Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Cell Biology and Translational Medicine Volume 9 Stem Cell Based Therapeutic Approaches in Disease 1St Edition Kursad Turksen Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Cell Biology and Translational Medicine Volume 9 Stem Cell Based Therapeutic Approaches in Disease 1St Edition Kursad Turksen Ebook Full Chapter
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-4-stem-cells-and-cell-based-strategies-in-
regeneration-kursad-turksen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-7-stem-cells-and-therapy-emerging-approaches-
kursad-turksen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-8-stem-cells-in-regenerative-medicine-kursad-
turksen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-1-stem-cells-in-regenerative-medicine-advances-
and-challenges-kursad-turksen/
Cell Biology and Translational Medicine Volume 2
Approaches for Diverse Diseases and Conditions Kursad
Turksen
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-2-approaches-for-diverse-diseases-and-conditions-
kursad-turksen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-3-stem-cells-bio-materials-and-tissue-
engineering-kursad-turksen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/stem-cell-renewal-and-cell-cell-
communication-methods-and-protocols-methods-in-molecular-
biology-2346-kursad-turksen-editor/
https://textbookfull.com/product/human-embryonic-stem-cell-
protocols-3rd-edition-kursad-turksen-eds/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cell-biology-translational-
impact-in-cancer-biology-and-bioinformatics-1st-edition-mitchell/
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1288
Cell Biology and Translational Medicine
Volume 1288
Series Editor
Kursad Turksen, Ottawa, ON, Canada
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/15838
Kursad Turksen
Editor
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
In this next volume in the Cell Biology and Translational Medicine series, we
continue to explore the potential utility of stem cells in regenerative medicine.
Chapters in this volume cover advances and challenges in applications of
particular stem cell populations in a variety of diseases and conditions, and
certain governance and policy issues and options.
I remain very grateful to Gonzalo Cordova, the Associate Editor of the
series and acknowledge his continuous support.
I would also like to acknowledge and thank Sara Germans-Huisman,
Assistant Editor, for her outstanding efforts in helping to get this volume to
the production stages.
A special thank you goes to Rathika Ramkumar and Anand
Venkatachalam for their outstanding efforts in the production of this volume.
Finally, sincere thanks to the contributors not only for their support of the
series, but also for their insight and effort to capture both the advances and
remaining obstacles in their areas of research. I trust readers will find their
contributions as interesting and helpful as I have.
v
Contents
vii
viii Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Adv Exp Med Biol - Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (2020) 9: 1–3
https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_540
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Published online: 19 May 2020
1
2 G. Núñez-Mujica et al.
prophylactics to aid in safely ramping down social While novel investigations and treatments are
distancing policies. critical in the study of any disease, the urgency
In order to accelerate the identification of use- provoked by this pandemic calls for data to be
ful compounds, it is crucial to investigate generated both rapidly and accurately. It is a
repurposing medications already approved to priority to identify current therapies that can be
combat disease in clinical settings. Numerous repurposed to offer protection from SARS-CoV-
clinical trials have been rapidly initiated to test 2 infection and there is a wealth of data to analyze
the efficacy of currently available drugs in the in hospitals with known cases. Assembling study
treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (U. S. National cohorts of healthcare workers based on medica-
Library of Medicine, Clinical Trials System tion usage could rapidly reveal differential infec-
2020a, b). It is necessary, however, to also tion rates and aid efforts to fast-track therapies.
increase the number of trials assessing the effi- Given results suggesting activity of antiretroviral
cacy of these medications in preventing the infec- cocktails against SARS and MERS (Chu et al.
tion, as studies performed only with patients who 2004; Chan et al. 2015), the widespread adoption
are seriously ill might lead researchers to errone- of these therapies and observations of lower
ously reject compounds that could offer protec- SARS-CoV-2 infections in HIV+ patients in
tion against the virus at earlier stages. South East Asia (Joob and Wiwanitkit 2020),
There are several proposals to initiate clinical the protective impact of antiretroviral medications
trials aiming to study the prophylactic effects of could be a promising initial subject for a large
compounds such as hydroxychloroquine and rito- scale data analysis approach.
navir/lopinavir (U. S. National Library of Medi-
cine, Clinical Trials System 2020c). To our
knowledge, however, there are no systematic References
approaches based on large scale data analysis to
identify compounds that could prevent infection Chan J, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F,
Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Chen H,
with SARS-CoV-2. Within each hospital, there is a
Qin C, Yuen K (2015) Treatment with Lopinavir/rito-
population of healthcare workers who offer the navir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of MERS-
potential for such analysis. As healthcare workers CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of com-
are at the front line in the battle against this pan- mon marmoset. J Infect Dis 212(12):1904–1913.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv392
demic, they are both at high risk for infection and
Chu C, Cheng V, Hung I, Wong M, Chan K, Chan KS,
able to be readily diagnosed. Systematic analysis Kao R, Poon L, Wong C, Guan Y, Peiris J, Yuen K
of exposure and infection rates among healthcare (2004) Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of
workers could yield patterns identifying common SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax
59(3):252–256. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.
protective factors such as medications with pro-
012658
phylactic potential against SARS-CoV-2. With Cornwall W (2020) Can you put a price on COVID-19
this approach relying on previously approved options? Experts weigh lives versus economics. Sci-
medications, if a compound were to exhibit strong ence. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb9969
Ji T, Chen H, Xu J, Wu L, Li J, Chen K, Qin G (2020)
protective effects, it could be quickly tested and
Lockdown contained the spread of 2019 novel corona-
adopted to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in virus disease in Huangshi city, China: early epidemio-
healthcare workers and older adults. A prophylac- logical findings. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.
