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Ponnadurai Ramasami · Minu Gupta Bhowon ·
Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo · Henri Li Kam Wah
Editors

Chemistry
for a Clean
and Healthy
Planet
Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet
Ponnadurai Ramasami Minu Gupta Bhowon
• •

Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo Henri Li Kam Wah

•

Editors

Chemistry for a Clean

and Healthy Planet

123
Editors
Ponnadurai Ramasami Minu Gupta Bhowon
Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
University of Mauritius University of Mauritius
Réduit, Moka, Mauritius Réduit, Moka, Mauritius

Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo Henri Li Kam Wah

Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
University of Mauritius University of Mauritius
Réduit, Moka, Mauritius Réduit, Moka, Mauritius

ISBN 978-3-030-20282-8 ISBN 978-3-030-20283-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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Preface

The fifth edition of the International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry
(ICPAC 2018) was held from 2 to 6 July 2018 at Hotel Sofitel Mauritius L’Impérial
Resort & Spa, Wolmar, Flic en Flac, Mauritius. The theme of the conference was
“Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet”. ICPAC 2018 was attended by 160
participants coming from 30 countries. The conference featured 105 oral and 37 poster
presentations. The keynote lecture was delivered by Ms. Veronika Stromsikova,
Director, Office of Strategy and Policy, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW). OPCW was the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize winner.
The participants of ICPAC 2018 were invited to submit full papers. The latter
were subsequently peer-reviewed, and the selected papers are collected in this book
of proceedings.
This book encloses 31 chapters covering a wide range of topics from nano-
technology, natural product chemistry to analytical and environmental chemistry
and applied chemistry. There are also two reviews among the chapters.
We would like to thank all those who submitted full manuscripts for consider-
ation and the reviewers for their timely help in assessing these manuscripts for
publication.
We would also like to pay a special tribute to all the sponsors of ICPAC 2018.
We hope that this collection of papers will serve as a useful resource for
researchers.

Moka, Mauritius Ponnadurai Ramasami

May 2019 Minu Gupta Bhowon
Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo
Henri Li Kam Wah

v
Contents

1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic

Enhancement on Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline:
A Synthesis Approach Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Saheed Sanni, Elvera Viljoen and Augustine E. Ofomaja
2 Emerging Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds
from a Desert Plant Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce
and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mohammad W. Islam, Samir H. Bloukh, Zehra Edis
and Richie R. Bhandare
3 Conductimetric Analysis and Preliminary Evaluation
of Phytochemical Constituents of Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl)
Kunth [Family: Poaceae] by FTIR and UV–Vis
Spectroscopic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Adewale Olufunsho Adeloye
4 The Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Multi-domain
Outer Membrane Protein A (OmpA) from Shigella flexneri
in POPE Lipid Bilayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Roy Lee Yung-Hung, Theam Soon Lim, Asma Ismail
and Yee Siew Choong
5 In Vitro Comparative Quality Attributes of Selected Brands
of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablets Marketed
in UAE and India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Akram Ashames, Richie R. Bhandare, Sham Zain AlAbdin,
Amna Aljashamy, Aya Atfeh, Abir Elwaer and Noura Fakhry

vii
viii Contents

6 The Cytotoxicity of Mimusops Caffra-Derived Ursolic Acid

and Its Three Triterpenoid Semi-synthesized Derivatives
on HEK293 and HepG2 Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Senabello T. Mngomezulu, Adebola O. Oyedeji, Francis O. Shode,
Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji, Andy R. Opoku and Moganavelli Singh
7 Chemical Composition of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.
Mey from Eastern Cape, South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Pamela Rungqu, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji and Adebola O. Oyedeji
8 Photodegradation of Phenol by Silver Doped TiO2;
A Comparative Study of the Efficiency of HPLC
and UV-Vis Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Benton Otieno, Nomalungelo Matjokana, Seth Apollo, Bobby Naidoo
and Aoyi Ochieng
9 A Chemotaxonomic Study of 11 Species of the Genus
Psiadia Endemic to La Reunion by 1H NMR and GC-MS
Based Metabolomic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Keshika Mahadeo, Isabelle Grondin, Hippolyte Kodja,
Hermann Thomas, Patricia Clerc, Michel Frederich
and Anne Gauvin-Bialecki
10 Trace Metals Charaterisation of Soils in the Vicinity
of a Major Active Dumpsite in Lagos: An Integrative
Multivariate Indices Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Adeyi Adebola, Majolagbe Abdulrafiu and Osibanjo Oladele
11 Parasitic Plants of Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Muvari Connie Tjiurutue, Ezekeil G. Kwembeya and Erika Maass
12 An Insight into the Adsorption Mechanism of Hexavalent
Chromium onto Magnetic Pine Cone Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Immaculate L. A. Ouma, Eliazer B. Naidoo
and Augustine E. Ofomaja
13 Review on Tuberculosis: Trends in the Discovery
of New and Efficient Chemotherapeutic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Tozama Qwebani-Ogunleye, Ikechukwu P. Ejidike
and Fanyana M. Mtunzi
14 Multivariate Analysis of Airborne Metallic Species in Sebele,
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Sello Alfred Likuku and Khumoetsile Mmolawa
Contents ix

