What is a Project?

● Ek project ek waqtan-faraiz kaam hai jo ek khaas product ya service paida

karne ke liye kiya jata hai.
● Temporary – Isme ek saaf shuru aur ikhtitam hota hai.
● Unique – Ye ek naya kaam hai, naye paimane par kiya jata hai, jo aam nahi
hai ya pehle nahi kiya gaya hai.

Project Success

● Customer Requirements satisfied/exceeded: Jab project un requirements

ko pura karta hai jo customer ne manga tha ya unse zyada, toh ye successful
samjha jata hai.

● Completed within allocated time frame: Jab project usi waqt tak mukammal
hota hai jo pehle decide kiya gaya tha, toh ye successful samjha jata hai.

● Completed within allocated budget: Jab project allocated budget ke andar

reh kar mukammal hota hai, toh ye bhi successful hota hai.

● Accepted by the customer: Jab customer project ko accept kar leta hai aur
usse satisfied hota hai, toh ye successful hota hai.

Project Failure

● Scope Creep: Jab project ke doran naye tasks ya features add kiye jate hain
jo pehle define nahi kiye gaye thay, toh isay scope creep kaha jata hai, aur ye
project ki nakami ka ek major reason ho sakta hai.

● Poor Requirements Gathering: Agar project ke shuru mein zarooriyat sahi

se gather nahi ki jati, toh ye project ke doran issues create kar sakti hain, jisse
project ko mukammal karna mushkil ho jata hai.

● Unrealistic planning and scheduling: Agar project ke liye unrealistic

timelines ya schedules tayyar kiye jate hain, toh ye project ki nakami ka sabab
ban sakte hain.

● Lack of resources: Agar project ke liye zaroori resources jaise manpower,

equipment, ya technology available nahi hain, toh ye project ko mukammal
karna mushkil bana deta hai.
What is Project Management?

Project Management ka matlab hota hai ke project ke liye zaroori skills, ilm, tools,
aur techniques ka istemal kiya jata hai jisse stakeholders ki zarooriyat aur umeedon
ko pura kiya ja sake. Iska asal maqsad masail ko pehle se samajh kar aur unko rok
kar rakhna hota hai, bas unko pehchan karke aur unpar react karke nahi.

Triple Constraint Triple Constraint mein teen mukhtalif factors hain jo project ko
influence karte hain: Scope (hudood), Time (waqt), aur Budget (budget).

● Increased Scope: Agar project ki hudood barh jayein toh waqt aur kharcha
dono barh jate hain.

● Tight Time: Agar waqt ki pabandi ho toh kharcha barh jata hai aur hudood
kam ho jati hai.

● Tight Budget: Agar budget ki pabandi ho toh waqt barh jata hai aur hudood
kam ho jati hai.

Key Areas of Project Management

● Scope Management: Project ke hudood ko define karna, unko maintain

karna aur unpar nazar rakhna ke project scope mein koi changes na hon.

● Issue Management: Project ke doran aane wale masail ya problems ko

identify karna, unka solution dhoondna aur unhe resolve karna.

● Cost Management: Project ke liye allocated budget ko monitor karna,

expenses ko track karna aur budget ke andar rehna.

● Quality Management: Project ke deliverables ki quality ko assure karna,

standards ko maintain karna aur quality checks karna.

● Communications Management: Project team ke beech communication ko

smooth aur effective rakhna, updates share karna aur feedback lena.
 ● Risk Management: Project ke potential risks ko identify karna, unki
probability assess karna aur contingency plans tayyar karna.

● Change Control Management: Project ke doran agar koi changes required

hote hain, unko document karna, approve karna aur implement karna.

Scope Management:

● Define Scope: Project ke shuru mein project ki scope clear kar lena jaise ke
kya karna hai aur kya nahi.
● Maintain Scope: Project ke doran scope ko follow karna aur usmein kisi bhi
changes ko manage karna.
● Monitor Scope: Project ke progress ko scope ke mutabiq monitor karna aur
agar koi deviation hota hai toh usko handle karna.

Issue Management:

● Identify Issues: Project ke doran aane wale issues ko identify karna.

● Find Solutions: Issues ka solution talash karna aur unhe resolve karna.
● Resolve Issues: Issues ko efficiently aur effectively solve karna takay project
smooth chale.

Cost Management:

● Within Budget: Project ko approved budget ke andar mukammal karna.

● Included elements: Resources jaise ke logon ki team, equipment aur
materials.
● Quantities: Kitni quantities mein resources ki zaroorat hai.
●

Quality Management:

● Purpose of Quality: Project ko ensure karna ke wo requirements ko meet

kare.
● Conformance to requirements: Project ko requirements ke mutabiq
mukammal karna.