tic antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 with prior 1093/cid/ciaa390
Joob B, Wiwanitkit V (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and HIV. J
approval for clinical use could accelerate the resto-
Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25782. [Epub
ration of social and economic activity and ease the ahead of print]
strain that essential policies have placed on the Lippi G, Henry B, Bovo C, Sanchis-Gomar F (2020)
most vulnerable of the world’s citizens until an Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged
lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
effective vaccine is ready for widespread
Diagnosi. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0041
distribution. U. S. National Library of Medicine, Clinical Trials System
(2020a) Hydroxychloroquine vs. azithromycin for
Data Analysis of Infection Rates Among Exposed Healthcare Workers Could. . . 3
Abstract Abbreviations
The world has given an outbreak alarm in the
last two decades, with different members of CoV Corona viruses
the coronavirus family infecting people at dif- +ssRNA single-stranded positive RNA
ferent times. The spread of the SARS-CoV- βCoV Betacoronavirus
2 virus, which last appeared in December 2019 SARS-CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome
in China and spread rapidly to all over the coronavirus
world, has led the scientific world to studies MERS- Middle East respiratory syn-
on these viruses. While scientists are trying to CoV drome-coronavirus
develop vaccines or drugs against the virus, COVID-19 Corona-virus disease 2019
the body’s immune response to the virus is ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
emerged the biggest guide. In this review, we CEACAM1 carcinoembryonic-antigen-related
aimed to provide a good view on immune cell-adhesion molecule-1
strategies by comparing immunological APN aminopeptidase N
responses to SARS-CoV-2 disease among DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
other members of the family, SARS-CoV and NK natural killer
MERS-CoV. In the near future, it may contrib- MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant pro-
ute to vaccine or drug studies to be developed tein-1
on immune intervention. IP-10 or human interferon-inducible pro-
CXCL10 tein 10
Keywords TGF-β tumor growth factor beta
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha
Corona virus · Covid-19 · Immune response · MIP-lα macrophage inflammatory pro-
Mers-CoV · Sars-CoV tein-1 alpha
ISGs IFN-stimulated genes
S spike protein
N. İnandıklıoğlu N nucleocapsid protein
Department of Medical Biology, Yozgat Bozok University
Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
CRP C-reactive protein
e-mail: nihal.inandiklioglu@yobu.edu.tr
T. Akkoc (*)
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology,
Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
e-mail: tuncakkoc@marmara.edu.tr
5
6 N. İnandıklıoğlu and T. Akkoc
the virus is still uncertain (Li 2015). SARS-CoV, proliferation of T cells and macrophage activation
which enters the cell through the ACE2 receptor, during viral infection (Zhang et al. 2004). Simi-
begins the transcription of the viral genome and larly, the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha
the production of viral proteins. Meanwhile, the (TNF-α), which affects the hypothalamus for
host defense system is stimulated. The virus fever formation and facilitates acute phase protein
directly infects macrophages and T-cells. The production, has been found to elevate, while
depletion of lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, T sometimes no change has been found (Zhang
helper (CD4 +) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes et al. 2004). Therefore, early elevation of inflam-
(CD8 +) in most of infected patients reflect the matory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12
severity of the virus-related infection (Wong et al. may cause activation of SAR1-CoV-induced Th1
2003). Considering the cytokine pattern, which cells and NK cells and release of chemokines such
plays a significant role in determining the outcome as IL-8, and the picture may result in pulmonary
of the disease, the cytokine interferon gamma inflammation (Van Reeth et al. 2002). Strong
(IFN- γ), which is produced by T cells and natural chemo-attraction of chemokines such as macro-
killer (NK) cells as a result of an immune phage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-lα or
response, increases significantly within CCL3: C-C motif chemokine ligand 3), MCP-1
3–10 days. In contrast, another cytokine and IP-10, monocytes/macrophages, T cells and
interleukin-4 (IL-4), which supports the immu- NK cells to the infection site is also notable. IL-8
nity, decreases. IL-10, which inhibits the produc- also shows strong chemotaxis for neutrophils and
tion of IFN-γ by Th1 cells and the cytokine other granulocytes (Zhou et al. 2014). While it has
production in activated macrophages and shifts been emphasized in some studies that antiviral
the immune response to Th2, also increases IFNs and cytokines are not stimulated in SARS-
(Wong et al. 2003; Beijing Group of National CoV-infected macrophages and dendritic cells
Research Project for SARS 2003). Some studies (Ziegler et al. 2005), other study groups have
conducted after SARS-CoV infection reported shown higher levels of IFN-γ and
increased IL-2 levels (Li et al. 2003), while others IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in individuals with
argued that it decreased (Wong et al. 2004). The fatal SARS than individuals with mild to moderate
concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 also SARS in addition to inflammatory cytokines and
increase in the first 5–12 days after the onset of chemokines (Cameron et al. 2007; Huang et al.
the disease (Wong et al. 2004). Since IL-12 is the 2005). These data are the results suggesting a
maturation factor of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, it better investigation of the potential roles of IFNs
can induce the production of IFN- γ and Th1 and ISGs in the immunopathogenesis of SARS.
cytokines. IL-1β responds as an initial acting cyto- Chemokine IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 values are
kine by performing the synthesis of acute phase known to reach normal levels within 5–10 days
proteins and the release of IL-8 against infection after corticosteroid therapy,; however, no
caused by the virus (Mogensen and Paludan decrease occurs in IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12,
2001). And naturally, SARS-CoV-infected TNF-α and IFN-γ values (Wong et al. 2004;
patients have an increase in chemokine IL-8 levels Zhang et al. 2004). Antibody levels of recovering
responsible for neutrophil activation in plasma patients showed that IgG persists for 13 weeks in
along with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 all patients, but the IgM can be measured in a
(MCP-1 or CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand short time is as evidence that the IgG antibody
2) and human interferon-inducible protein expresses a primary humoral immune response to
10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) levels within the first protect the patient against the virus. The reason
14 days (Wong et al. 2004). It is known that IL-8 for such high level of response is thought to be
sometimes decreases with tumor growth factor against the virus-specific spike (S) protein and
beta (TGF-β), another cytokine that inhibits the nucleocapsid (N) protein (Zhu 2004).