15 Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Accumulation

in the Plant, Soil and Water from Municipal Landfill in Alice,
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Nontobeko Gloria Maphuhla, Adebola O. Oyedeji,
Francis Bayo Lewu, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji and Muinat Nike Lewu
16 Chromate Ion Adsorption onto Nanostructured Mn–Fe Oxide:
Kinetics and Equilibrium Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Albert J. K. Kupeta, Eliazer B. Naidoo and Augustine E. Ofomaja
17 Spectroscopic, XRD, In Vitro Anti-oxidant, Antifungal
and Antibacterial Studies of Heterocyclic Schiff Base Nickel(II)
Complexes Bearing Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Ikechukwu P. Ejidike, Fanyana M. Mtunzi and Michael J. Klink
18 Synthesis of Heterocycle-Appended 4-Aminoquinazolines
with Antiproliferative Properties and Potential to Inhibit
Tyrosine Kinases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Malose Jack Mphahlele, Marole Maria Maluleka
and Mmakwena Modlicious Mmonwa
19 Chemical Refinement of Chromium Metaphosphate Product
Isolated from Geological Mineral Ore Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Trevor T. Chiweshe
20 Preparation and Characterization of Ag–TiO2 Modified
Polyethersulfone (PES) Membranes for Potential Applications
in Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Kate Kotlhao, Vusumzi E. Pakade, Fanyana M. Mtunzi,
Richard M. Moutloali and Michael J. Klink
21 Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Raw 264.7 Cell Line Proliferative
Effect of 5-[(4-Nitro-Benzylidene)-Amino]-2H-Pyrazol-3-ol . . . . . . . 351
Bamidele J. Okoli, Unisa Terblanche, Cornelius Cano Ssemakalu,
Fanyana M. Mtunzi, Michael Pillay and Johannes Sekomeng Modise
22 Thermal Modelling of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Silicon Nitride
Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Ntombikazi Jojo, Cebolenkosi Philani Ntuli,
Lerato Cresilda Tshabalala and Sisa Pityana
23 Comparative HPLC Study of Isomers of N,N′-2,3-Butylenebis-
(Trifluoroacetylacetoniminato) Copper(II) and Palladium(II)
Chelates Using Silica-Based and Zirconia-Based Stationary
Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
David Tanyala Takuwa
x Contents

24 Copper-Based Nanoparticles, Their Chemistry and Antibacterial

Properties: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Zehra Edis, Samir Haj Bloukh, Akram Ashames and May Ibrahim
25 Modification of QuEChERS Method for Acidic Pesticide
(Imidacloprid) in Citrus Fruit and Some Processed Citrus Juices
Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled
with a Triple Quad Detector (UPLC-TQD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Michael J. Klink, Thembi Mphiwa, Ikechukwu P. Ejidike,
Vusumzi E. Pakade, Neelan Laloo and Fanyana M. Mtunzi
26 Rheological Characterization, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Drug
Release, Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety Studies
of Diclofenac Sodium, Loaded with Micronized Fumed
Silicon Dioxide Gel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Mohammad W. Islam, Abd Elazim A. Ali, Abdullah K. Alkindi
and Aliasgar Shahiwala
27 Kinetics and Mechanism of Cr(VI) Adsorption onto NaOH
Treated Pine and Magnetite-Pine Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Agnes Pholosi, Eliazer B. Naidoo and Augustine E. Ofomaja
28 Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Using C/TiO2
Composites Synthesized via Different Hydrothermal
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Ekemena O. Oseghe, Titus A. M. Msagati and Augustine E. Ofomaja
29 Antiulcer and Cluster of Differentiation-31 Properties
of Cucumis melo L. on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric
Ulceration in Male Wistar Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
G. I. Adebayo-Gege, Bamidele J. Okoli, P. O. Oluwayinka,
A. F. Ajayi and Mtunzi Fanyana
30 Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water
and Sediment from Owo River and Ologe Lagoon: A Focus
on Distribution, Source Apportionment, Human and Ecological
Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Kafeelah Yusuf, Blessing Okolie and Akeem Aderibigbe
31 Leaching of Cobalt from Gypsum Using Nickel Eluate . . . . . . . . . . 539
Chongo Mwenya and Melvin M. Mashingaidze
Chapter 1
Controlled Microstructure
of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic Enhancement
on Photocatalytic Degradation
of Tetracycline: A Synthesis Approach
Comparison

Saheed Sanni, Elvera Viljoen and Augustine E. Ofomaja

Abstract The controlled microstructure of plasmonic Ag/AgBr has enormously

influenced their potential application in environmental remediation. On this basis,
Ag/AgBr-AC (activated carbon) nanocomposites were synthesized by thermal polyol
and template assisted routes, and then their photocatalytic activities on the degra-
dation of tetracycline under visible light were further investigated. The synthesized
nanocomposites microstructure, structural, optical and electrochemical properties
were determined using analytical techniques. From the analysis results, the Ag/AgBr
nanoparticles were distributed evenly on the AC surface without agglomeration with
an average particle size between 160 and 190 nm and possess {111} exposed facets of
AgBr NPs. Due to the exceptional uniform nanospheres shape, smaller particle size,
speedier interfacial separation of photogenerated charge carriers, the Ag/AgBr-AC
nanocomposite from thermal polyol route displays superior catalytic performance
on tetracycline as compared to the nanocomposite from template assisted route and
Ag/AgBr alone. AC synergistic interaction with Ag/AgBr NPs in this study signif-
icantly enhances charge transfer, the creation of active sites for the generation of
reactive species and boosts the stability of plasmon K1 in the photocatalytic process.
A plausible photocatalytic mechanism on enhanced degradation of tetracycline is
proposed.

Keywords Microstructure · Ag/AgBr-AC · Thermal polyol · Template assisted

route · Tetracycline · Visible light

S. Sanni · E. Viljoen · A. E. Ofomaja (B)

Biosorption and Wastewater Treatment Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark
1900, South Africa
e-mail: augustineo@vut.ac.za
S. Sanni
e-mail: mosqit.saheed@gmail.com
E. Viljoen
e-mail: elverav@vut.ac.za

