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www.routledgesw.com

Melinda Lewis, The University of Kansas, Series Editor

An authentic breakthrough in social work education…

New Directions in Social Work is an innovative, integrated series of texts, website, and interactive case
studies for generalist courses in the Social Work curriculum at both undergraduate and graduate levels.
Instructors will find everything they need to build a comprehensive course that allows students to meet course
outcomes, with these unique features:

All texts, interactive cases, and test materials are linked to the 2015 Educational Policy and
Accreditation Standards (EPAS) from the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).
One web portal with easy access for instructors and students from any computer—no codes, no CDs,
no restrictions. Go to www.routledgesw.com and discover.
The Series is flexible and can be easily adapted for use in online distance-learning courses as
well as hybrid and bricks-and-mortar courses.
Each text and the website can be used individually or as an entire Series to meet the needs of any
social work program.

Titles in the Series

Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation, Fourth Edition by Marla Berg-Weger
Human Behavior in the Social Environment, Fourth Edition by Anissa Taun Rogers
Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Perspectives on Development, the Life Course, and Macro Contexts
by Anissa Taun Rogers
Research for Effective Social Work Practice, Third Edition by Judy L. Krysik and Jerry Finn
Social Policy for Effective Practice: A Strengths Approach, Third Edition by Rosemary K. Chapin
The Practice of Generalist Social Work, Fourth Edition by Julie Birkenmaier and Marla
Berg-Weger

2
The Practice of Generalist Social Work
Fourth Edition
by Julie Birkenmaier, Saint Louis University
Marla Berg-Weger, Saint Louis University

In this book and companion custom website, you will find:

Complete coverage of the range of social work generalist practice within the framework of planned
change, encompassing engagement, assessment, intervention, evaluation, and termination—for work
with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. This edition features expanded
coverage of practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.
Consistent and in-depth use of key theoretical perspectives and case examples to demonstrate essential
knowledge, values, and skills for generalist social work practice. But the text does not overwhelm the
student reader with a plethora of nuances of intervention and other skills that will occur in a variety of
practice settings and roles. Instead, this book presents clearly the core competencies for general social
work practice.
Six unique, in-depth, interactive, easy-to-access cases, which students can easily reach from any
computer, provide a “learning by doing” format unavailable with any other text(s). Your students will
have an advantage unlike any other they will experience in their social work education. Go to
www.routledgesw.com/cases to see each of these cases on the free website.
In addition, four streaming videos relate to competencies and skills discussed in the book at the three
client system levels—individuals and families, groups, and communities. The videos depict social
workers demonstrating skills discussed in the chapters and offer instructors numerous possibilities for
classroom instruction. In the video for the case, “Brickville,” a social worker combines individual and
family practice skills with multicultural community engagement as he works with an African
American family about to be displaced by redevelopment and facing multiple stressors. Go to
http://routledgesw.com//sanchez/engage/video, http://routledgesw.com//riverton/engage/video, and
http://routledgesw.com//washburn/engage/video, and http://routledgesw.com//brickville/engage/video
to see each of these videos that are included within each of the web-based cases.
At least ten exercises at the end of each chapter provide you with the means to ensure that your
students can demonstrate their mastery of the theoretical frameworks, skills, and core competencies of
generalist social work practice as presented not just in the text, but in the free web-based cases as well.
Instructors can choose from among the approximately five exercises that relate to relevant practice
issues, and five that relate specifically to one of the on line cases.
A wealth of instructor-only resources also available at www.routledgesw.com/practice provide: full-
text readings that link to the concepts presented in each of the chapters; a complete bank of objective
and essay-type test items, all linked to current CSWE EPAS standards; PowerPoint presentations to
help students master key concepts; a sample syllabus; annotated links to a treasure trove of social work
assets on the Internet and teaching tips on how to use them in your practice sequence of courses.
A clear focus on generalist social work practice, informed by the authors’ decades of real-world
practice experience, at all levels of engagement and intervention.

3
The Practice of Generalist Social Work
Fourth Edition, Chapters 8–13

Julie Birkenmaier
Saint Louis University

Marla Berg-Weger
Saint Louis University

4
Fourth edition published 2017
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2017 Taylor & Francis

The right of Julie Birkenmaier and Marla Berg-Weger to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.