8
Immune Responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 9
Symptoms
Bat Fever
Cough
Fatique
SARS-CoV-2
ACE-2
Apoptosis
Fig. 1 İmmune response to SARS-CoV-2 Immune response enhance the production of IgG,IgM and IgA
response to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV2 spread out by and viral entrance to other cells is prevented. CD8+T
airway and infect mostly airway bronchioles. Dendritic cells secrete perforin and granzyme to kill virally infected
cells present viral antigen to CD4+T cells and further cells
cytkine storm starts in severe cases. Humoral immune
status. Premature results of COVID-19 patients long term immunity (Racine and Winslow
revealed impaired lymphocyte numbers as an indi- 2009). Virus neutralization is essential to stop
cator of severe inflammation. Indeed, the ratios of spread of virus throughout the body tissues.
naïve helper T cells to memory helper T cells are Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-
found to be increased in severe COVID-19 cases. 2 develops within week and neutralizing IgG
And also decreased CD3+CD4+CD45RA+ naïve T antibodies that specific to N protein elevated in
cells and CD3+CD8+CD28+ cytotoxic suppressor 14 days. Those patients became seropositive to
T cells can be associated with weakness of immune the virus and negative for SARS-CoV-2 PCR in
response to SARS-CoV-2 (Qin et al. 2020). Cellu- 28 days (Gorse et al. 2020). Rapid screening of
lar immune system is activated with T cell SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG is important to early
response. Mostly for viral infections antigen spe- catch both symptomatic and asymptomatic
cific T cells are produced and target to virally carriers to diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19
infected cells. In SARS-CoV-2 infections CD8+T disease (Li et al. 2020b).
cell response is important to kill virally infected
cells (Li et al. 2020a). We do not have enough data
whether established immune response to SARS- 6 Conclusion
CoV-2 has a long continued memory.
In viral infections IgM forms the first response New clinical and laboratory data accrue every day
and then high affinity IgG production leads to from different centers of the world. Even we need
10
Immune Responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 11
more prospective and long term data in order to Rev 20(4):660–694. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.
understand virus and claims incurred, on hand 00023-07
Cheung CY, Poon LL, Ng IH, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MH,
data draw almost picture. The superiority of Chan KH, Yuen KY, Gordon S, Guan Y, Peiris JS
SARS-CoV-2 to other Corona virus family is its (2005) Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory
incremental growth and high spread ability syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro:
between people. Immunologic results showed possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol 79
(12):7819–7826. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.12.
impaired naïve and memory CD4 + T cell ratio, 7819-7826.2005
increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BH, Li C, Cheng ZS, Lin X, Poon
cytokine storm result in need of intensive care VK, Sun T, Lau CC, Chan JF, To KK, Chan KH, Lu L,
support to patients. Recent therapeutic Zheng BJ, Yuen KY (2014) Productive replication of
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in
approaches still struggle with virus itself and monocyte-derived dendritic cells modulates innate
cytokine storm. Vaccine based researches are immune response. Virology 454–455:197–205.
still ongoing but it is no doubt that we need https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.018
more time to induce the active immunity with Chu H, Chan JF, Wang Y, Yuen TT, Chai Y, Hou Y,
Shuai H, Yang D, Hu B, Huang X, Zhang X, Cai JP,
vaccination. Further, mesenchymal stem cell Zhou J, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chan IH, Zhang AJ,
based cellular therapy is important to prevent Sit KY, Au WK, . . . Yuen KY (2020) Comparative
permanent damage of lung and quench cytokine replication and immune activation profiles of SARS-
storm. Although we need more time to under- CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in human lungs: an ex vivo
study with implications for the pathogenesis of
stand the viral behavior, vaccine development COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis, ciaa410. https://doi.org/
and therapeutics, we are not fall behind. 10.1093/cid/ciaa410. Advance online publication
Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R,
Frydas I, Kritas SK (2020) Induction of
pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung
References inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-
CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul
Homeost Agents 34(2):1. https://doi.org/10.23812/
Al-Hazmi A (2016) Challenges presented by MERS
CONTI-E. Advance online publication
corona virus, and SARS corona virus to global health.
de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C,
Saudi J Biol Sci 23(4):507–511. https://doi.org/10.
Enjuanes L, Fouchier RA, Galiano M, Gorbalenya AE,
1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.019
Memish ZA, Perlman S, Poon LL, Snijder EJ,
Beijing Group of National Research Project for SARS
Stephens GM, Woo PC, Zaki AM, Zambon M,
(2003) Dynamic changes in blood cytokine levels as
Ziebuhr J (2013) Middle East respiratory syndrome
clinical indicators in severe acute respiratory syn-
coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coro-
drome. Chin Med J 116(9):1283–1287
navirus Study Group. J Virol 87(14):7790–7792.
Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01244-13
Cameron CM, Muller MP, Gold WL, Richardson SE,
Gorse GJ, Donovan MM, Patel GB (2020) Antibodies to
Poutanen SM, Willey BM, DeVries ME, Fang Y,
coronaviruses are higher in older compared with youn-
Seneviratne C, Bosinger SE, Persad D, Wilkinson P,
ger adults and binding antibodies are more sensitive
Greller LD, Somogyi R, Humar A et al (2007)
than neutralizing antibodies in identifying coronavirus-
Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are
associated illnesses. J Med Virol 92(5):512–517.
associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25715
responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syn-
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L,
drome. J Virol 81(16):8692–8706. https://doi.org/10.
Shan H, Lei CL, Hui D, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen
1128/JVI.00527-07
KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J,
Chan RW, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Chu DK, Poon LL,
Li SY, . . . China Medical Treatment Expert Group for
Alnaeem A, Ali MA, Tao KP, Ng HY, Chan MC,
Covid-19 (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus
Guan Y, Nicholls JM, Peiris JS (2014) Tropism and
disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/
replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coro-
10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Advance online
navirus from dromedary camels in the human respira-
publication
tory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study. Lancet Respir
Huang KJ, Su IJ, Theron M, Wu YC, Lai SK, Liu CC, Lei
Med 2(10):813–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-
HY (2005) An interferon-gamma-related cytokine
2600(14)70158-4
storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol 75(2):185–194.
Cheng VC, Lau SK, Woo PC, Yuen KY (2007) Severe
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20255
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of
emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol
11
12 N. İnandıklıoğlu and T. Akkoc
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Wong RS, Wu A, To KF, Lee N, Lam CW, Wong CK, Chan
Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, PK, Ng MH, Yu LM, Hui DS, Tam JS, Cheng G, Sung JJ
Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, . . . Cao B (2003) Haematological manifestations in patients with
(2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome: retrospective analysis.
novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 326(7403):1358–1362. https://doi.
England) 395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10. org/10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1358
1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Wong CK, Lam CW, Wu AK, Ip WK, Lee NL, Chan IH,
Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z Lit LC, Hui DS, Chan MH, Chung SS, Sung JJ (2004)
(2020) Review of the clinical characteristics of corona- Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in
virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med. severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w. 136(1):95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.
