12/13/2023

Lecture 2: Disaster Management

Model
PLAN 471: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management

Prepared by:
Meher Afjun Faria
Lecturer, DURP,BUET.

Acknowledgement:
Dr. Ishrat Islam
Professor, DURP, BUET.

2 Traditional Disaster Management Continuum Model

 a number of
phased
sequences of
action
 disaster
management
occurs in
stages and
sequence

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3 Expand-Contract Model
 There is a series
of activities
that run
parallel to each
other rather
than as a
sequence.
 Actions
continue side
by side,
expanding or
contracting on
demand.

4 The Disaster Pressure Release (PAR) Model

 The “Disaster pressure and release” model, or the PAR model,

was developed by Blaikie et al.
 It explains disaster risks from a macro perspective. The PAR
model argues that disasters occur in between two opposing
forces, those of natural hazards and the processes that generate
vulnerability. It is when these two forces coincide that a disaster
happens.
 The risk faced by people must be seen as a cross-cutting
combination of vulnerability and hazard.

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5 PAR Model: The Disaster Crunch Model

 It is a framework for understanding and explaining the causes of

disaster and adopts a cause-effect perspective. It is a pressure
model.
 Vulnerability (pressure) is seen as rooted in socio-economic and
political processes which is far remote from the disaster event itself.
 The basis for the PAR idea is that a disaster is the intersection of two
opposing forces: vulnerability is one side and natural hazard event
on other side.
 It is an organizing framework outlining a hierarchy of causal factors
that together create the pre-conditions of disaster.

6 PAR Model: The Disaster Crunch Model

 The most distant of these are “root causes” which are an interrelated
set of widespread and general processes within a society and the
world economy.
 Distant in the sense of : spatially distant, temporally distant (in the
past history), may be bound up with cultural assumption, ideology,
beliefs etc.
 Root causes that give rise to vulnerability are economic,
demographic and political process. These affect the allocation of
resources.
 Root causes are connected with the function (dysfunctions) of the
state, control exercise by the govt. rule of law, administration etc.

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7 PAR Model: The Disaster Crunch Model

 “Dynamic pressures” are processes that translate the effects of root

causes both temporally and spatially into unsafe conditions.
 The dynamic pressures include epidemic disease, rapid urbanization,
foreign debt. Export promotion, mining, Etc.
 These have to be addressed (released) for disaster risk reduction.
 The model reveals a progression of vulnerability. It begins with
underlying causes in society.
 Most people are vulnerable because they have inadequate
livelihood. In many cases vulnerability is about dealing with poverty
in the society.

8 PAR Model: The Disaster Crunch Model

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9 PAR Model: The Disaster Crunch Model

10 PAR Model: The Disaster Release Mode

 the reverse of the crunch

model
 shows how the risk of
disasters can be reduced
 These measures would
begin by studying -
▪ The nature of
hazard(s) threatening
the community
▪ The nature of
underlying causes.

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11 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

 There need to be a clear link between disaster preparedness and

vulnerability reduction and the process of development itself.
 Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the
causal factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and
the environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for
adverse events are all examples of disaster risk reduction.
 DRR should be considered during project design by identifying
activities that will help to reduce risk from potential hazards.

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Thank You, and

The End