First edition published by Mcgraw-Hill College 2005

Third edition published by Routledge 2014

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-05840-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-05651-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16528-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Stone Serif

by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

5
Brief Contents

Preface
About the Authors

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Work Practice

CHAPTER 2 Applying Values and Ethics to Practice

CHAPTER 3 Individual Engagement: Relationship Skills for Practice at All Levels

CHAPTER 4 Social Work Practice with Individuals: Assessment and Planning

CHAPTER 5 Social Work Practice with Individuals: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation

CHAPTER 6 Social Work Practice with Families: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning

CHAPTER 7 Social Work Practice with Families: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation

CHAPTER 8 Social Work Practice with Groups: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning

CHAPTER 9 Social Work Practice with Groups: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation

CHAPTER 10 Social Work Practice with Communities: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning

CHAPTER 11 Social Work Practice with Communities: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation

CHAPTER 12 Social Work Practice with Organizations: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning

CHAPTER 13 Social Work Practice with Organizations: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation

References
Credits
Glossary/Index

6
Detailed Contents

Preface

About the Authors

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Work Practice

Purpose of Social Work
Practicing Social Work
Social Work Competencies
Knowledge, Values, and Skills [EPAS 1]
Knowledge
Values
Skills
Types of Client Groupings
Practice Framework
Engagement
Assessment and Planning
Intervention
Termination
Evaluation
Licensure of Social Work
Professional Tensions in Social Work
Clinical and Nonclinical Approaches
Developmental Socialization and Resocialization
Integrating Approaches for Clinical and Indirect Practice
Social Control and Social Change
Change and Acceptance
Experts and Shared Power
Minimization of Distance
Global Citizenship and the Local Community
Factors Promoting Globalization
Social Work Response to Globalization
Perspectives on the Conceptualizations of the Social Work Profession
Importance of Self-Knowledge
Quick Guide 1: Client Populations
Theoretical Perspectives for Social Work Practice

7
 Ecosystems Perspective
Social Justice Perspective
Human Rights Perspective
The Strengths Perspective
Postmodern Perspective and the Social Construction Approach
Social Construction
Deconstruction
Narrative Theory
Solution-Focused Approach
Critical Social Construction
Quick Guide 2: Summary of Approaches in Social Work Practice
Complementary Aspects of the Theoretical Perspectives
Straight Talk about Translating of Perspectives into Practice
Social Work Profession’s Focus on Societal Problems
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 2 Applying Values and Ethics to Practice

A Brief History of Social Work Ethics
Professional Codes of Ethics [EPAS 1]
The NASW Code of Ethics
International Federation of Social Workers’ Ethical Statement [EPAS 2]
Limits of Ethical Codes
The Role of Context
Risk Taking and Creativity
Diversity
Ethics and the Law
Parallels between Ethics and the Law
Conflicts between Ethics and the Law
Duty to Report: Child Protection
Duty to Report: Adult Protection
Duty to Protect: Threats of Violence
Conflicts working with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Collaboration between Ethics and the Law
Dilemmas and Critical Processes
The Distinction between Value Conflicts and Ethical Dilemmas
The Ethical Principles Screen [EPAS 1]
Quick Guide 3: Elements of the Ethical Principles Screen
Models for Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas

8
 Representative Examples of Practice Dilemmas
Dual Relationships
Responsibility to the Larger Society and Client Well-Being
Paternalism and Client Self-Determination
Straight Talk about Expectations and Standards in a Litigious World
Thoughtful Practice in a Postmodern World
Risk Management in a Litigious World
Grand Challenge: “Create Social Responses to a Changing Environment”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 3 Individual Engagement: Relationship Skills for Practice at All Levels

Listening to the Client’s Situation and Perspective [EPAS 3 and 6]
Quick Guide 4: Listening to a Client
Core Relationship Qualities
Warmth
Empathy
Genuineness
Unconditional Positive Regard
Specific Skills for the Dialogue with Clients
Preparing to Listen
Cultural Competence Considerations
Specific Interviewing Skills
Discovery-Oriented Questions
Silence
Following Responses
Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Summarizing
Direct or Closed-Ended Questions
Open-Ended Questions
Indirect Questions
Empathic Communication
Avoiding Communication Pitfalls
Jargon
Leading Questions
Excessive Questioning
Multiple Questions

9
 Irrelevant Questions
Working with Interpreters or Translators
Integrating the Core Qualities and Skills in Building Relationships
Articulating Purpose: The Social Worker’s Role
Moving from Spotting Deficiency to Recognizing Strengths
Engagement Skills and Methods
Mirroring
Contextualizing
Self-Disclosure
Accompaniment
Reinforcement and Achievement
Logistics and Activities
Recognizing and Articulating Power
Sources of Power
Agency Resources
Expert Knowledge
Interpersonal Power
Legitimate Power
Power in Client Lives: Jasmine Johnson
Viewing the Client Situation and Viewpoint from Social Justice and Human Rights Perspectives
[EPAS 3]
Full Participation in Culture
Strategies, Tactics, and Skills for Promoting Social Justice and Human Rights
Quick Guide 5: The Three Levels of Social and Cultural Exclusion
Grand Challenge: “Close the Health Gap”
Straight Talk about the Relationship: Interpersonal Perspectives
Confidentiality
Privacy
Ongoing Evaluation
Resolution of Case
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 4 Social Work Practice with Individuals: Assessment and Planning

Assessment and Planning in Contemporary Practice [EPAS 7]
Where Does the Client Want to Go?
Implications of Theoretical Perspectives
Classic Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Attachment Theory