Communications Management:

● Maintain Smooth Communication: Project team ke beech communication

ko smooth aur clear rakhna.
● Share Updates: Project ke progress updates ko regularly team ke sath share
karna.
● Seek Feedback: Team se feedback lena aur improve karna jahan zaroori ho.
Risk Management:

● Risk Identification and Mitigation Strategy: Risk ko identify karna aur uske
liye mitigation strategy banana.
● Risk Update and Tracking: Risks ko update karna aur unka track rakhna.

Change Control Management:

● Execution of Scope Changes: Project scope ke changes ko kaise execute

kiya jayega, uska define karna.

Initiation Phase:

● Define the Need: Project ki zaroorat ko samajhna aur clear kar dena ke kya
objectives hain aur kyun project shuru karna zaroori hai.

● Return on Investment Analysis: Project se expect kiye jane wale returns ko

calculate karna aur investment ke against compare karna takay project ki
profitability ka andaza ho sake.

● Make or Buy Decision: Decide karna ke kya components ya services hum

khud banaenge ya market se purchase karenge, dono options ke pros and
cons ko evaluate karna.

● Budget Development: Project ke liye detailed budget tayyar karna, jismein

resources, equipment, materials aur any expenses shamil hoon.

Definition Phase:

● Determine goals, scope, and project constraints: Project ke objectives aur

scope ko clear karna, sath hi project mein kisi bhi limitations ya constraints ko
bhi identify karna jaise ke time, budget ya resources.

● Identify members and their roles: Project ke liye zaroori team members ko
select karna aur unki specific roles aur responsibilities define karna, taake har
koi apni jagah par focused ho.

● Define communication channels, methods, frequency, and content:

Communication ko streamline karna, channels ko decide karna jaise ke
emails, meetings, ya software, communication methods jaise ke verbal ya
written, frequency jaise ke daily, weekly ya monthly, aur content ko clear aur
relevant rakhna.
 ● Risk Management Planning: Project ke potential risks ko identify karna,
unka impact assess karna, aur uske liye strategies ya plans banana taki
project smooth aur controlled rahe.

Planning Phase:

● Resource Planning: Project ke liye zaroori resources jaise ke manpower,

equipment, aur materials ki planning karna, taki har kaam mein sahi
resources available ho.

● Work Breakdown Structure: Project ko small tasks ya activities mein break

down karna, jisse har ek task ka clear view mil sake aur execution mein help
mile.

● Project Schedule Development: Timeline tayyar karna jismein project ke

start se end tak ke tasks aur unki deadlines shamil hoon, jisse project ke
progress ko monitor karna asaan ho.

● Quality Assurance Plan: Project ke quality standards aur requirements ko

meet karne ke liye kaise approach karna hai, uska plan tayyar karna.

Implementation Phase:

● Execute project plan and accomplish project goals: Project plan ko follow
karna aur har task ko time par complete karna, taki project ke objectives aur
goals puri tarah se achieve ho sakein.

● Training Plan: Team members ko training sessions provide karna, taki wo

project ke liye required skills aur knowledge gain kar sakein aur apne roles ko
effectively perform kar sakein.

● System Build: Required systems ya software ko develop karna ya implement

karna, taki project ke liye zaroori tools aur infrastructure ready ho aur project
objectives ko achieve kiya ja sake.

● Quality Assurance: Regular quality checks karna aur ensure karna ke har
step aur deliverable project ke quality standards ko meet kar raha hai. Agar
koi quality issue aaye toh usko identify karna aur resolve karna

Deployment Phase:
 ● User Training: End users ko project ya system ke usage ke liye train karna,
taki wo naye changes ya system ko effectively use kar sakein aur koi bhi
issues se bach sakein.

● Production Review: Deployed system ya project ko review karna production

environment mein, taki koi bhi performance issues ya bugs identify kiya ja
sakein aur unka solution nikala ja sake.

● Start Using: Final system ya project ko live ya active mode mein shift karna
aur regular usage start karna.

Closing Phase:

● Contractual Closeout: Project ke liye jo bhi contracts sign kiye gaye thay,
unko puri tarah se complete karna. Agar koi outstanding payments ya
contractual obligations hain, unko finalise karna aur project stakeholders ke
sath final settlements ko arrange karna.

● Post Production Transition: Project ke production phase ke baad, system

ya product ko operational environment mein smoothly transition karna. Yeh
phase mein, maintenance, support, ya kisi bhi ongoing activities ke liye
required processes ko setup karna aur ensure karna ke transition bina kisi
disruption ke ho.

