Class 8 Chapter 8: Linear Equations

Important Concepts and Formulas

1. An equation is a statement of equality between two expressions involving variables

and constants.

2. An equation has two sides separated by the symbol (=). The two sides are LHS and
RHS.

3. Linear expressions are those in which the highest power of the variable is 1.

4. Linear equation in one variable is of the form ax + b = c, where a, b and c are

constants and a ≠ 0.

5. The value of the variable, which makes both sides of the equation same is called the
solution of the equation. For example, x = 3 is the solution of equation 4x – 5 = 7.

6. If LHS and RHS are interchanged, the equation remains the same.

7. Methods of solving linear equations in one variable:

· Add the same term (constant and/or variable) to both sides of an equation.
· Subtract the same term (constant and/or variable) from both sides.
· Multiply both sides by the same term (constant and/or variable).
· Divide both sides by the same term (constant and/or variable).

Understanding Quadrilaterals
 Important Concepts and Formulas

1. A simple curve is a curve that does not cross itself at any point.

2. A curve is said to be closed if it begins and ends at the same point.

3. A Polygon is a closed figure made up of three or more line segments.

4. In a polygon, if the line joining any two points on it lies inside the polygon, then the
polygon is a convex polygon.

5. In a polygon, if there is even one diagonal which does not lie inside it completely,
then the polygon is called concave polygon.

6. The polygon in which all the sides and all the angles are equal is called a regular
polygon.

7. The sum of the interior angles of convex polygon of n sides = (n – 2) × 180°

8. The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360°.

9. A rectilinear closed figure with four sides is called a quadrilateral.

10. The examples of quadrilaterals are parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square,

trapezium and kite.

11. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with each pair of opposite sides being parallel, such
that
· opposite sides are equal
· opposite angles are equal, and
· diagonals bisect each other.

12. A rhombus is a parallelogram with all sides of equal length and

· holding all properties of a parallelogram,
· diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

13. A rectangle is a parallelogram with all right angles and

· holding all properties of a parallelogram,
· diagonals are equal.

14. A square is a rectangle with all sides of equal length and holding all properties of a
parallelogram, a rhombus and a rectangle.

15. A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.

16. A kite is a quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of equal adjacent sides and
· the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
· one of the diagonals bisects the other.

17. The relation between the number of sides (n) of a polygon and the number of
diagonals (D) is D = ½ × n(n – 3).

Data Handling and graphs

 Important Concepts and Formulas of Data Handling and Graphs

1. Data is a collection of numbers, figures, names or any items collected to give some
information.
2. The data which has not been organized is called raw data.

3. Data can be collected by the following methods: Taking measurements in

experiments, Observing outcomes of events, conducting surveys, reading statistical
publications.

4. The difference between the highest and the lowest observations is called the range of
the data.

. Range = Value of the highest observation – Value of the lowest observation

5. When numerical data is represented as columns then it is called a bar graph. It is also
known as column graph.

6. The double bar graph helps us to compare or present more than one kind of
information.

7. Large data needs to be organized in groups (classes).

8. The difference between the upper limit and lower limit of a class is called the class
width or size of the interval.

9. In a histogram, the heights of various bars are proportional to their frequencies and
the bars are drawn without any gaps between them.

10. A pie chart is used to show the relationship between a whole and its parts.

11. When the numerical data is represented by a sector of a circle, it is called pie chart or
pie graph. The angle of the sector depends upon the value of that item in the data.
Angle of sector = (Value of item/Sum of all items) × 360°.

12. The line graph displays those data that changes over a period of time. A line graph
consists of bits of line segments joined consecutively.

13. A linear relationship is a relationship between two variables in which the amount of
both the variables increases or decreases by same quantity. Linear graph is a graph
 that explains a linear relationship.

14. Variables used in experiments are of two types—dependent variable and independent
variable.

15. An independent variable is a variable that is not changed by the other variables. A
dependent variable depends on other factors.

16. We determine the position of a point in the cartesian plane by fixing its coordinates.

17. Two mutually perpendicular axes intersect at a point called the origin. Coordinates of
the origin are (0, 0).

18. The coordinate axes divide the plane of a graph paper into four regions called
quadrants.