Advance online publication 2004.02415.x
Li F (2015) Receptor recognition mechanisms of Woo PC, Lau SK, Huang Y, Yuen KY (2009) Coronavirus
coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. J Virol 89 diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. Exp
(4):1954–1964. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02615-14 Biol Med (Maywood, N.J.) 234(10):1117–1127.
Li Z, Guo X, Hao W, Wu Y, Ji Y, Zhao Y, Liu F, Xie X https://doi.org/10.3181/0903-MR-94
(2003) The relationship between serum interleukins Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH,
and T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe Bai R, Teng JL, Tsang CC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan
acute respiratory syndrome. Chin Med J 116 KH, Yuen KY (2012) Discovery of seven novel Mam-
(7):981–984 malian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacor-
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, onavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source
Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J (2020a) Coronavirus of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian
infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 92 coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus
(4):424–432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25685 and deltacoronavirus. J Virol 86(7):3995–4008. https://
Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X, Xiong N, Liu Y, Li S, Sun R, Wang Y, doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11
Hu B, Chen W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Huang B, Lin Y, World health organization, Coronavirus disease
Yang J, Cai W, Wang X, Cheng J, Chen Z, Sun K, . . . (COVID-2019) outbreak situation. https://www.who.int/
Ye F (2020b) Development and clinical application of emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed
a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS- 20 Apr 2020
CoV-2 infection diagnosis. J Med Virol. https://doi. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus
org/10.1002/jmv.25727. Advance online publication AD, Fouchier RA (2012) Isolation of a novel corona-
Mogensen TH, Paludan SR (2001) Molecular pathways in virus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N
virus-induced cytokine production. Microbiol Mol Engl J Med 367(19):1814–1820. https://doi.org/10.
Biol Rev 65(1):131–150. https://doi.org/10.1128/ 1056/NEJMoa1211721
MMBR.65.1.131-150.2001 Zhang Y, Li J, Zhan Y, Wu L, Yu X, Zhang W, Ye L,
Peiris JS, Yuen KY, Osterhaus AD, Stöhr K (2003) The Xu S, Sun R, Wang Y, Lou J (2004) Analysis of serum
severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 349 cytokines in patients with severe acute respiratory syn-
(25):2431–2441. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra032498 drome. Infect Immun 72(8):4410–4415. https://doi.
Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, org/10.1128/IAI.72.8.4410-4415.2004
Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, Tian DS (2020) Zhou J, Chu H, Li C, Wong BH, Cheng ZS, Poon VK,
Dysregulation of immune response in patients with Sun T, Lau CC, Wong KK, Chan JY, Chan JF, To KK,
COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis, Chan KH, Zheng BJ, Yuen KY (2014) Active replica-
ciaa248. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa248. Advance tion of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
online publication and aberrant induction of inflammatory cytokines and
Racine R, Winslow GM (2009) IgM in microbial chemokines in human macrophages: implications for
infections: taken for granted? Immunol Lett 125 pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 209(9):1331–1342. https://
(2):79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2009.06.003 doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit504
Van Reeth K, Van Gucht S, Pensaert M (2002) In vivo Zhu M (2004) SARS immunity and vaccination. Cell Mol
studies on cytokine involvement during acute viral Immunol 1(3):193–198
respiratory disease of swine: troublesome but reward- Ziegler T, Matikainen S, Rönkkö E, Osterlund P,
ing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 87(3–4):161–168. Sillanpää M, Sirén J, Fagerlund R, Immonen M,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00047-8 Melén K, Julkunen I (2005) Severe acute respiratory
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, syndrome coronavirus fails to activate cytokine-
Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, mediated innate immune responses in cultured human
Peng Z (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 79
patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (21):13800–13805. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.21.
in Wuhan, China. JAMA, e201585. https://doi.org/10. 13800-13805.2005
1001/jama.2020.1585. Advance online publication
12
Adv Exp Med Biol - Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (2020) 9: 13–31
https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_517
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Published online: 14 April 2020
13
14 M. Bral and A. M. J. Shapiro
Fig. 1 Additive and protective strategies during ex situ normothermic machine perfusion. (Adapted from Bral et al. 2018, with permission)
Normothermic Preservation of Liver – What Does the Future Hold? 17
Table 1 Additive strategies to mitigate ischemia reperfusion injury during ex situ liver NMP
Target Category Additive examples
Oxidative Anti-apoptotic IDN-6556, F573, Z-VAD-FMK
stress agents
Metaloproteinase RXPO3, lactobionic acid
inhibitors
Vasodilators BQ123, Epoprostenol, Verapamil
Anti-oxidants Glutathione-ethyl-ester, albumin, BMX-001
Anti-inflammatory Acetylcysteine, carbon monoxide, sevofluorane, anti-aging glycopeptide,
agents Etanercept
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx 6)
Immunosuppressive Cyclosporine A
agents
Anti-oxidant Baicalein- increases glutathione peroxidase activity, inhibits 12/15- LOX
flavonoid
Vitamins Vitamin C and E; potent antioxidants with diverse biological activity
COX inhibitors Nimesulide- selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and
analgesic properties
Natural polyphenols Resveratrol- reduces inflammatory markers
Co-enzymes and Co-enzyme Q10- intracellular antioxidant. Alpha-lipoic acid- cofactor for
co-factors mitochondrial alpha- ketoacid dehydrogenases, effects mitochondrial energy
metabolism
Mitochondrial Photobiomodulation therapy, Pyrroloquinoline quinone, Ubiquinol-10, Ozone,
enhancers Glutathione
transfer from Complex II to I, with subsequent way to minimize oxidative stress during NMP of
formation and release of ROS. This leads to open- injured human liver grafts.
ing of mitochondrial membrane pores, release of Using a porcine model, Goldaracena et al.
mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and applied various anti-inflammatory agents to
inflammatory cytokines, further exacerbating any NMP liver perfusions, including
pre-existing cellular injury (Schlegel et al. 2019). n-acetylcysteine, alprostadil, sevofluorane, and
Selected strategies, including mitochondrial carbon monoxide. Levels of pro-inflammatory
enhancers, hold potential to mitigate IRI but cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α,
application of such interventions during ex situ ß-galactosidase and interleukin-6) were
NMP has not been widely investigated to date. demonstrated to be decreased and histology
Cyclosporine A, for example, has previously revealed decreased endothelial cell and hepato-
shown efficacy in minimizing IRI in ischemic cyte injury (Goldaracena et al. 2016).