10
 Cognitive Theory
Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives
The Strengths Perspective
Quick Guide 6: Examples of Strengths-Based Supportive Questions
Narrative Theory
Solution-Focused Approach
Evidence Matters [EPAS 4]
Implications of Diversity and Culture in Assessment
Cultural Competence, Humility, and Intersectionality
Culturally Competent Practice Behaviors
Connecting with the Spiritual Aspects of the Client
Global Connections
Quick Guide 7: My Cultural Heritage Journey
Skills for Assessment and Planning [EPAS 7]
Strengths Perspective
Narrative Theory
Quick Guide 8: Assessment Questions for Discovering Strengths
Solution-Focused Approach
Developing a Shared Vision of Assessment and Planning
Support for the Client’s Goals and Dreams
Planning and Setting Goals
Contracting
Quick Guide 9: Sample Contract with Jasmine Johnson
Honest Responding
When Confrontation is Necessary
When Alternatives are Necessary
Using Mapping Skills to Enhance the Dialogue
Genograms
Ecomaps
Cultural Genogram
Skills for Assessing Resources
Formal and Informal Resources
Assessment When Resources are Available or Unavailable
Straight Talk About Assessment and Planning: The Agency, the Client, and the Social Worker
The Agency Perspective
Administrative Tasks
Documentation
Quick Guide 10: Principles of Good Records

11
 The Client Perspective
Involuntary, Mandated, and Nonvoluntary Clients
Challenges in Working with Involuntary Clients
Quick Guide 11: Involuntary Clients
Opportunities in Working with Involuntary Clients
Violence
Workplace Violence in Social Work Practice
Skills for Working with Clients Who are Angry
What Agencies Can Do
Crisis Intervention
Suicide
The Social Worker Perspective: The Social Worker as a Whole Person
Painful Events
Personal Triggers
Self-Care
Sustaining Ethical Practice in the Face of Challenges
Grand Challenge: “Eradicate Social Isolation”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 5 Social Work Practice with Individuals: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Grand Challenge: “Advance Long and Productive Lives”
Interventions That Support Client Strengths [EPAS 7]
Strengths-Based Perspectives and Intervention
Acting in Context
Capitalizing on Strengths
Narrative Intervention
Solution-Focused Intervention
Cognitive Behavioral-Focused Interventions
Principles for Taking Environments into Account
The Social Worker Should Be Accountable to the Client
The Social Worker Should Follow the Demands of the Client Task
Quick Guide 12: Frame of Reference for Approaching Social Work Tasks
The Social Worker Should Maximize the Potential Supports in the Client’s Environment
The Social Worker Should Proceed from the Assumption of “Least Contest”
The Social Worker Must Help the Client Deconstruct Oppressive Cultural Discourse and
Reinterpret Experience from Alternative Perspectives
Environment-Sensitive Processes and Skills
Cultural Humility

12
 Providing Information
Refocusing and Confronting
Interpreting Client Behavior
Mapping as an Intervention Strategy
Traditional Social Work Roles in Contemporary Social Work Practice [EPAS 8]
Case Manager
Common Components of Case Management
Purposes and Practice of Contemporary Case Management
Counselor
Broker
Brokering Functions and Context
Building and Maintaining Networks for Brokering
Making the Match in Brokering
Mediator
Finding Common Ground
Walking Through It
Educator
Developing Client Skills
Working with the Public
Client Advocate
Case Advocacy
Cause Advocacy
Legislative Advocacy
Thoughts about Power and Advocacy
Collaborator
Putting It All Together [EPAS 8]
Empowerment Practice
Empowerment and Roles
Empowerment Practice and Different Strategies
Quick Guide 13: The Spirit and Principles of Motivational Interviewing
Quick Guide 14: Skills and Strategies for Motivational Interviewing
Straight Talk about Interventions: Unexpected Events and Ongoing Evaluation
Supporting Clients’ Strengths in Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-Up [EPAS 9]
Endings and Termination [EPAS 9]
Planning the Process: Overview of the Termination
Negotiating the Timing
Reviewing the Agreement for Work
Processing Successes and Shortcomings
Making and Clarifying Plans

13
 Sharing Responses to Endings
Respecting Cultural Consistency
Straight Talk about Termination and Endings [EPAS 9]
Formal Evaluations
Evaluation Priorities
Quantitative and Empirical Processes: Evidence-Based Practice
Single-Subject Design
Goal Attainment Scaling
Other Forms of Evaluation
Postmodern Views of Evaluation
Quick Guide 15: Goal Attainment Scaling
Qualitative and Reflective Processes
Case Studies
Explorations of Compatibility with Theoretical Perspectives
Quick Guide 16: Guiding Principles for Clinical Writing
Quick Guide 17: Creating a Case Summary
Explorations of Quality of Relationship
Straight Talk about Evaluation and Reflecting on Our Practice Knowledge
Straight Talk about Practice Issues Relevant to Intervention
Therapeutic Use of Self
Managing Transference and Countertransference
Professionalism
Self-Care
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 6 Social Work Practice with Families: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning
Familiar Perspectives and Some Alternatives
Historical Antecedents for Family Social Work
Family as a Functioning Unit
Family as a System
Change in One Component Affects All Other Components
Subsystems and Boundaries
Family Norms
Implications of Systems Theory for Generalist Practice with Families
Family Structure
Intergenerational Patterns
The Contemporary Context for Family Social Work
Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren