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

P. Ramasami et al. (eds.), Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_1
2 S. Sanni et al.

1.1 Introduction

The prevalence of antibiotics in the surface and municipal water poses huge risks to
our environment and human health at large. Trace level and long accumulation of
these antibiotics in the environment have adverse effects towards both aquatic and
terrestrial organisms [1]. Tetracycline is a commonly used antibiotic that has been
detected in the ecosystem [2]. The complete removal of this antibiotic using con-
ventional techniques still have their pitfalls, hence the need for effective treatment
method that can be applied on a large scale is required [2]. Semiconductor photo-
catalysis under advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has shown promising attributes
for tetracycline removal [3]. However, the development of efficient and sustainable
visible light driven photocatalysts that can fully explore the potential of the solar
spectrum is considered as one of the promising strategies toward solving the future
energy shortages. Huge attention is channeled towards the design of Ag-based pho-
tocatalysts (Ag/AgX, X = Cl, Br, I), which respond intensively to the visible light
due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on the
large band gap of the photocatalysts [4, 5].
Ag/AgBr is an important photocatalyst with exceptional attributes as compared
to Ag/AgX (X = Cl, I) [6, 7], with less emphasis on the synthetic approach for
well-defined Ag/AgBr nanostructures. The synthetic approach plays a huge role
in the development of this highly efficient photocatalyst. However, the rapid reac-
tion in the formation of AgBr nanospecies from conventional post-treatment route
(photoinduced reduction) is still challenging for effective distribution and growth
of the metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) [5]. The well tailor surface plasmon
resonance properties (SPR) of Ag NPs are dependent on controlled microstructure
(shape, size, and composition) of Ag/AgX nanocomposite. The controlled synthesis
of Ag/AgBr nanospecies with different sizes and defined morphologies have been
achieved through a host of approaches [7–9]. However, the SPR attributes of pro-
duced Ag NPs anchored on AgBr NPs from these preceding works [7–10] have
limited significance on separation of charge carriers and as such high recombina-
tion rate of electron and holes is still evident. Therefore, there is need to disperse
Ag/AgBr NPs on the clean surface material, which can participate in the controlled
microstructure of Ag/AgBr NPs. This material should also boost the separation effi-
ciency of charge carrier and behaves as a transport medium, and boosts their overall
stability in the catalytic process.
The application of carbonaceous materials with abundant oxygenated functional
groups as a template, promoter, and support in the dispersion of Ag/AgBr nanopar-
ticles [6, 11–13], has shown exceptional attributes to overcome the challenges of
previous works [7–9]. In view of the outstanding properties of these carbonaceous
materials, this work focuses on the utilization of activated carbon as template and sup-
port in the controlled microstructure of Ag/AgBr nanoparticles. The Ag/AgBr-AC
nanocomposites were prepared through two different approaches (thermal polyol and
template-assisted method) for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics
under visible light irradiation. Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposite from thermal polyol
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 3

route displays higher photocatalytic activity on tetracycline than the nanocomposite

from template assisted route and Ag/AgBr alone under visible light irradiation. The
synergy of a well-controlled microstructure of Ag/AgBr NPs and the AC support
acting as an acceptor of the photogenerated electrons from the Ag/AgBr, effectively
enhanced the catalytic properties of the nanocomposite synthesized from thermal
polyol route. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the scavenging
experiment.

1.2 Experimental Section

1.2.1 Materials

AgNO3 (99%) was purchased from Merck whereas hexadecyltrimethylammonium

bromide (HTAB, 99%), polyvinyl-pyrolidine PVP (K29-32), ethylene glycol (EG,
99%) were purchased from Acros. Ethanol (98%), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 99%),
hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and tetracycline hydrochloride (99%) were
bought from Sigma Aldrich. All the reagents were used as received and water used
in all these experiments was purified with a Millipore system.

1.2.2 Activated Carbon Synthesis

The chemical activation of pine cone biomass (PCB, 5 g) was conducted by impreg-
nating pine cone in 25 mL solution of 2 M KOH at a ratio of 2.24:1 (g KOH/g PCB).
The prepared solution was impregnated for 24 h and the solution was later dried in
the oven at 80 °C for 12 h to eliminate remaining moisture present in the material.
A sample of KOH impregnated pine cone placed in a Duran bottle under nitrogen
atmosphere flow was pyrolyzed in the microwave reactor (model LG MH8042GM),
at a constant power of 400 W for 16 min. The pine cone activated carbon produced
was cooled to room temperature, washed with 0.1 M HCl and hot distilled water to
remove any impurities until the pH was between 6 and 7. Then the washed activated
carbon obtained was dried at 105 °C overnight and then stored in an airtight container.

1.2.3 Preparation of Ag/AgBr-AC Through Thermal Polyol

Route

The synthesis of Ag/AgBr-AC was carried out through a modified thermal polyol
route [13]. 18 mL of ethylene glycol was poured into a round-bottom flask which
was heated at 60 °C for 30 min. PVP (0.12 g) and 480 mg of HTAB were added to the
4 S. Sanni et al.

solution, then AC (0.06 g) was added to the stirred mixture. After proper mixing to
completely dissolve the PVP and HTAB, 3 mL ethylene glycol solution containing
silver nitrate was slowly added dropwise to the above mixture. The solution was
maintained at 60 °C for an additional 30 min and the mixture was then heated to
a temperature of 140 °C. After attainment of the desired temperature, the reaction
was further allowed to proceed for 14 min. The reaction vessel was taken out and
cooled down to room temperature in the air. The resulting solids were collected by
centrifugation (REMI bench top centrifuge-R-8D), washed thoroughly with ethanol
and dried in an oven for 12 h. The synthesized nanocomposite was coded as plasmon
K1 and Ag–AgBr was synthesized through the same route described above without
the addition of AC.

1.2.4 Preparation of Ag/AgBr-AC Through Template

Assisted Route

The Ag/AgBr coupled AC nanocomposite was synthesized through a modified

template-assisted method with respect to the literature [14]. Typically, 12 mL ethylene
glycol solution (EG) was heated in a round-bottom flask for 30 min at a temperature
of 65 °C. HTAB (0.26 g) and AC (0.09 g) were sequentially added to the EG stirred
solution. After homogenization, 0.2 g of silver nitrate mixed with 1 M ammonium
hydroxide solution (2.50 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred solution and further
allowed to stir for 6 h under ambient light for formation of Ag0 NPs on nucleated
AgBr. The precipitated solution was allowed to cool down, separated by centrifuga-
tion (6000 rpm, 10 min), further washed with ethanol and deionized water repeatedly,
then dried in an vacuum oven at 60 °C overnight. The synthesized nanocomposite
was stored in an airtight container in the dark and denoted as plasmon K2.