stroke and myocardial infarction, and is currently
under investigation as a preconditioning drug
administered to organ donors, with the expecta- 2.2 Mitochondrial Enhancers
tion that this will reduce rates of delayed graft
function in kidney transplantation (Orban et al. 2.2.1 Photobiomodulation
2018; Nighoghossian et al. 2016; Gill et al. 2013; Phototherapy using lasers and light devices has
Singh et al. 2005). Table 1 outlines potential numerous physiologic benefits, and has been
additive strategies to mitigate IRI, however, employed in rheumatoid arthritis, and immune
much work remains in regard to clarifying dosing modulation (Goldman et al. 1980; Hegedus et al.
approaches, and ultimate efficacy and possible 2009). The proposed mechanism of action and
toxicity during ex situ NMP. efficacy is related to the absorption of light by
The addition of potent antioxidants to the ex cellular chromophores, with cytochrome C (Com-
situ circuit could be a potentially highly effective plex IV of the ETC) as the primary light
18 M. Bral and A. M. J. Shapiro
absorbing protein (Ferraresi et al. 2016). Effects Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial
of such therapy include increased ATP synthesis, effect of adding ubiquinol-10 in vitro to porcine
as well as modulation of mitochondrial energy oocyte cultures, demonstrating prevention of
metabolism, apoptosis and inflammatory mitochondrial decline, mitigation of autophagy
pathways (Ferraresi et al. 2016). Such effects are and apoptosis as well as promotion of mitochon-
reported to exist in a biphasic dose-response pat- drial biogenesis (Niu et al. 2020).
tern, with intermediate energy doses leading to
positive effect, and high doses leading to cellular
2.2.4 Glutathione
inhibition (Leal-Junior et al. 2015).
Glutathione is considered the most important
Application of photobiotherapy during ex situ
modulator of redox processes in the cell, as well
perfusion may be of benefit to improve graft
as playing a central role in regulating cell death
vitality, by enhancing aspects of mitochondrial
and cell cycle programs. The ultimate availability
function or reduction of inflammation upon reper-
of endogenous glutathione to regulate any redox
fusion. As with many untested therapies, the
state depends on a complex interplay between
dose, optimal time of application and duration
synthetic and degradative processes, and a con-
remain to be elucidated.
stant flux between reduced and oxidized states
(Scire et al. 2019). It has been previously
2.2.2 Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ)
demonstrated that pretreatment with glutathione
Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a redox cofactor of
reduces the effects of hepatic injury from both
bacterial dehydrogenases, which acts as an elec-
oxidative and chemical insult, as well as reducing
tron transfer catalyst for NADH and thiol
the inflammatory effects of other disease pro-
compounds. Previous in vivo studies had
cesses (Jiang et al. 2016; Golab et al. 2009;
demonstrated that nutritional supplementation of
Wang et al. 2013; Saito et al. 2010). Addition of
PQQ in only mg/Kg quantities stimulated mito-
glutathione to an ex situ circuit could serve as a
chondrial biogenesis, with increased mitochon-
rational intervention for improving graft quality.
drial function (Saihara et al. 2017). In vitro,
exposure of murine fibroblasts and HepG2 cells
to physiologically relevant concentrations of 2.2.5 Ozone
PQQ over 48 h also significantly stimulated mito- Ozone therapy has long been known to mitigate
chondrial biogenesis by stimulation of the SIRT1/ inflammation, and has been applied as a treatment
PGC-1α pathways with a resultant increase in in a number of pathologies (Sagai and Bocci
NAD+. Increases in mitochondrial density, mito- 2011). Applying ozone in a ‘pre-conditioning’
chondrial DNA content as well as mitochondrial approach to minimize ischemic injury has
cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I protein were all demonstrated efficacy in animal models, includ-
noted (Saihara et al. 2017). The addition of PQQ ing a model of hepatic injury (Leon Fernandez
to an ex situ circuit, particularly over a longer et al. 2008). Ozone therapy has been shown in
duration of perfusion time, may improve graft part to exert effect by triggering mild oxidative
function and mitigate deleterious effects of IRI. stress and increasing the activity of Nrf2, a tran-
scription factor effecting antioxidant enzymes
2.2.3 Ubiquinol-10 (Meng et al. 2017). The therapeutic effective
Ubiquinol-10 plays a key role in the ETC, dose of ozone has previously been calculated,
transporting electrons to Complex III. Located and is known to be 10–80 μg/ml of ozone in
on the inner mitochondrial membrane, it has blood (Meng et al. 2017). The application of
been shown to mitigate DNA and mitochondrial ozone therapy to ex situ perfusions, particularly
DNA damage, as well as protecting against mito- over longer duration, may serve to mitigate the
chondrial functional decline through upregulation inflammatory response and to improve graft
of the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway (Tian et al. 2014). outcomes.
Normothermic Preservation of Liver – What Does the Future Hold? 19
Table 2 Potential additive strategies in ex situ NMP for defatting liver grafts
Target Category Additive examples
Liver Lipolytics Forskolin, GW7646, scoparone, hypericin, visfatin, GW501516,
defatting L-carnitine
Peroxisome proliferator-activated Saroglitazar, IVA337, Pioglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist), Elafibranor
receptor agonists (PPAR- α/ γ agonist)
Interstitial transporters Volixibat (Sodium dependent bile acid transporter), LIK066
(sodium glucose co-transporter agonist);
Glucagon receptor agonist Liraglutide (GLP-1agonist)
Chemokine receptor blocker Cenicriviroc (CCR2/CCR5 receptor blocker)
Endocrine receptor agonists Metreleptin (Leptin analog), Tesamorelin (growth-hormone
releasing hormone analog)
Bile acid receptor agonist Obeticholic acid
Apoptosis signal regulating kinase Selonsertib (ASK-1) inhibitor
inhibitor
Vitamins Vitamin E
Lipid metabolism modifiers Aramchol (Stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor), Pradigastat
(Diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor),
trials, which may demonstrate efficacy during ex aspects of senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways
situ NMP. Doses and administration protocols (SCAPs) which protect senescent cells from their
have yet to be determined. own pro-apoptotic SASP. As different cells in
varying tissues manifest differing SCAPs, the
drugs may have greater efficacy in a specific
tissue, with some overlap into other cell types
2.4 Senolytics
(Tchkonia and Kirkland 2018). Examples of
drugs in this category are dasatinib, quercetin,
Drugs classified as senolytics are another group
and navitoclax.