14
 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Couples and Families [EPAS 1]
Parenthood
Single-Parent Families
Families of Multiple Racial and Ethnic Heritages
Families Including Persons with Disabilities
Blended Families
International Families
Contemporary Trends and Skills for Engagement and Assessment with Families [EPAS 4]
Narrative Theory in Family Engagement and Assessment
Thickening the Story
Externalizing Problems
Unearthing the Broader Context
Solution-Focused Family Work
Assessment Process
Environmental Focus
Constructionist and Social Justice Approaches to Family Social Work
Critical Constructionist Emphasis
Social Justice Emphasis
Generalist Practice Skills Guidelines for Family Engagement and Assessment [EPAS 6 and 7]
Mapping: A Family Assessment and Planning Tool
Quick Guide 18: Questions to Consider When Completing a Cultural Genogram
Planning
Straight Talk about Family Social Work Practice
Self-Care
Documentation
Quick Guide 19: Documenting a Family Assessment
Quick Guide 20: Documenting a Family Intervention Plan
Conclusion
Grand Challenge: “Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth”
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 7 Social Work Practice with Families: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Theoretical Approaches to Intervening with Families
Strengths and Empowerment Perspectives and Family Interventions
Narrative Theory and Family Interventions [EPAS 4]
Solution-Focused Family Interventions [EPAS 4]
Contemporary Trends and Skills for Intervening with Families [EPAS 8]
Reframing
Perspectival Questions

15
 Family Group Conferencing
Motivational Interviewing
Re-enactments
Mapping as an Intervention
Documentation for Family Interventions
Ending Work with Family Constellations [EPAS 9]
Endings with Strength and Empowerment
Endings in Narrative-Focused Work
Endings in Solution-Focused Work
Evaluation of Social Work Practice with Families
Strengths-Based Measures for Families
Self-Reporting
Quick Guide 21: Caregiver Well-Being Scale
Quick Guide 22: Family Support Scale
Quick Guide 23: Family Strengths Profile
Practitioner Reflection
Straight Talk about Family Intervention, Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-Up
Grand Challenge: “Ending Gender-Based Violence”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 8 Social Work Practice with Groups: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning
Groups: The Source of Community
Group Orientation as a Cultural Dimension
Implications of Global and Cultural Connections for Social Work Group Practice [EPAS 2]
Historical and Contemporary Contexts for Group Work
Dimensions of Social Work Practice with Groups
Types, Forms, and Functions of Groups [EPAS 4]
Group Work Logistics
Quick Guide 24: The Pros and Cons of Creating a Group: Questions to Consider
Theoretical Approaches to Engagement and Assessment with Groups [EPAS 6 and 7]
Narrative Approach in Group Engagement and Assessment
Solution-Focused Approach in Group Engagement and Assessment
Contemporary Trends and Skills for the Beginning Phases of Group Work: Engagement and
Assessment [EPAS 6 and 7]
Pregroup Planning
Client Need
Purpose
Composition, Eligibility, and Appropriateness

16
 Structure
Content
Agency Context
Social Context
Pregroup Contact
Contacting Prospective Group Members
Engagement
Assessment and Planning [EPAS 1]
Straight Talk about Group Engagement and Assessment
Preparation
Engagement
Assessment and Planning
Documentation
Quick Guide 25: Task Group Notes Template
Quick Guide 26: Task Group Minutes Template
Grand Challenge: “End Homelessness”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 9 Social Work Practice with Groups: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Interface: Social Justice, Diversity, and Human Rights [EPAS 3]
Theoretical Approaches to Intervening with Groups [EPAS 4]
Strengths and Empowerment Perspectives on Group Intervention
Narrative Theory and Group Interventions
Solution-Focused Group Interventions
Developmental Models
Boston Model
Quick Guide 27: Applications of the Boston Model Prototype to Three Populations
Relational Model
Contemporary Trends and Skills for the Middle Phase of Group Work: Intervention [EPAS 8]
Examples of Different Types of Social Work Group Interventions
Constructionist Groups for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
Restorative Justice Groups for Combating Crime
Motivational Interviewing Groups
Social Work Skills for Group Interventions
Leadership Skills
Leadership Communication Skills
Leadership Problem-Solving Skills
Management of Group Function and Process