1.2.5 Characterization of the Synthesized Materials

The morphology and composition properties of the nanocomposite materials were

determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss Leo 1430 VP) and
energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS, INCA). Shimadzu X-ray 700 (XRD)
with Cu Kα radiation was used to determine the crystal structure and phase data
for the photocatalysts in the 2θ range of 20–80° at 40 kV and 40 mA. The crystal-
lite size of the nanocomposites was estimated from the Scherrer equation by using
the most intense reflection peak [15]. The functional groups on the prepared samples
were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer spectrum
400) within the range of 600–4000 cm−1 . The UV–visible spectra of the nanocom-
posites was recorded using Ocean Optics high-resolution spectrometer (Maya 2000)
equipped with an integrating sphere accessory, using BaSO4 as a reference. Elec-
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 5

trochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out in a three-way electrode

system using a Biologic SP 240 potentiostat workstation. The working, reference
and counter electrode were glassy carbon electrode, Ag/AgCl (in saturated KCl)
and platinum wire respectively. The EIS experiments were carried out between fre-
quency ranges of 100 kHz to 40 MHz with a perturbation amplitude of 5 mV in 5 mM
ferrocyanide containing 0.1 M KCl solution.

1.2.6 Photocatalytic Activity Evaluation

The photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples was evaluated on the degrada-
tion of tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solution under the irradiation of 36 W white
visible LED light strips. The initial TC concentration was 15 mg/L with a catalyst
loading of 0.3 g/L in 150 mL of TC solution. Prior to irradiation, the mixed solu-
tion was ultra- sonicated, then stirred in the reactor for 1 h in the dark to reach the
adsorption/desorption equilibrium of TC on the photocatalyst surface. The adsorbed
solution was further subjected to degradation by switching on the LED light under
stirring for 3 h, while 3 mL of the sample solution was withdrawn at given time
intervals (30 min) and centrifuged to remove suspended particles. The concentration
of TC left was determined by measuring the absorbance of the solution in a UV–vis-
ible spectrophotometer at 356 nm. The percentage degradation of tetracycline was
calculated using the Eq. 1.1 below:

Ct
%R = 1 − × 100% (1.1)
Co

where Co is denoted as the initial concentration of TC solution that reached

adsorption-desorption equilibrium and Ct denoted as the concentration at reaction
time t.

1.3 Characterization

1.3.1 Morphology, Size and Composition Analysis

The SEM micrographs of plasmon K1 and K2 are shown in Fig. 1.1a, b, where the
formation of nanospheres morphology is well-defined in Fig. 1.1a for plasmon K1
with an average diameter of 162 nm. However, the morphologies of plasmon K2 are
irregular spheres with an average particle size of 180 nm (Fig. 1.1b). The reduced
particle size and uniform morphologies for plasmon K1 as compared to plasmon
K2 are ascribed to moderate synthesis temperature and PVP influence, as these two
parameters hamper irregular growth of Ag/AgBr nanoparticles that yield formation
6 S. Sanni et al.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 1.1 SEM images and EDX spectrum of plasmon K1 (a, c) and plasmon K2 (b, d)

of uniform nanostructures. The moderate synthesis temperature from previous work

has resulted in the formation of isotropically shaped Ag/AgBr nanoparticles [13, 16],
whilst PVP acts as a capping agent [8] in particle size reduction and formation of
well-defined shaped nanoparticles. Plasmon K1 with small particle size and uniform
nanospheres morphology will have speedier charge transfer, facilitating adsorption
of the pollutant on the surface of catalyst and creation of active sites in the catalytic
system for enhanced degradation of tetracycline pollutant in this study.
The elemental components of the plasmon nanocomposites (K1 and K2) were
investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. As depicted
in Fig. 1.1c, d, Ag, Br and presence of C element from activated carbon are identified
in the Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposites. The elemental analysis also reveals no other
elements in the prepared Ag/AgBr-AC photocatalyst, which confirms the high purity
of the prepared products, while the atomic ratio between Ag and Br was more than 1:1
for the nanocomposite materials based on the semi-quantitative analysis (Table 1.1).
This further confirms the formation of metallic Ag NPs anchored on AgBr in the
nanocomposite. However, the plasmon K2 possesses more content of Ag NPs ratio
and higher percentage reduction of Ag NPs as compared to plasmon K1. A few
amounts of metallic Ag are formed from AgBr NPs under ambient light with plasmon
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 7

Table 1.1 Elemental composition of Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposites synthesized from both methods
Sample Atomic ratio Atomic ratio Atomic ratio a Atomic
ratio b Reduction

(C) (Br) (Ag) (Ag:AgBr) % of Ag

Plasmon K1 20.50 28.73 50.77 0.77:1 43.41
Plasmon K2 72.44 7.13 20.43 1.86:1 65.10
a= A−B
B ; b= A−B
A (A is atomic ratio of Ag and B is atomic ratio of Br) [17]

K1, while more Ag NPs from reduction of rich AgBr NPs are formed with plasmon
K2. This is ascribed to ammonium hydroxide ionizing the carboxylic functional
groups on AC surface leading to the formation of more carboxylate anions. The
formed carboxylate anions act as additional capping sites for AgBr NPs dispersion
and growth through electrostatic interactions between the carboxylate anions and
silver cations [14].