● Lessons Learned: Project ke lifecycle ke end mein, jo bhi experiences,

successes, ya challenges project team ne face kiye hain, unse lessons extract
karna. Yeh lessons future projects mein improvements aur best practices ke
liye kaafi valuable hote hain.

Work Breakdown Structure:

● For defining and organizing the total scope of a project: Project ki total
scope ko define aur organize karne ke liye WBS ka use hota hai.

● First two levels - define a set of planned outcomes that collectively and
exclusively represent 100% of the project scope: Pehle do levels mein
major deliverables ya outcomes define kiye jate hain, jo saath mil kar puri
project ki scope ko represent karte hain.

● Subsequent levels - represent 100% of the scope of their parent node:

Agar aap WBS ke lower levels ki baat karte hain, toh har level parent node ke
scope ko detail mein explain karta hai.
Project Management Tools

● PERT Chart: PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) Chart project ke

tasks ko sequence mein organize karta hai aur har task ke liye estimated time
aur dependencies ko dikhata hai. Yeh chart project ke progress ko visualize
karne mein madad karta hai aur scheduling mein help karta hai.

● Gantt Chart: Gantt Chart project ke timeline ko graphical format mein dikhata
hai. Isme har task ko bar ki shape mein represent kiya jata hai, jismein task ki
shuruwat aur mukammal hone ki date hoti hai. Yeh chart project ki progress
tracking aur scheduling ke liye commonly use hota hai.

Responsibilites of Project Manager

Process Responsibilities

● Project Issues: Project ke dauraan aane wale masail ko pehchan kar unka
hal nikalna.

● Disseminating Project Information: Project ke updates aur maqsadgaah

maloomat ko stakeholders ke saath share karna.

● Mitigating Project Risk: Mumkinah khatro ko pehchan kar unhe kam karna
project ke kamyabi ke liye.

● Quality: Project ke deliverables ko darkaar aur tayyari ke mutabiq quality

standard mein rakhna.

● Managing Scope: Project ki hudood ko define, control aur manage karna ke

project track mein rahe.

● Metrics: Mukhtalif metrics ka istemal kar ke project ki performance ka jayeza

lena.

● Managing the Overall Work Plan: Saari project activities ko dekhna aur
manage karna ke project waqt par aur budget ke andar complete ho.

People Responsibilities

● Implementing Standard Processes: Standard project management

processes aur methodologies ko istemal karna.
 ● Establishing Leadership Skills: Project team ko maqsadgaah tak
pohanchane ke liye hidaayat aur rahnumai dena.

● Setting Expectations: Team members aur stakeholders ke liye roles,

responsibilities, aur expectations tay karna.

● Team Building: Team ko mila kar rakhna aur unmein collaboration badhana.

● Communication Skills: Team members, stakeholders, aur doosre project

participants ke saath clear communication maintain karna.

Systems Approach?

1950s mein aayi yeh approach management aur problem solving ke liye ek
mukammal aur tajziati tareeqa hai. Is mein cheezein puri tarah se dekhi jati hain aur
analytical tareeqe se samjha jata hai. Is approach mein masail aur management ko
aik saath dekha jata hai, jisse ke puri picture samne aati hai aur effective solutions
tayyar kiye ja sakte hain.

● Systems Philosophy: 1950s mein aayi is approach mein cheezein systems

ki soorat mein dekhne ka overall model hota hai. Is philosophy mein
mantaqay aur masail ko systems ki nazar se samjha jata hai, jismein har
cheez ko aik pura system ke tor par dekha jata hai.

● Systems Analysis: Problem-solving approach. Is mein masail ko systems ki

soorat mein analyze kia jata hai taki unka hal dhoondha ja sake.

● Systems Management: Systems mein tabdeeliyan karne se pehle business,

technological, aur organizational issues ko address karna. Yeh process
systems ke andar tabdeeliyan lana chahta hai lekin is se pehle zaroori issues
ko identify aur solve karna zaroori samjhta hai.

The Four Frames of Organizations

● Structural Frame: Roles aur responsibilities, coordination, aur control ko

define karta hai. Organizational charts is frame ko describe karne mein
madadgar hoti hain.

● Political Frame: Different individuals aur interest groups ki coalitions hoti

hain. Yeh frame conflict aur power ko focus karta hai.
 ● Human Resources Frame: Organization ki needs aur logon ki needs ke
darmiyan harmony provide karna.