of compounds that have recently demonstrated
In tissue culture, senolytics have demonstrated
significant potency at mitigating organ damage,
specificity, and efficacy at reducing senescent cell
as well as increasing viability and lifespan in
burden and SASP in human tissue within 48 h by
animal models.
selectively causing apoptosis is senescent vs
Senescence is a pathologic, non-proliferative
non-senescent cells. (Xu et al. 2018)
cell state caused by environmental or physiologic
In a murine model, senolytics have
cellular damage. Senescent cells have lost repara-
demonstrated a 36% increase in longevity cou-
tive and functional capacity, and in parallel, are
pled with no increase in morbidity at the end of
also resistant to apoptosis. These cells display an
life (Xu et al. 2018). Further, senolytics prevent
injured cellular phenotype, termed senescence
the physical damage and dysfunction as well as
associated secretory phenotype (SASP),
early death achieved by transplanting small num-
characterized by release of cytokines,
bers of senescent cells into healthy young mice
chemokines, profibrotic factors, metalloproteases,
(Xu et al. 2018). Administration of dasatinib and
stem cell/progenitor cell dysfunction, and growth
quercetin to mice with bleomycin-induced idio-
factors (Justice et al. 2019). The biochemical
pathic pulmonary fibrosis resulted in improved
signaling of such cells further propagates local
pulmonary function, and physical function
and systemic injury (Prata et al. 2019). Senes-
(Schafer et al. 2017).
cence is a well-recognized component of aging
In a recent human clinical pilot trial, dosing of
tissue (Tchkonia and Kirkland 2018).
dasatinib and quercetin (DQ) in patients with
Senolytics are multi-class compounds (tyro-
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis resulted in signifi-
sine kinase inhibitors, flavonoids) that have vari-
cantly improved functional status. Of particular
ous modes of action, but typically mitigate
Normothermic Preservation of Liver – What Does the Future Hold? 21
interest, the noted improvements occurred despite mononucleotide. Each has notably different phar-
dosing protocols of short duration. Three weeks macokinetics, different potential side effects, and
of intermittent drug administration demonstrated produces varying levels of NAD+ precursors
clinically meaningful, statistically significant (Dellinger et al. 2017).
improvements in physical capacity (Justice et al. Recent studies have brought to light the poten-
2019). Based on the results, the authors tial advantages of oral NAD+ precursor supple-
concluded that the effects of the tested drugs mentation. NAD+ decline has been demonstrated
were independent of the drug half-life elimination to be a component of aging, and oral NAD+
(6 h), although the follow-up was only 3 weeks administration in animal studies has been shown
(Justice et al. 2019). to mitigate some of these effects. Administering
Senescence is a known component of liver various NAD+ precursors to mice has been shown
dysfunction, and DQ administration has been to rejuvenate mitochondria, stimulates stem cells,
shown to alleviate age-dependent hepatic and increase murine lifespan (Gomes et al. 2013;
steatosis in mice (Ogrodnik et al. 2017). Although Zhang et al. 2016). Further, NAD+ precursor sup-
it would be difficult to determine for any given plementation has been shown to protect mice
liver graft, we speculate that senescence likely from high-fat diet induced obesity, and other
contributes to a portion of marginal liver dysfunc- mouse studies have shown improved glycemic
tion, and as such could be a target for on circuit ex control and cardiovascular function (Yoshino
situ intervention, particularly if the drug effects et al. 2011; de Picciotto et al. 2016). Of particular
are indeed long-lasting. In vivo, senolytics appear relevance, NR supplementation in a murine
to be effective when administered in an intermit- model of liver fibrosis leads to reduced hepatic
tent approach, for example monthly. It is stellate cell activation and reduced liver fibrosis
speculated that senescent cell development with (Pham et al. 2019).
SASP expression occurs over such length of time, Two recent randomized double-blind human
eliminating the necessity of continuous drug trials administering NAD+ precursors to over-
administration (Tchkonia and Kirkland 2018). weight adults confirmed the safety of administra-
tion, while simultaneously demonstrating a dose
dependent significant increase in whole blood
2.5 Nicotinamide Adenine NAD+ levels (Conze et al. 2019; Dellinger et al.
Dinucleotide (NAD) Enhancers 2017).
Such promising findings set the stage for the
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a use of NAD+ precursors during ex situ perfusion,
coenzyme that plays a central role in transfer of with the aim of giving a graft a metabolic boost,
hydrogen ions in essential metabolic pathways, or potentially to support biochemical repair
including generating ATP in mitochondrial pathways.
metabolism.
NAD+ as a coenzyme interacts with a number
of proteins including sirtuins, which play a central 2.6 Ischemia-Free Liver Preservation
role in regulating cellular aging, as well as poly
(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which are He et al. reported the first clinical case of ‘ische-
responsible for DNA repair (Dellinger et al. mia free’ organ transplantation. The authors
2017). Further, NAD+ serves as a coenzyme for report preserving a severely macrosteatotic graft
other proteins involved in many other critical (85–95%), under continuous NMP throughout
cellular processes. In these reactions NAD+ is procurement, preservation prior to transplant,
consumed, and requires constant synthesis to and implantation without any cold phase in the
replenish depleted pools, from dietary precursors process (Fig. 2). Liver inflow in vivo was
such as nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic established by cannulation of the portal vein
acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide (PV) via an iliac vein extension graft (24 Fr
22 M. Bral and A. M. J. Shapiro
Fig. 2 Ischemia-free liver transplant procedure liver transplantation procedure. Photo A shows the con-
The diagrams show procurement and implantation of the struction of an interposition vein on the portal vein using
donor liver under normothermic machine perfusion using the right iliac vein. Photo B shows organ procurement
Liver Assist with cannulation of the infrahepatic vena under normothermic machine perfusion. Photo C shows
cava, portal vein, and gastroduodenal artery. Photographs organ implantation under normothermic machine perfu-
demonstrate the key techniques used during ischemia-free sion. (Adapted from He et al. 2018, with permission)
cannula) and gastroduodenal artery (8 Fr can- assessment demonstrated minimal injury on his-
nula), and outflow was ensured by cannulating tology, minimal apoptosis, minimal inflammatory
the infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) (34 Fr cytokine release and minimal inflammatory path-
cannula). All cannulae were connected to a com- way activation, and importantly with rapid clear-
mercial Liver Assist device. Clamps were placed ance of fat on the post-transplant core biopsies
on the proximal PV and proximal hepatic artery, (He et al. 2018).