1.3.2 Crystal Phase and Structures by X-Ray Diffraction

The crystal structures and the existence of metallic Ag in the nanocomposites were
established with XRD investigation. As shown in Fig. 1.2, the XRD pattern of the
Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposites indicated distinct diffraction peaks that are ascribed to
face centered cubic phase of AgBr (JPCDS 079-0148) and metallic Ag NPs (JCPDS
071-3762) [18]. These peaks at the 2θ include 26.6° (111), 31.1° (200), 44.3° (220),
54.8° (222), 64.8° (400), 73.4° (420) for AgBr and 38.0° (111), 44.2° (200), 64.4°
(220) and 77.8° (311) all belong to Ag NPs [19]. The XRD results show that the

•
♦
•==Αg Plasmon K2
♦==ΑgBr • Plasmon K1
•
Ag/AgBr

♦ •
♦
Intensity (a.u)

♦ ♦ ♦

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Fig. 1.2 XRD patterns of the synthesized Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposites and Ag/AgBr
8 S. Sanni et al.

formed nanocomposites are composed of abundant Ag NPs based on the distinct

peaks of Ag and AgBr nanoparticles. The intensity ratio of I(200) /I(220) of AgBr peaks
for plasmon K1 and K2 are about 1.06 and 0.68, which are higher than that of
Ag/AgBr NPs at 0.42. This observation confirms that synthesized Ag/AgBr mate-
rials growth directions are <100> direction with high exposed facet of {111} AgBr
NPs [20]. This {111} facets of AgBr from previous work describe the facets as pos-
sessing higher surface energy than facets of {100} and {110} with enhanced catalytic
activities [21]. As a result, the plasmon K1 with a high ratio of the {111} facet AgBr
NPs will exhibit higher catalytic activity as compared to plasmon K2 and Ag/AgBr
with lower ratios.

1.3.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis

The FTIR analysis confirms the synergistic interaction between AC and Ag/AgBr
NPs. The AC [22] displays a broad peak at 3333 cm−1 which corresponds to O–H
stretching, while the carbonyl stretching peak is at 1706 cm−1 [23] and the peak at
1567 cm−1 is ascribed to the carboxylic (–COO) stretching vibration (Fig. 1.3). The
characteristic peaks of C–OH and C–O–C are found at 1367 and 1227 cm−1 respec-
tively. The carbonyl-stretching band shifted to high wavenumber in the Ag/AgBr-AC
nanocomposites (Fig. 1.3), which confirms the formation of the nanocomposite as
observed with other reports [24, 25] using carbonaceous material in hybridization of
plasmonic materials.

Fig. 1.3 FTIR spectrum of

AC, plasmon K1 and K2
Transmittance (%)

-OH
-C=O
-COO

-C-OH
Plasmon K2
-C-O-C Plasmon K1
AC

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Wavenumber (cm-1)
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 9

1.3.4 Optical Properties of Ag/AgBr-AC

The as-prepared nanocomposites (plasmon K1 and K2) display strong absorptions

both in the UV and visible regions as shown in Fig. 1.4. This further confirms the
presence of metallic Ag NPs in both nanocomposites, which generates surface plas-
mon resonance (SPR) absorption in the visible region [26]. As the tailored SPR
properties of Ag NPs anchored on AgBr are influenced by controlled microstructure
(size, morphology, and composition) [7], plasmon K1 nanocomposite exhibits more
intense absorption in the visible region as compared with plasmon K2, which can be
ascribed to oriented SPR properties of Ag NPs. The as-prepared plasmon K1 on the
basis of controlled microstructures will possess higher photocatalytic activity than
plasmon K2 in the whole solar spectrum region.

1.3.5 Electrochemical Properties

The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) Nyquist plots and equivalent circuit
utilized in fitting the curve are shown in Fig. 1.5, where Rs denotes the series resis-
tance of electrolyte, Rd is the diffusion resistance, Rct is the charge transfer resistance,
while CPE, Cf , and Ws are the constant phase element, chemical capacitance and
Warburg resistance between the photoanode and electrolyte respectively. The plas-
mon K1 displays a smaller arc radius as compared to plasmon K2 and Ag/AgBr in the
EIS Nyquist plots (Fig. 1.5), which signify a reduced charge transfer resistance with
enhanced interfacial separation of charge carriers. The charge transfer resistance (Rct )
calculated from the equivalent circuit model values for plasmon K1, K2 and Ag/AgBr
are given in Table 1.2. Plasmon K1 has least Rct values with the highest efficiency for

Fig. 1.4 UV–Vis diffusive

reflection spectra of plasmon Plasmon K2
K1 and plasmon K2 Plasmon K1
Absorbance (a.u)

400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)
10 S. Sanni et al.

Fig. 1.5 EIS Nyquist plots 16

of plasmon K1, plasmon K2

14
and Ag/AgBr with an
equivalent circuit diagram 12
Plasmon K1
10 Ag/AgBr
Plasmon K2
8

4 CPE Cm

2 Rs Ws
Rd R ct

0
0 5 10 15 20

Table 1.2 The charge

Sample Rs (WÄ ) Rd (WÄ ) Rct (WÄ )
resistance values of different
Ag/AgBr samples in Plasmon K1 126 7602 1266
accordance with a series Plasmon K2 140 21,061 3885
circuit
Ag/AgBr 173 257,075 4163

electron-hole separation for enhancing the generation of reactive active species for
tetracycline (TC) degradation. This is ascribed to the well-controlled microstructure
of Ag/AgBr nanoparticles with exposed active sites and also the synergetic coupling
of Ag and AgBr with activated carbon. The carbon support behaves as a transport
medium in the separation of charge carriers from the Ag/AgBr nanoparticles.