● Symbolic Frame: Events se related symbols aur meanings ko samjha jata

hai. Culture, language, traditions, aur image is frame ka hissa hain.

Three Basic Organizational Structures

● Functional: Functional managers CEO ko report karte hain. Is structure mein

departments functional areas ke hisaab se organized hoti hain.

● Project: Program managers CEO ko report karte hain. Yeh structure projects
ya specific tasks ke liye hota hai.

● Matrix: Functional aur project structures ke darmiyan ka middle ground hota

hai. Yahan personnel aksar do ya zyada bosses ko report karte hain. Is
structure mein flexibility hoti hai aur structure weak, balanced, ya strong ho
sakti hai.

Organizational Culture

● Organizational Culture: Organizational culture ek set hai jo shared

assumptions, values, aur behaviors ko define karta hai jo organization ki
functioning ko characterize karta hai.

● Underlying Causes: Bohat se experts ka khayal hai ke kai companies ke

problems ka asal issue structure ya staff nahi hai, balki culture hai.

Ten Characteristics of Organizational Culture:

● Member Identity: Logon ka apni organization se identify hona.

● Group Emphasis: Teamwork aur collaboration ki emphasis.

● People Focus: Logon ki development aur well-being ka focus.

● Unit Integration: Different departments ya units ki integrated functioning.

● Control: Organization mein hierarchy aur control systems.

● Risk Tolerance: New ideas aur initiatives ke liye tolerance.

 ● Reward Criteria: Recognition aur rewards ki criteria.

● Conflict Tolerance: Conflict resolution aur open communication.

● Means-Ends Orientation: Goals aur objectives ko achieve karne ke liye

strategy.

● Open-Systems Focus: External environment aur stakeholders ke sath

interaction aur adaptability.

Project aur Product Life Cycles

● Dividing Projects: Projects ko kai phases mein divide karna acha practice
hai, kyun ke projects systems ke hissa hote hain aur uncertainty involve hoti
hai. Isi tarah products ko develop karne mein bhi yehi tareeqa istemal hota
hai.

Project Life Cycle (1 of 2)

● Project Life Cycle: Project life cycle ek collection hota hai jismein project ke
har phase define hota hai:
○ Har phase mein konsa kaam karna hai
○ Konsay deliverables produce honge aur kab
○ Har phase mein kaun involved hai
○ Management kaise control aur approve karega har phase mein
produce hone wale kaam ko
● Deliverable: Aik product ya service jo project ka hissa hota hai.

Project Life Cycle (2 of 2)

● Early Phases:
○ Resource needs kam hoti hain
○ Uncertainty (risk) ka level zyada hota hai
○ Project stakeholders ko project mein zyada influence karne ka mauqa
hota hai
● Middle Phases:
○ Project complete hone ki certainty badhti hai
○ Zyada resources ki zaroorat hoti hai
● Final Phase:
○ Yaqeeni karna ke project requirements complete hue hain
○ Sponsor project complete hone ko approve karta hai

Product Life Cycles (1 of 3)

 ● Products Life Cycles: Products bhi apna life cycle follow karte hain.

● Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC): SDLC ek framework hai jisse

information systems ke development ke phases describe kiye jate hain.

● Systems Development Projects: Systems development projects kai tarah ke

life cycles follow kar sakte hain:

○ Predictive life cycle

○ Iterative life cycle
○ Incremental life cycle
○ Adaptive life cycle
○ Hybrid life cycle

Product Life Cycles (2 of 3)

● Predictive Life Cycle Models:

○ Waterfall model: Is model mein systems development aur support ke
stages linear tareeqe se define kiye jate hain.

○ Spiral model: Software ko iterative ya spiral approach se develop kiya

jata hai, linear approach ke bajaye.

○ Prototyping model: User requirements ko clarify karne ke liye

prototypes develop karne ke liye istemal hota hai.

○ Rapid Application Development (RAD) model: Systems ko jaldi

produce karne ke liye istemal hota hai bina quality ko compromise kiye.

Information Technology Project Management Trends

● Globalization: Globalization ne organizations ke processes aur operations

mein significant changes laaye hain.

● Outsourcing:

○ Outsourcing: Jab aik organization goods ya services outside sources

se acquire karta hai.
○ Offshoring: Outsourcing ko describe karne ke liye kai baar offshoring
term istemal hoti hai, jo ke kisi aur country se outsourcing ko describe
karta hai.
● Virtual Teams: A group of individuals jo ke communication technologies ke
zariye time aur space ke across work karte hain.
 ● Agile Project Management: Flexible approach towards project management
jo ke rapid change aur continuous improvement ke liye hai.