17
 Social Worker Roles
Group Member Roles
Quick Guide 28: Questions That May Be Helpful in Managing Resistance
Quick Guide 29: Summary of Intervention Skills for Social Work Group Practice
Contemporary Trends and Skills for the Ending Phases of Group Work: Termination and
Evaluation [EPAS 9]
Social Work Group Endings
Using the Strengths and Empowerment Approach in Group Work Endings
Narrative-Focused Group Work Endings
Solution-Focused Group Work Endings
Skills for Social Work Group Terminations
Ending the Relationship between Group Members and Social Worker
Ending Relationships among Group Members
Ending the Group Itself
Evaluating Social Work Practice with Groups
Quick Guide 30: Group Facilitator Self-Evaluation
Straight Talk about Group Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Grand Challenge: “Harness Technology for Social Good”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 10 Social Work Practice with Communities: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning
Familiar Perspectives and Some Alternatives on Community
Forces Working against Connections within Communities
Community Practice and Generalist Practice
Definitions and Types of Community
Spatial Community
Social Communities
Political Communities
Community Functions
Understanding a Community
Community as a Social System
Community as an Ecological System
Communities as Centers of Power and Conflict
Contemporary Perspectives for Community Practice
Strengths, Empowerment, and Resiliency Perspectives
Community in a Postmodern Perspective
Engaging Communities [EPAS 6]
Engagement of Communities
Interprofessional Engagement

18
 Assessing Communities [EPAS 7]
Comprehensive Community-Based Analysis
Community Needs Assessment
Using Evidence-Based Practice in Community Practice [EPAS 4]
Community Needs Assessment Process
Sources of Data for Community Needs Assessments
Observation
Service Statistics and Previous Studies
Use of Census Data
Administrative Data
Other Data
Mapped Data
Interviews with Key Informants
Focus Groups
Community Forums
Quick Guide 31: Guide to Key Informant Interviews
Survey Data
Quick Guide 32: Guide to Focus Groups
Quick Guide 33: Guide to Community Forums
Determining Your Assessment Approach
Quick Guide 34: Sample Needs Assessment Survey Questions
Assessing Specific Population Needs and Social Problems
Asset Mapping
Planning
Skills for Community-Based Participatory Research [EPAS 4]
Contemporary Trends Impacting Community Practice
The World as a Community
Global Interdependence: Implications for U.S. Practice
Approaches for a Global Community [EPAS 1]
Straight Talk about Community Practice
Grand Challenge: “Building Financial Capability for All”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 11 Social Work Practice with Communities: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Social Work Theory and Models for Community Intervention [EPAS 8 and 9]
Planning/Policy
Community Capacity Development
Social Advocacy
Quick Guide 35: Providing Testimony

19
 Quick Guide 36: Activities to Promote Social Change
Applying Community Practice Models to Case Examples
Blending Models
You Can Incorporate Community Capacity Development into the Planning/Policy Model
You Can Incorporate Social Advocacy into the Planning/Policy Model
You Can Incorporate Planning/Policy into the Community Capacity Development Model
You Can Incorporate Social Advocacy into the Community Capacity Development Model
You Can Incorporate Planning/Policy into the Social Advocacy Model
You Can Incorporate Community Capacity Development into the Social Advocacy Model
Contemporary Trends and Skills for the Middle Phase of Community Work: Intervention [EPAS
8]
Community Social and Economic Development [EPAS 1 and 8]
Community Development Skills
Community Development Programs
Quick Guide 37: Elements of Effective Meetings
Quick Guide 38: Utilizing Robert’s Rules of Order
Quick Guide 39: Utilizing Consensus for Decision-Making
Asset-Based Community Development
Community Organizing
Community Organizing Skills
A Generalist Approach to Community Intervention [EPAS 4]
Quick Guide 40: Examples of Public and Private Efforts to Promote Evidence-Based
Community Practice
Global Approaches for Community Social Work Practice
International Social Work Community Development
Globalization and Community Organizing in Social Work Practice [EPAS 8]
Contemporary Trends and Skills for the Ending Phase of Community Social Work: Termination,
Evaluation, and Follow-Up
Community Social Work Practice Endings
Endings and Follow-Up in Community Practice Utilizing Strengths and Empowerment
Evaluation of Social Work Practice with Communities [EPAS 9]
Straight Talk about Community Intervention, Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-Up
Conclusion
Grand Challenge: “Reduce Extreme Economic Inequality”
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 12 Social Work Practice with Organizations: Engagement, Assessment, and Planning
Understanding Organizations
Organization as a Social System
Contemporary Theories and Organizations

20
 Dimensions of Organizations
Organization Purpose
Organizations Sanctioned by Law
Organizations with Service Goals
Organizations Arising from Social Movements
Structures of Governance
Bureaucracies
Project Teams
Functional Structures
Internal Power Relations
Traditional Authority
Charismatic Authority
Rational/Legal Authority
Intersections among Dimensions of Organizations
Social Work Practice in Host Settings
Guest Status
Interprofessional Teams
Organizational Engagement, Assessment, and Planning [EPAS 4, 6, and 7]
Engaging the Organizations
Assessment of Organizations
Elements of an Internal Assessment
Legal Basis
Mission Statement
By-laws
History
Administrative Structure and Management Style
Structure of Programs, Services, and Activities
Organizational Culture
Physical Surroundings
Public Relations
Language
Procedures
Social Justice/Diversity Factors
Quick Guide 41: Dignity Assessment and Human Services Guide
Personnel Policies and Procedures
Resources (i.e., Financial, Technical, and Personnel)
Elements of an External Assessment
Relationship with Funders and Potential Funders