1.3.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline

The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were assessed by degrada-

tion of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. As shown in Fig. 1.6a, after
180 min of degradation of TC, only 24.66% removal was achieved in the absence
of the photocatalyst, indicating that TC molecule is highly stable under visible light
irradiation. However, with other photocatalysts prepared in this work, the decrease
in concentration of TC as a function of time is evident in Fig. 1.6a. The Ag/AgBr
showed visible light activity on the degradation of TC (59.82%), while the dispersion
of Ag/AgBr on AC using above described synthetic route improves the degradation
rate significantly. Plasmon K1 induces more degradation rate (92.08%) than plasmon
K2 (81.12%) due to the tailored SPR properties of Ag NPs and also restrained recom-
bination of photogenerated charge carriers by the activated carbon in transferring the
photogenerated charge (e− ) away which enhances the charge separation efficiency.
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 11

Fig. 1.6 a Photocatalytic (a) Photolysis

activity of as-prepared 1.0 Ag/AgBr
nanocomposites on TC Plasmon K2
Plasmon K1
degradation under visible
0.8
light and b decrease in
maximum absorption peak of
TC at different irradiation 0.6

C/Co
times using plasmon K1 as a
photocatalyst
0.4

0.2
Dark Visible Light
0.0
-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (min)

(b)
Initial TC
60 min adsorption
30 min light
60 min light
Absorbance (a.u)

90 min light
120 min light
150 min light
180 min light

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440

Wavelength (nm)

Overall, plasmon K1 photocatalytic performance was higher than that of plasmon

K2, Ag/AgBr and photolysis in the degradation of TC.
Figure 1.6b shows the UV–Vis absorption plot of TC degradation in the presence
of plasmon K1 under visible light irradiation. The characteristic maximum absorp-
tion peak of TC (376 nm) decreases rapidly as the degradation time increases. The
catalytic degradation rates of TC over the as-prepared photocatalyst and photoly-
sis all obey the pseudo-first-order kinetics [27] (Fig. 1.7a). The equation model is
ln(C/Co ) = −kt, where Co is the initial concentration of TC, C is the concentration
at the irradiation time t, and the slope (k) is the apparent first-order rate constant
(min−1 ). The k values for dispersion of Ag/AgBr on AC nanocomposites are higher
than Ag/AgBr and photolysis (Fig. 1.7b). The k value for plasmon K1 is 2, 3 and 9
times faster than plasmon K2, Ag/AgBr and photolysis respectively in this work.
12 S. Sanni et al.

Fig. 1.7 a Pseudo-first-order (a) 3.0

reaction kinetics and
b corresponding apparent Plasmon K1
2.5 Plasmon K2
rate constants of as-prepared Ag/AgBr
nanocomposites for TC Photolysis
degradation 2.0

-Ln (C/Co)
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (min)
(b)
0.014

0.012

0.010
K app (min-1)

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000
Photolysis Ag/AgBr Plasmon K1 Plasmon K2

1.3.7 Photocatalytic Mechanism

For further confirmation of active reactive species responsible for enhanced pho-
todegradation of TC over plasmon K1 and plasmon K2 under visible light irradia-
tion, a host of different scavenger solutions (1 mmol) such as benzoquinone (BQ),
isopropanol (IPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-Na2 ) were
added to TC solution to quench · O2 − , · OH, and h+ in the degradation process. The
degradation rate of TC decreases significantly to 9–14% and 32–40% in the pres-
ence of BQ and EDTA-Na2 respectively (Fig. 1.8a), which indicates · O2 − and h+
greater influence in the removal of TC. However, the degradation rate of TC was
not affected by the addition of IPA, indicating that · OH is not the major reactive
radical and combination of all the scavengers highlights their participation in TC
degradation. Overall, the · O2 − is majorly responsible for enhanced TC degradation,
as its significant role is further explored in this study.
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 13

Fig. 1.8 a Photocatalytic (a) 100

degradation of TC solution Plasmon K1
over plasmon K1 and K2 Plasmon K2
with different scavengers and 80

Degradation rate (%)

b quantification of · O2 −
reactive species using NBT 60

40

20

0
No Scavenger BQ IPA EDTA-Na2 Mixture

(b) 1.0
NBT
0.8 Photolysis
Ag/AgBr
Absorbance (a.u)

Plasmon K2
0.6 Plasmon K1

0.4

0.2

0.0
200 250 300 350 400
Wavelength (nm)

To confirm the rate of formation of · O2 − in this study, degradation of nitroblue

tetrazolium (NBT) to diformazan [28] under visible light irradiation was carried out.
The generation rate of · O2 − is measured by the decrease in absorbance peak of NBT
(259 nm) with degradation time. A higher amount of reactive · O2 − is produced with
plasmon K1 (Fig. 1.9b) with faster decline in absorbance peak, which is in tune
with its enhanced degradation rate on TC as compared to plasmon K2, Ag/AgBr and
photolysis.
Furthermore, the stability of plasmon K1 was evaluated. The nanocomposite still
keeps its original catalytic performance after 5 cycle runs on TC degradation as shown
in Fig. 1.9a under visible light irradiation. Our findings reveal that the plasmon K1 will
have an extraordinary photocatalytic performance for a host of organic compounds
elimination with good stability under visible light irradiation.
Figure 1.9b illustrates the plausible reaction mechanism of plasmon K1 on the
degradation of TC under visible light irradiation. The TC solution was adsorbed on
the surface of the AC through electrostatic adsorption [29]. The AC and the smaller
14 S. Sanni et al.

(a) 100

80

% Degradation 60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Cycles
(b)

TC . C02 + H20
O-2

e-
O2
e- e- e- e-
e- e- e-
Ag SPR
AgBr
h+ h+ h+

TC h+ h+ h+

OH
Bro H2O
Br-

C02 + H20
Activated
Carbon

Fig. 1.9 The degradation rate of TC solution by plasmon K1 photocatalyst a five recycling runs
and b plausible photocatalytic reaction mechanism

particle size of the overall nanocomposite increase the active sites between TC and
photocatalyst, with the generation of reactive species for enhanced degradation of
TC. Under visible light irradiation, both Ag and AgBr can generate photogenerated
electron-hole pairs, while the controlled SPR attributes of Ag NPs result in efficient
interfacial separation of photogenerated charge carriers [5]. There is first the transport
of separated electrons from photoexcited Ag NPs into the conduction band (CB) of
AgBr through the Schottky barrier. Then the AC further transfers the electron away
from the CB of AgBr, which reacts with adsorbed oxygen to generate the reactive
superoxide species, which is a strong oxidant species that degrades the adsorbed TC
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic … 15

effectively [30, 31]. The holes left behind on the surface of Ag and in the valence band
(VB) of AgBr [32] react with H2 O to form · OH; this formed reactive species will also
degrade TC effectively under visible light irradiation. The positively charged holes
also oxidize Br− to Br0 , a reactive species that can also oxidize TC and is reduced
back to Br ions again [7].
From the analysis and discussion described above, the tailored SPR properties of
Ag NPs from the controlled microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposite, speed-
ier interfacial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and large generation of
reactive superoxide species in plasmon K1 from thermal polyol route all resulted in
higher photocatalytic activity on TC removal in this study.