Globalization Issues & Suggestions

● Issues:

○ Communications
○ Trust
○ Common work practices
○ Tools
● Suggestions:

○ Greater project discipline

○ Think globally but act locally
○ Collaboration over standardization
○ Keep project momentum going
○ Use newer tools and technology

Outsourcing

● Competitive Advantage: Organizations outsourcing ka istemal karke

competitive reh sakte hain, jaise ke costs reduce karne ke tareeqe.

● Global and Procurement Issues: Project managers ko global aur

procurement issues se familiar hona chahiye.

Virtual Teams (1 of 2)

● Advantages:
○ Costs reduce hote hain kyun ke virtual workers ko office space ya
support ki zaroorat nahi hoti.
○ Expertise aur flexibility increase hoti hai, kyunki team members globally
work kar sakte hain any time.

Virtual Teams (2 of 2)

● Disadvantages:
○ Team members ko isolate karta hai.
○ Communication problems increase hote hain.
○ Informal information transfer aur networking ke ability reduce hoti hai.
○ Technology ka ziada dependence ho jata hai
Agile

● Agile: Agile ka matlab hai ke aasani se aur jaldi move karna. Lekin kuch
logon ka khayal hai ke project management, jaise ke unhone dekha hai, logon
ko aasani se aur jaldi kaam karne nahi deta.

● Waterfall Approach: Pehle software development projects mein waterfall

approach istemal hota tha.

● Challenges with Waterfall: Jab technology aur businesses zyada complex

ho gaye, to yeh approach difficult hone laga kyun ke requirements ya to
unknown hoti thi ya continuously change hoti thi.

● Agile Approach: Agile aaj ka matlab hai ke aik approach istemal kia jata hai
jahan requirements aur solutions collaboration ke zariye evolve karte hain.

Project Time Management

Project time management focuses on ensuring that the project is completed within
the defined schedule. It involves the processes required to manage timely
completion of the project.

● Define Activities: Khas karwaiyon ko pehchan'na aur document karna jo

project deliverables ko hasil karne ke liye ki jaani hain.

● Sequence Activities: Activity ka tareeqa tay karna ke konsi karwai kab honi
chahiye.

● Estimate Activity Durations: Har activity ko complete karne ke liye zaroori

work periods ka andaza lagana.

● Develop Schedule: Activities ki sequence, unki duration, aur resources ke

requirements ko analyze karke project schedule tayyar karna.

● Control Schedule: Project ka progress monitor karna aur schedule baseline

mein tabdeeliyon ko manage karna.

Project Integration Management

Project Integration Management yeh coordination hai jismein project ki shuruaat se

band hone tak sab asoolon ko ek saath milakar seamless execution aur completion
ensure ki jati hai. Ismein yeh bhi dekha jata hai ke project ke mukhtalif hisse kaise
effectively manage aur integrate kiye ja sakte hain takay project ke maqasid hasil
kiye ja sakein.

Project Integration Management ke Mukhtalif Hissa:

1. Project Charter: Project ki maqsad, maqasid, stakeholders, aur shuruaati

scope ko define karta hai. Yeh project ko shuru karne ki ijaazat deta hai.

2. Project Management Plan: Yeh aik mukammal dastawez hai jo project ko

execute, monitor, control, aur band karne ka tareeqa batata hai. Ismein scope,
schedule, cost, quality, resource, communication, risk, aur procurement
management plans shaamil hote hain.

3. Project Execution: Project management plan ko implement karna aur

mukarar shuda project activities ko complete karna.

4. Monitoring aur Controlling: Project performance ko track karna ke liye ke

project track par hai ya nahi. Yeh performance ko measure karna, plan se
chhootne wali farq ko pehchanna, aur zaroori action lena shaamil karta hai.

5. Change Control: Project scope, schedule, ya budget mein tabdeeliyon ko

manage karna. Ismein yeh ensure kia jata hai ke tabdeeliyan theek tarah se
review, approve, aur implement ho rahi hain.

6. Closing Process: Project ya phase completion ko officially khatam karna.

Ismein project resources ko release karna, lessons learned ko document
karna, aur stakeholders se formal acceptance lena shaamil hota hai.

Project Integration Management ka Ehmiyat:

● Organizational strategy aur goals ke saath alignment ko ensure karta hai.

● Stakeholders ke darmiyan effective communication ko facilitate karta hai.
● Resource utilization ko optimize karta hai.
● Project risks ko minimize karta hai.
● Overall project success aur stakeholders ki khushi ko enhance karta hai.