21
 Relationship with Clients
Relationship with Organizations in Service Network (i.e., Referrals and Coalitions)
Relationships with Political Figures
Quick Guide 42: Guide to Nonprofit Organizational Partnerships
Quick Guide 43: Nonprofit Organizational Assessment
Organizational Engagement, Assessment, and Planning in Generalist Practice [EPAS 1, 6, and 7]
Skills for Engagement, Assessment, and Planning with Organizations
Planning with Organizations
Straight Talk about Practice within Organizations
Quick Guide 44: Organizational Policy Advocacy Activities
Grand Challenge: “Promote Smart Decarceration”
Conclusion
Main Points
Exercises

CHAPTER 13 Social Work Practice with Organizations: Intervention, Termination, and Evaluation
Approaches, Perspectives, and Models for Interventions with Organizations [EPAS 8 and 9]
Self-Learning Model
Systems Model
Power and Politics Model
Postmodern Approaches
Social Constructionist Approach
Framework for Organizational Change
Gathering Allies and Creating a Change Work Group
Considerations for the Development of Feasible Solutions for Organizational Change [EPAS 4]
Change Proposal Structure
Selecting an Organizational Change Strategy [EPAS 4]
Change Strategies
Contemporary Tactics and Skills for Interventions with Organizations
Implementation Skills
Capacity Building
Education
Persuasion
Mass Media Appeals
Quick Guide 45: Persuasion Skills
Bargaining and Negotiation
Group Actions
Ethic and Change Tactics [EPAS 1]
Implementing Organizational Change
Implementation Structure

22
 Gantt Chart
Challenges to Implementation
Change Participant Affects
Generality of the Change
Organizational Supports
Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-Up of Change in Organizations
Evaluation of Social Work Practice with Organizations
Types of Evaluation
Structure of Evaluation
Logic Model
Information and Data Sources
Roles in Evaluation
Straight Talk about Organizational Life
Conclusion
Grand Challenge: “Achieve Equal Opportunity and Justice”
Main Points
Exercises

References

Credits

Glossary/Index

23
24
Preface

25
Major Changes to the Fourth Edition

Like the previous editions, this new edition of The Practice of Generalist Social Work provides detailed
coverage of the knowledge, skills, values, competencies, and behaviors needed for contemporary generalist
social work practice. Using a strengths-based perspective, students are given a comprehensive overview of the
major areas relevant for social work practice, including: theoretical frameworks, values and ethics, expanded
coverage of communication skills for all client systems and examples of their use, and extensive coverage of
practice with clients through all phases of the change process. The Practice of Generalist Social Work offers a
comprehensive discussion of practice with individuals, families, groups, communities, and organizations within
the concepts of planned change, encompassing engagement, assessment, intervention, evaluation, and
termination and follow-up. Students have the opportunity to learn about generalist practice through in-depth
case studies, examples, and exercises integrated throughout the text. This edition provides all the material
necessary and relevant for a two-or three-course sequence.
This fourth edition is fully updated to the 2015 EPAS, with connections made between specific competencies
and chapter content. This edition also provides additional examples of the application of theory and knowledge
through case studies for all client levels, particularly in practice with individuals, families, and groups. For
example, many chapters now open with a case and refer back to the case throughout to provide additional
connections between content and real-life practice. Additional values and ethics material and cultural
competency and humility content provide additional guidance for contemporary practice. Each chapter also
now incorporates a link to a Grand Challenge of Social Work, from the American Academy of Social Work and
Social Welfare, which facilitates a connection between the profession and the most significant societal
challenges of today. The Quick Guides within the text offer students guidance for their field experience and
practice after graduation. New Quick Guides in this edition provide students with brief guidelines for
community practice.
In sum, this new edition provides expanded resources that contain up-to-date individual, family, group,
community, and organizational guidance for the beginning practitioner. New end-of-chapter exercises connect
with the wealth of case-based information available at www.routledgesw.com/ and facilitate a dynamic,
experiential introduction to social work for your students.
Available with this edition are the following resources:

Updated companion readings that are linked to key concepts in each chapter, along with questions to
encourage further thought and discussion.
Six interactive fictional cases with accompanying exercises that bring to life the concepts covered in
the book, readings, and classroom discussions.
A bank of exam questions (both objective and open-ended).
PowerPoint presentations, which can serve as a starting point for class discussions.
Sample syllabi demonstrating how the text and website, when used together through the course,
satisfy the 2015 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) from the Council on Social
Work Education (CSWE).
Quick Guides from the books offered online for students to print and take into the field for guidance.
Updated annotated links to websites and other online resources, such as videos and podcasts.