1.4 Conclusion

In summary, the microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC nanocomposites (plasmon K1

and K2) were effectively controlled in this study through two different synthetic
approaches (thermal polyol and template-assisted method), then subsequently uti-
lized in the degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation. Both plasmon
K1 and K2 have spherical shape with the distribution of Ag/AgBr nanoparticles with
an average particle size between 160 and 190 nm on the surface of activated carbon
as support. However, based on uniform nanospheres morphology, smaller particle
size, a more exposed facet of AgBr and restrained recombination of charge carriers
in the generation of reactive species, plasmon K1 displays exceptional enhanced
photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline as compared to plasmon K2 and Ag/AgBr
under visible light. The activated carbon presence in the nanocomposite significantly
boosted the transport and separation efficiency of charge carrier, and the overall sta-
bility in the catalytic process after several repetitive cycles.

Acknowledgements The National Research Foundation of South Africa with the grant number
(99330 and 111330), the Sasol University Collaboration Program and the Vaal University of Tech-
nology financially supported this work.

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Chapter 2
Emerging Phytochemicals and Bioactive
Compounds from a Desert Plant Prosopis
cineraria (L.) Druce and Future Prospects

Mohammad W. Islam, Samir H. Bloukh, Zehra Edis and Richie R. Bhandare

Abstract Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Family Leguminosae, subfamily

Mimosoideae) has a number of uses in ethnomedicine. P. cineraria has social, eth-
nological, traditional and remedial effects on the lives of people. P. cineraria is an
important herbal plant as mentioned in the ancient literature. It is used tradition-
ally for treatment of various ailments like leprosy, dysentery, asthma, leukoderma,
dyspepsia and earache. The objective is to review the phytochemicals and the bio
potential of the plant. This paper includes an overview on the studies of different
herbal extracts, metabolites and major classes of metabolites which are pharmaco-
logically active, like alkaloids and flavonoids, which have anti-tumor, antioxidant,
anti-diabetic, anti-nociceptive, estrogenic and antimicrobial activity. A comprehen-
sive literature survey was performed on the phytochemicals present in the different
parts of the plant P. cineraria and their pharmacological properties with chemical
structures. This review was prepared with thorough advanced search by using key
words P. cineraria (L.) Druce in Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Sco-
pus and ProQuest as well as from English language scientific journals, magazines
and books. The phytochemicals discussed in the present review could be promising
candidates to be utilized as bioactive compounds for direct use as drug or herbal
extracts as botanical drugs.

Keywords Prosopis cineraria · Ghaf · Biopharmaceutical potential · Chemical

structures · Phytochemicals · Bioactive compounds · Bioactivity

M. W. Islam · Z. Edis · R. R. Bhandare

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman
University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
e-mail: m.islam@ajman.ac.ae
Z. Edis
e-mail: z.edis@ajman.ac.ae
R. R. Bhandare
e-mail: r.bhandareh@ajman.ac.ae
S. H. Bloukh (B)
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University,
Ajman, United Arab Emirates
e-mail: s.bloukh@ajman.ac.ae

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 19

P. Ramasami et al. (eds.), Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_2
20 M. W. Islam et al.

2.1 Introduction

The plant P. cineraria (L.) Druce (Family Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoideae)

occurs in most of the world’s hot arid and semi-arid regions as native or introduced
species [1]. This promising multipurpose tree holds an important place in the rural
economy [2]. The plants are found in the Thar desert of India and Pakistan, but
smaller populations are available in Iran, Afghanistan and the Arabian Peninsula [3,
4].
The invasion of Prosopis sp. generates environmental, social and economic ben-
efits worldwide [5–7]. Prosopis plays an important role in the rural economy in the
northwest region of the Indian subcontinent [2] and has substantial impacts on bio-
diversity, ecosystem, and local and regional economies. It is used as fuel, fodder,
windbreaks, shade, construction materials, and soil stabilization in Africa and Asia
[1]. P. cineraria is an important native species to the northeastern United Arab Emi-
rates (UAE), locally known as Ghaf tree. Prosopis sp. has been reported to be a plant
with remarkable properties [8]. It is found on inland sand plains and low dunes of
Abu Dhabi Emirate, and appears occasionally in Wadi beds of the Hajar mountain
range [9]. P. cineraria are among the few trees growing in the arid deserts of the
UAE and constitute a major ecological feature in the Northern Emirates of the UAE
[10]. P. cineraria has been reported to be beneficial for the growth and development
of other species [11]. High temperatures, high humidity and low rainfall, typical of
this ecoregion, characterize the climate of the UAE [12]. Bedouin lifestyle has been
very much associated with the Prosopis tree and its products [13]. As the country
rapidly modernized due to a change in socioeconomic conditions, the dependency
of Bedouins on the plant became less. Therefore, the plant has been badly neglected
for scientific studies. Almost no scientific work has been carried out on the plants
especially from the medicinal and nutritional potential point of view except in agro-
forestry related studies [14]. The Prosopis sp. has been given a status as one of the
national symbols of UAE [15] and got an immense importance in preserving the
country’s heritage [16].
Literature research showed that almost all the work related to the exploration of
medicinal properties of the plant has been carried out in Indian and Afghanistan desert
conditions [17–22]. No scientific work has been carried out on the Prosopis sp. under
Emirate environmental conditions. The plant is yet to be explored for its chemical
and pharmaceutical properties [23]. In our laboratory, the chemical, pharmacological
and safety studies aiming to explore the therapeutic potential of the plant are under
way.
The objective of this article is to provide the emerging phytochemicals and
metabolites from P. cineraria so that their biopotential could be assessed for possible
biopharmaceutical application.
The emerging phytochemicals are the result of the research advancement in the
purification and isolation of bioactive compounds from plants, which have undergone
new developments in recent years [24–27]. The present review is a thorough compi-
lation of the research data as an overview of the phytochemicals of the plant species
2 Emerging Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds from a Desert … 21

with their pharmacological properties. The reported data on chemical and pharma-
cological studies of P. cineraria could be useful as potential future applications in
drug development.