as well as the supra-renal IVC. The suprahepatic Such studies demonstrate the potential for ex
cava was clamped off, following which NMP was situ NMP intervention in salvaging fatty livers,
established by regulating inflow using machine but further efforts are needed to make such an
perfusion. Although this approach interferes approach clinically feasible.
somewhat with multi-organ procurement, imme-
diately following establishment of the NMP cir-
cuit, the kidneys were cold flushed via a cannula
2.7 Gene Therapy During NMP
within the abdominal aorta and procured. The
recipient recovered well, with a functioning liver
In recent years, adeno-associated viral (AAV)
graft, and without early biliary, vascular or immu-
vectors have been recognized as safe and effec-
nologic complications. Post-transplant
tive to introduce a transgene into a specific tissue
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
welken aard ook. Eens op eenen avond in den laten herfst zat ik te
Grouw in de herberg, met eenen vriend, die mijn gast was, student
als ik. Jongelingen, jonge mannen uit de Grouwster burgerij,
boerezonen, schippers-feinten, ook een paar matrozen (bûte-
farjers), waren daar, gul en vroolijk en eerbaar, gezellig met ons
vereenigd. De piano werd tusschenbeiden door den eenen of den
anderen bespeeld, en menig Friesch liedje („It wier op in
Simmerjoun”, „Forjit my net, as bolle wyntsjes waeye”, en vooral „De
Bolseter-” en „De Snitser-Merke”) werd er helder op gezongen. Daar
zaten ook een paar bejaarde schippers, en ook dezen werden door
de algemeene vroolijkheid aangestoken. Een van deze twee, een
oorbeeldige oude waterrot, met nog lustig schitterende oogen in [42]’t
gelaat, dat door weêr en wind gebruind en gerimpeld was, sprong
op, en vertoonde ons den Zevensprong. Hij zelf zong het deuntje,
dat daar bij behoort:
„Da’s ien, da’s twa, da’s trije, da’s fjouwer, da’s fiif, da’s seis, en da’s
saun!” en poemp! sloeg hij met het voorhoofd op den vloer—en
boem! daar stond de zestigjarige met een sprong weêr overeind,
lenig en vlug als een jongeling, onder ’t gejuich der omstaande
Ts j i i s f o r d o u n s e r s .
En dan wordt er, reeds van oudsher, nog gezegd: „Frisia non cantat,
non saltat,” Friesland zingt niet en springt niet!
Het was een alleraardigst tooneeltje uit het Friesche volksleven van
den goeden, ouden tijd. 8 En waar vindt men dat nu nog zoo in onzen
kwaden, hedendaagschen tijd?
Die van Akkrum hebben eenen bijzonderen, geenszins mooien
spotnaam: S k y t s t o e l e n heeten ze.
Van ouds heet zeker meubel, eene soort van stoel, waar men kleine
kinders in zet, op z’n platst uitgedrukt: skytstoel, in betrekking op het
ronde gat, dat in de zitting is, en dat tot zeker bijzonder doel dienstig
is. Later, ook nog in deze eeuw, noemde men in Friesland zulk een
meubel gewoonlijk kakstoel; dat was al wat fatsoenlijker. Thans is
men al weer een graad fatsoenlijker geworden, en zegt men meest
tafelstoel. Hebben de Akkrumers oudtijds misschien zulke
skytstoelen eerder of meer in gebruik gehad voor hunne kinderen
dan andere Friezen? Of waren juist de Akkrumer skytstoelen
bijzonder mooi, of anderszins bijzonder—en is alzoo de spotnaam
der ingezetenen van dat groote en fraaie dorp te verklaren. Wie zal ’t
zeggen!
In ’t jaer 1710
Werd ick voor het eerst gesien,
Ick was vercierd al nae behooren
Als kackstoel voor den eerstgeboren
Uyt de houwlickstrou
Van Geert Ackrum en syn vrou.
Welk een huiselijk, welk een aardig tafereeltje wordt ons door dit
eenvoudige en ongekunstelde, maar geenszins onbevallige rijmke
als voor de oogen getooverd. Een jonge vader, trotsch op zijnen
eerstgeborenen, verrast zijn wijfje, op den eersten verjaardag van
hun kindje, van hun kroonprins, met eenen nieuwen, fraaien,
misschien door hem zelven gemaakten, door hem zelven met een
eigengemaakt „vaers” beschilderden tafelstoel, dien hij ten
overvloede, in de vroolijke stemming van zijn hart, voor dit huiselijke
feestje nog bijzonder versierd had met groen en bloemen—zeker wel
met palmgroen, dat in de 18de eeuw in geen enkel tuintje ontbrak,
met papieren bloemen en met klatergoud—„vercierd al nae
behooren”. En hoe aardig wordt het kindje aangeduid, de kleine
Sjouke of Bonne of Hylke of Folkert Geerts, als de „eerstgeboren uit
de huwelijkstrouw van Geert Ackrum en zijn vrouw.” Een tafereeltje
van eenvoud, [44]van ongekunstelde en zeker dankbare blijdschap,
van waar huwelijksgeluk. „O rijkdom van zegen, waer soo de liefde
viel!”
Maar, is dit Oud-Friesche woord elders al uit den mond des volks
verdwenen, de Makkumers hebben het in stand gehouden, en
gebruiken het nog heden ten dage, vooral ook als vorm van
aanspraak, bij jongelingen en jonge mannen, waar men elders in
Friesland heite! zegt, of jù!