26
Organization of the Book

The following paragraphs serve to briefly introduce each of the chapters included in this book with emphasis
on the updated content. All chapters have updated and specific connections to 2015 CSWE EPAS, and
expanded end-of-chapter exercises that use online resources.

27
Chapter 1

Understanding Social Work Practice provides an overview of social work practice by grounding students in
the purpose of social work; social work competencies; types of client grouping; and the practice framework of
engagement, assessment, intervention, termination, and evaluation. A discussion of the ethics that guide social
work practice, licensure of social work, client populations that social workers work with, and the tensions in
social work provides students with real-world information about the profession. Students are also introduced
to major theoretical perspectives for social work practice, including the ecosystems, social justice, human
rights, strengths, and postmodern perspectives. In this fourth edition, connections made to the Grand
Challenges for Social Work are introduced.

28
Chapter 2

In contrast to a straightforward overview of values and ethics, Applying Values and Ethics to Practice
provides a brief history of social work ethics and the NASW Code of Ethics (2008), then contrasts the Code of
Ethics with the International Federation of Social Workers’ Ethical Statement, and also discusses the limits of
ethical codes. A discussion of the intersection of ethics and the law gives students information about the
interplay between the two, followed by a discussion of ethical dilemmas and processes for resolving them.
Extensive discussion about common practice dilemmas gives students exposure to situations that they may
encounter in practice, followed by an emphasis on risk management. Expanded coverage of ethics violations
and state sanctions round out the discussion. New content in Chapter 2 includes expanded examples of value
conflict, and discussion of the Grand Challenge of Social Work to “Create Social Responses to a Changing
Environment.”

29
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
They didn't have to wait long. From the edge of the hole, there
suddenly appeared a moving shape. It was a manlike figure clad in a
brilliant crimson spacesuit. The helmet was a dark purple, and it was
difficult to see the head within.

"Looks like a man," said Blake.

"Not quite," MacIlheny said. "Look at the joints in the arms and legs.
He's got two knees and two elbows."
"What's that he's holding cradled in his arms?" Blake wondered.
The major grunted. "Weapon of some sort. Look how he's pointing it
straight at us."
For a full minute, the figure stood there, for all the world as though he
were on the surface of a planet instead of on the outer hull of a space
station. Then, slowly, it lowered the thing in its hands. When nothing
happened, the figure put the weapon down on the steel hull at its feet
and held its oddly double-jointed arms out from its body.
"Wild Bill Hickok," breathed Blake softly.
"Huh?" said the major.
"Hickok used to say: 'I'm a peaceable man.' I guess that's what this
guy's trying to say."
"Looks like it," agreed MacIlheny. "I wish there were some way of
signaling him."
"We've got the spotlights," suggested the major.
MacIlheny shook his head. "Leave 'em alone. We couldn't make any
sense with them, and our friend out there might think they were
weapons of some kind. I don't know what that thing he laid down will
do, but I don't want to find out just yet."
The alien, his hands still out from his sides, walked slowly toward the
RJ-37, his legs moving with a strange, loose suppleness. He came
right up to the forward window and peered inside—at least, the
attitude of his head suggested peering; within the dark purple helmet,
the features could not be distinguished clearly.
At last, the figure stepped back and started making wigwag signs with
his arms.
"Smart boy," said MacIlheny. "He recognizes that the ship is remote
controlled. Wonder what he's trying to say."
The alien waved his hands and made gestures, but there was no
recognizable pattern. None of the hand-signals meant anything to the
Earthmen.
Blake leaned over and whispered into MacIlheny's ear. "Hadn't we
better call the President, Mac? He'll want to know."
MacIlheny considered for a moment, then nodded. "Give him a direct
beam on what's coming over this screen. Then give me a pair of
earphones connected to his office. I want to be able to hear what he
says, but I don't want him countermanding my orders to Major
Hamacher."

The alien was still making his meaningless signals when Blake
brought in a pair of earphones and clamped them on MacIlheny's
head. A throat mike around his neck completed the communication
circuit. "Can you hear me, Mr. President?" MacIlheny asked.
"Yes. Your man Blake explained everything to me."
"Got any advice?"
"Not yet. Let's see what happens. By the way, I've given the
impression to the rest of the world that it was through your efforts that
Number Four avoided crashing; I don't think we'd better let this leak
out just yet."
"Right. Meantime, I'm going to try to capture that lad."
"How?" asked the President.
"Invite him into the ship and bring him back with it."
"All right," said the President, "but be careful."
"He's given up," said Blake, gesturing toward the screen.
The alien had given up his incomprehensible gesticulating and stood
with his odd arms folded in an uncomfortable-looking knot.
"Major," said MacIlheny, "open the cargo hold."
The officer looked puzzled, but did as he was told. After all, the
President himself had ordered him to obey MacIlheny. He touched a
button on one side of the control panel. After four or five seconds, a
light came on above it, indicating that the cargo hold of the RJ-37 was
open. The alien evidently saw the door swing inward; he hesitated for
a moment, then went around to the side of the ship, out of range of
the TV camera.
But he didn't go inside immediately. MacIlheny hadn't expected him
to; the alien couldn't be that stupid. After perhaps half a minute, the
alien figure reappeared and strode deliberately back to his own ship.
He opened a port in the side and disappeared within.
Then, quite suddenly, the screen went blank.
"What happened?" snapped MacIlheny.
Blake, who had been watching the beam control instruments, said: "I
don't know how he's done it, but he's managed to jam our radio
beam! We're not getting any signal through!"
The President's voice crackled in MacIlheny's ears.
"Fitz! Detonate that bomb! We can't take any chances!"
MacIlheny half grinned. "Major," he said, "set off the H-bomb."
The major pressed a red button on the control panel.