2.2 Methods

For the present review, a systematic web search analysis was conducted from
July 2018 until November 2018. The search included chemical, pharmacological
and nutritional studies of the plant P. cineraria. The databases Scopus, ProQuest,
PubMed, SciFinder, as well as Google and Google Scholar were searched by using
the keywords “P. cineraria (L.) Druce”, “Ghaf” and “Prosopis sp.”. Only results in
English language and scientific peer-reviewed journals, magazines and books were
included.

2.3 Species

The genus Prosopis as described by Burkart [28] consists of 44 species. They have
been introduced globally and have become naturalized or invasive in many places
[29]. These species of Prosopis are present in most of the world’s hot arid and semi-
arid regions [30]. They can withstand climatic extremes [28], are able to withstand
the hottest winds and the driest season, and yet remain alive when other plants would
succumb [31].

2.4 Taxonomical Classification

The taxonomic position has been described by Khatri et al. [2].

Kingdom Plantae—Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta—Vascular plants
Super division Spermatophyta—Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta—Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida—Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Fabales
Species Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce
Common name Ghaf
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LP43810.
Uptown Saturday night. Verdon Productions, Ltd., The First
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LP43810.

LP43811.
Badlands. Pressman-Williams, Badlands, Ltd. Distributed by
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Badlands, Ltd.; 24Mar74 (in notice: 1973); LP43811.

LP43812.
Black eye. Pat Rooney Productions & Warner Brothers, Inc. 98
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LP43813.
The New land. A Svensk Filmindustri production. Released by
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LP43814.
Hookman. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in association
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(Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.; 4Sep73;
LP43814.

LP43815.
Draw me a killer. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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11Sep73; LP43815.

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One big happy family. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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25Sep73; LP43816.

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The Sunday torch. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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2Oct73; LP43817.

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Murder is a taxing affair. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced
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16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
9Oct73; LP43818.

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Tricks are not treats. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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16Oct73; LP43819.
LP43820.
A Bullet for el diablo. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
6Nov73; LP43820.

LP43821.
The Finishing touch. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
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mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
13Nov73; LP43821.

LP43822.
Anybody can build a bomb. Leonard Freeman Productions.
Produced in association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting
System, Inc.; 20Nov73; LP43822.

LP43823.
Try to die on time. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
27Nov73; LP43823.

LP43824.
The $100,000 nickel. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
4Dec73; LP43824.

LP43825.
The Flip side is death. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
11Dec73; LP43825.

LP43826.
The Banzai Pipeline. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
25Dec73; LP43826.

LP43827.
Death with Father. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
15Jan74; LP43827.

LP43828.
Murder with a golden touch. Leonard Freeman Productions.
Produced in association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting
System, Inc.; 22Jan74; LP43828.

LP43829.
Nightmare in blue. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
29Jan74; LP43829.

LP43830.
Mother’s deadly helper. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced
in association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
5Feb74; LP43830.
LP43831.
Killer at sea. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
12Feb74; LP43831.

LP43832.
30,000 rooms and I have the key. Leonard Freeman Productions.
Produced in association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting
System, Inc.; 19Feb74; LP43832.

LP43833.
One born every minute. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced
in association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
1Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43833.

LP43834.
Secret witness. Leonard Freeman Productions. Produced in
association with the CBS Television Network. 60 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Hawaii Five-O) © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
8Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43834.

LP43835.
Walter’s holiday. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 20Sep73;
LP43835.

LP43836.
Stitch in time. Pt. 1. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
26Sep73; LP43836.
LP43837.
Stitch in time. Pt. 2. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
6Oct73; LP43837.

LP43838.
Florida’s affair. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 9Oct73;
LP43838.

LP43839.
Maude takes a job. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
20Oct73; LP43839.

LP43840.
Maude’s double standard. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production.
30 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
24Oct73; LP43840.

LP43841.
Vivian’s problem. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
31Oct73; LP43841.

LP43842.
The Maude musical. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
7Nov73; LP43842.

LP43843.
 The Will. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min., sd.,
b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 21Nov73;
LP43843.

LP43844.
Carol’s problem. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 28Nov73;
LP43844.

LP43845.
Music hath charms. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
8Dec73; LP43845.

LP43846.
The Lovebirds. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 26Dec73;
LP43846.

LP43847.
Arthur’s wedding. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
23Jan74; LP43847.

LP43848.
Florida’s goodbye. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
30Jan74; LP43848.

LP43849.
The Tax audit. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 7Feb74;
LP43849.
LP43850.
The Investment. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 14Feb74;
LP43850.

LP43851.
Phillip’s problem. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
20Feb74; LP43851.

LP43852.
Maude’s guest. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 3Jan74 (in
notice: 1973); LP43852.

LP43853.
Maude’s revolt. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear production. 30 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.; 17Jan74 (in
notice: 1973); LP43853.

LP43854.
Women for sale. Pt. 1. A CBS Television production. 60 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Gunsmoke) Appl. au: CBS, Inc., formerly Columbia
Broadcasting System, Inc. © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
3Sep73; LP43854.

LP43855.
Women for sale. Pt. 2. A CBS Television production. 60 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Gunsmoke) Appl. au: CBS, Inc., formerly Columbia
Broadcasting System, Inc. © Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.;
10Sep73; LP43855.

LP43856.