] ;Dk'0f{ >L;DktL k|yd kIfnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
!@= ljjfb ;dfwfgM– o; ;+emf}tf adf]lhd s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf k|rlnt g]kfnsf] sfg"g
adf]lhd dWo:y dfkm{t ;dfwfg ug]{5 . o; ;+emf}tfdf pNn]lvt ljifosf] :kli6s/0f k|rlnt
g]kfnsf] sfg"g d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] efu % cGtu{tsf] s/f/ tyf cGo bfloTj

2
 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] kl/R5]b !@ ælnh s/f/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf -bkmf ^!) b]lv ^@#_Æ adf]lhd
ug]{5 .
!#= cGo Joj:yfM– o; ;+emf}tfdf 5'6]sf ljifosf ;DaGwdf d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf]
bkmf ^@) adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!$= ;+emf}tfsf] JofVof M– o; ;+emf}tfdf pNn]lvt zAb tyf Joj:yfsf] JofVof k|rlnt g]kfnsf]
s/f/ sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!%= yk Joj:yf M– bf];|f] kIfn] pNn]lvt ls=g+= sf] hUufdf agfPsf] l/;f]6{ ;+rfng ubf{ nfUg]
vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{, ljh'nL aQL tyf cGo ;/sf/L b:t'/ bf];|f] kIfn] g} e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{5 .
obflk hUufsf] e'dL s/ k|yd kIfn] g} a'emfpg' kg]{5 .

k|yd kIf bf];|f] kIf

sfdL z]kf{ bfjf z]kf{

;fIfL
!=
@=
#=