Twenty minutes later, the screen came on again, showing the same
scene as before. No one was surprised. By then, reports had come in
that the satellite was still visible, still in its orbit. The H-bomb had
failed to go off; the signal had never reached the detonation device.
The alien was standing in front of the camera, holding a large piece of
mechanism in his hands. On Earth, the thing would have been almost
too heavy to lift, but the gravitational pull of Satellite Number Four
was almost negligible.
"He's got the H-bomb!"
MacIlheny recognized the President's voice in his ears.
The alien bowed toward the camera, then straightened and went
back to his own ship. He clambered up the side of it with magnetic
soles as easily as he had walked on the hull of the space station.
Near the end of his ship, he opened a small door in the hull. Within
was utter blackness.

Working slowly and deliberately, he pushed the H-bomb into the

blackness. It wasn't just ordinary darkness; it seemed to be an actual,
solid wall, painted deep black. As the bomb went in, it looked as
though it were cut off abruptly at the black wall. Finally, there was
nothing outside except the two detonating wires, which had been
clipped off from inside the Earth ship. The alien took the wires in his
hands.
"My God!" said the major. "He's going to blow up his own ship! Is he
crazy?"
"I don't think so," said MacIlheny slowly. "Let's see what happens."
As the two wires came in contact, the black wall inside the small door
became lighter, a pearly gray in color. There was no other result.
"Well I'll be damned," said Blake in a low, shocked voice.
The alien closed the door in the side of his ship and came back down
to the camera. He bowed again. Then he pointed to the weapon that
he had been carrying and waved his hands. He picked it up and
brought it around the RJ-37. From the microphones inside the ship
came a faint scraping sound. Then the alien reappeared in front of
the ship. His arms were empty; he had put the weapon inside the
open cargo hold.
"A fair trade is no robbery," Blake said softly.
The alien bowed once more, then turned on his heel and walked back
to his ship. This time, he got inside and closed the door. Then the
blue ship moved.
Slowly, like a car backing out of a garage, it pulled out of the hole in
the satellite. Nowhere on its surface was there a mark or a scratch.
When it was finally free of the satellite, it turned a little, its nose
pointing off into space. A pale, rose-colored glow appeared at the tail
of the ship, and the cigar of blue metal leaped forward. To all intents
and purposes, it simply vanished.
"That," said the major in awe, "is what I call acceleration."

"Here's the way I see it, Mr. President," said MacIlheny several hours
later. "When he cracked up by accidentally plowing into Number Four,
something happened to his energy supply. Maybe he was already
low, I don't know. Anyway, he was out of fuel."
"What do you think he used for fuel?"
"The most efficient there is," said MacIlheny. "Pure energy. Imagine
some sort of force field that will let energy in, but won't let it out. It
would be dead black on the outside, just like that whatever-it-was in
the alien's ship. He just set off the H-bomb inside that field; what little
radiation did get out made the field look gray—and that's a damned
small loss in comparison with the total energy of that bomb."
"You know, Fitz, I'm going to have a hell of a job explaining where that
bomb went," said the President.
"Yeah, but we've got his gun or whatever in exchange."
"But how do you know our technicians will be able to figure it out?"
"I think they will," MacIlheny said. "Their technology must be similar to
ours or he wouldn't have been able to figure out how to fire the jets on
the satellite or how to set off that bomb. He wouldn't have even
known what the bomb was unless he was familiar with something
similar. And he wouldn't have been able to blank out our controls
unless he had a good idea of how they operated. They may be a little
ahead of us, but not too much, and I'll bet we have some things they
haven't."
"The trouble is," the President said worriedly, "that we don't know
where he came from. He knows where we are, but we don't have any
idea where his home planet is."
"That's true. On the other hand, we know something about his
physical characteristics, while he doesn't know anything about ours.
For instance, I doubt if he'd be happy here on Earth; judging by the
helmet he wore, he can't stand too much light. He had it polarized
almost black. Probably comes from a planet with a dim, red sun."
"Well, Fitz, when they do come, I hope it's for trade and not for war."
MacIlheny grinned. "It won't be war. Don't you remember? We've
started trading already!"
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