In den bloeitijd van Molkwerum, zoo van de jaren 1600 tot 1750,
lagen daar soms wel twintig en meer, (volgens Halbertsma „wol
sechstich”) Molkwerumer koopvaardijschepen, allen met het
zwaantje, het wapen van Molkwerum, in de witte baan van de vlag,
te gelijkertijd te Amsterdam aan den dijk bij de Haringpakkerij (thans
het westelijkste deel der Prins-Hendrikskade), en in het Damrak, te
laden en te lossen. En zoo ook te Bremen en te Hamburg, en verder
op te Dantzig, Riga, Reval en andere havens in de Oostzee. Aan de
Haringpakkerij te Amsterdam, bij de Panaalsteeg is daar nog heden
eene herberg, die dien goeden ouden tijd in gedachtenis houdt. Dat
huis, ’t welk voor weinige jaren uit- en inwendig nog geheel het
karakter van ’t begin der jaren van 1600 vertoonde, maar dat sedert
verbouwd is in den hedendaagschen trant, draagt nog [48]zijn ouden
naam „Het wapen van Molqueren”, aan den gevel, en it Molkwarder
Swanke, het Molkwerumer Zwaantje, staat er nog steeds, in
beeltenis, boven de voordeur. Ei! hoe menige Molkwerumer zeeman,
Tsjalling, Gosse of Sierd, heeft, twee honderd jaren geleden, daar bij
den waard in het voorhuis zijn mingelen Haarlemmer bier
gedronken! Hoe menige Molkwerumer schippersdochter, Jildoe, Fod
of Rimme, heeft daar bij de waardinne in ’t kamerke achter ’t
voorhuis, haren verschovenen foarflechter te recht gezet, of hare
verwaaide frissels wat geordend!
De toren was bij de afbraak nog hecht en sterk. Hij zoude, ware hij
sedert dien tijd goed onderhouden geworden, nog heden kunnen
staan als een gedenkteeken van den kerkelijken bouwtrant der
Friezen uit de vroege middeleeuwen. Jammer! dat men hem aan de
baatzucht, hoewel dan in nood, heeft opgeofferd. Voor dit snood
bestaan hunner voorouders dragen de Wirdumers nog heden
hunnen spotnaam.
Maar genoeg van marge, en van de Hantumers, die deze spijze zoo
gaarne en zoo veelvuldig aten, dat zij van de andere Friezen eenen
spotnaam daarom gekregen hebben.
[Inhoud]
II
Sommige volkseigene karaktertrekken bij Friezen, Sassen en
Franken, de drie oorspronkelijke Germaansche stammen, waaruit
het Nederlandsche volk hoofdzakelijk is samengesteld, sommige
uitingen van de volksziel bij den eenen of den anderen van deze
volksstammen, blijven nog steeds bemerkbaar voor den
nauwkeurigen waarnemer van het leven onzes volks in de Friesche
gewesten, in de Sassische gouwen, en in de Frankische streken. Tot
de bijzondere kenteekenen van den Sassischen stam behoort
zekere stijfheid en stemmigheid, zekere nuchterheid en dorheid van
geest, behoort een gemis aan bewegelijkheid en losheid, aan
geestigheid en vroolijkheid, aan humor vooral. Bij de Drenten, en bij
de Overijsselaars in het midden en in het oosten van hun gewest
van ouds her gezeten, bij de oude landzaten in den Gelderschen
Achterhoek (al ’t land beoosten Zutfen), in mindere mate bij de Friso-
Sassen in Groningerland, in ’t noorden en westen van Drente en in
noordelijk Overijssel, is deze kenmerkende eigenschap nog steeds
aanwezig. Zij vindt onder anderen ook hierin hare uiting, dat de
lieden uit de verschillende steden en dorpen van deze gouwen
elkanderen in veel mindere mate spotnamen geven, dan de Friezen
en Franken in Friesland, Holland en Vlaanderen doen.
M o l b o o n e n of B o o n e t e r s en K l u u n k o p p e n van de stad
Groningen. Een bijzonder soort van Groninger volks- en
kindersnoeperij (trouwens ook in Friesland, althans te Leeuwarden,
en in Oost-Friesland niet onbekend) bestaat uit duiveboonen, en ook
wel uit paardeboonen, die op gloeiende kolen, of anders ook wel in
den koffieboon-brander worden geroosterd—„gepiipt” zoo als ’t volk
dat noemt. Die geroosterde boonen noemt men Molboonen, Molt- of
Möltboonen, en ze maken eene harde, droge, weinig smakelijke en
moeielijk verteerbare snoeperij uit, die evenwel van ouds her,
bepaaldelijk bij de Groningers in de stad, altijd zeer in trek was, en
nog is. De Groningers dragen daar hunnen spotnaam van. Hun
andere spotnaam dragen de Groningers naar het bijzondere en
eigenaardige bier, dat in hunne stad van ouds gebrouwen en veel
gedronken werd, en dat ook buiten die stad in alle Friesche
gewesten vermaard was—naar het zoogenoemde Kluun of
Kluunbier. Die veel kluun drinkt wordt dikbloedig, zwaar van lichaam,
opgezet en rood van hoofd—met andere woorden: hij krijgt een
kluunkop. Dit is de oorsprong van den Groninger spotnaam. Die
meer van kluunbier, van ’t kluunskip, en van een kluunskonk weten
wil, leze mijn opstel Bier en Bierdrinkers in Friesland, voorkomende
in Oud Nederland (’s-Gravenhage, 1888.)
Dr. G. Nauta zegt onder anderen van dezen spotnaam (in zijne
uitgave van den Spaenschen Brabander, Nederlandsche Klassieken,
no VII, bladzijde 229): „Wel nu, toen in 1578 de Emder predikanten
ijverig in de weer waren om door te preeken de zaak der hervorming
te bevorderen en ’t Roomsche [58]geloof te bezweren, en een
pakhuis of schuur, genaamd de Pot—zoo als Wagenaar,
Amsterdam, IV, 4 meldt—de plaats was waar de Gereformeerden,
meer in ’t bijzonder de Lutherschen, hunne godsdienstige
samenkomsten hielden, kan, op welke wijze dan ook, de
scheldnaam „potschijter” voor de leiders dier kettersche
samenkomsten niet in de wereld gekomen zijn?”
Geen van deze beide verklaringen van den Emder spotnaam komt
mij aannemelijk voor. Ik houd mij aan Jerolimo, die den naam opvat
in zijne eigenlijke, voor de hand liggende beteekenis, zoo als blijkt uit
zijne woorden: „dat komt snel”, waar zeker eene aardigheid in
schuilt. Dit snapt Robbeknol ook; van daar zijn wederwoord: „Ja, ja,
de Amsterdammers en de Brabanders kunnen (dat) ook wel. Te
weten.….…