PMT

Cambridge IGCSE™ (9–1)

* 9 7 7 5 3 8 8 2 9 7 *

GEOGRAPHY 0976/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2020

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed)

Calculator
Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 28 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (CJ/CB) 197556
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, which show information about migration across the Mediterranean
Sea from Libya to Italy between January 2015 and August 2016.

N Key
UK
migrant routes
GERMANY
POLAND city
CZECH
REP
FRANCE
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
ITALY
Milan
Ad
ria

SPAIN
tic
Se

Rome
a

GREECE
Trapani
Mineo

ALGERIA Mediterranean
TUNISIA Tripoli Sea

Zawiya Benghazi
LIBYA

0 200 400
km

Fig. 1.1

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60 60

50 50
number of
migrants 40 40
from Libya
to Italy – 30 30
January 2015
to August 2016 20 20
(000’s)
10 10

0 0

Ivory Coast
Eritrea

Bangladesh
Nigeria

Somalia

Sudan

The Gambia

Mali

Senegal

Guinea
country of birth of migrants

Fig. 1.2

(i) Using Fig. 1.1 only, identify two ports in Libya from which migrants leave for Italy.

1 ........................................................... 2 ........................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete Fig. 1.2 by plotting the following information about the country of birth of
migrants travelling from Libya to Italy between January 2015 and August 2016:

54 000 were from Eritrea

20 000 were from Somalia [2]

(iii) Much of the migration across the Mediterranean Sea from Libya to Italy is forced
(involuntary) migration.
Give three different reasons why forced (involuntary) migration may occur from a country.

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(iv) Explain why the arrival of large numbers of migrants across the Mediterranean Sea may
cause problems in Italy.

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(b) Study Fig. 1.3, which is a population pyramid for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), an MEDC.

(age)
years
80 +
male female
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15
percentage of population percentage of population

Fig. 1.3

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(i) Identify three characteristics of the population pyramid for the UAE which suggest that it
attracts many migrants.

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(ii) Most of the migration to the UAE is voluntary migration. Describe the attractions (pulls)
of MEDCs, such as the UAE, to migrants from LEDCs.

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(c) For a named country or area you have studied, explain why it is sparsely populated.

Name of country or area ..................................................................

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a transect across a city in Belgium, an MEDC in Europe.

S U B U R B S
CBD boundary RURAL
of city AREA
rural-urban
fringe
X
A B C D E F

0 1 2
km

Fig. 2.1

(i) What is the distance from the CBD to the boundary of the city?

.................................... km [1]

(ii) Identify from Fig. 2.1 the letter which represents:

– an area of traditional industry where redevelopment is taking place

........................

– an area where a ring road and business park have recently been built on greenfield
sites

........................ [2]

(iii) State three likely differences between residential areas C and D in the MEDC city shown
in Fig. 2.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iv) Give two examples of low-order services which are likely to be located close to residential
areas such as in area X in Fig. 2.1.
Explain why many of the services in this area are likely to be low-order services.

Example 1 ............................................

Example 2 ............................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

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(b) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), which is a photograph of part of an urban area in an LEDC which is
being redeveloped.

(i) Describe three features of the buildings in the redevelopment shown in Fig. 2.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) The land being redeveloped in Fig. 2.2 was previously used for a squatter settlement.
Suggest how this change in land use is likely to have both benefits and problems.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of its
Central Business District (CBD).

Name of urban area ..........................................

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph showing an area where coastal erosion has
taken place.

(i) Give one piece of evidence from Fig. 3.1 that the cliff has been eroded.

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(ii) Explain how hydraulic action is likely to have eroded the cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.

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(iii) Name one other process of coastal erosion. Explain how it is likely to have eroded the
cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.

Process of coastal erosion ................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

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(iv) Managed retreat is a strategy where the coast is allowed to erode.

Suggest reasons why the authorities decided to allow managed retreat to occur along
the section of coastline shown in Fig. 3.1 rather than protecting it from erosion.

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), which is a photograph showing an area of mangroves.

(i) Describe three characteristics of the mangroves shown in Fig. 3.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Describe the conditions which are required for the development of a mangrove swamp.

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(c) For a named coastal area you have studied, describe how it is being protected from coastal
erosion.

Name of area ..........................................

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which is a photograph of a weather instrument.

(i) Identify the weather instrument shown in Fig. 4.1.

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(ii) Explain how readings are taken from the weather instrument shown in Fig. 4.1.

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(iii) Describe and explain the ideal location of the weather instrument shown in Fig. 4.1.

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(iv) Explain why many weather stations now use digital instruments rather than traditional
ones.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.2, which shows the relative humidity at Carnarvon Airport, Western Australia,
during August 2017.

100

80

relative 60
humidity
(%) 40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
date
Key
relative humidity at 09:00
relative humidity at 15:00

Fig. 4.2

(i) Compare the pattern of relative humidity at 09:00 and at 15:00 during August 2017 at
Carnarvon Airport. Use statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Explain how a traditional weather instrument can be used to obtain data on relative
humidity such as that shown in Fig. 4.2.

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(c) For a named hot desert you have studied, explain why the amount of rainfall in this area is
low.

Name of hot desert ..........................................

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows a map of the island of Gran Canaria, a Spanish island off the
coast of Africa. Fig. 5.2 (Insert), is a photograph of the tourist resort of Taurito in Gran Canaria.

Santa María Las Palmas de

de Guía Gran Canaria
Tafira
Tamadaba
(1444 m)
La Aldea de Telde
Tejeda
San Nicolás Pozo de las Nieves (1949 m)

Mogán Santa Lucía Agüimes Las Rosas

de Tirajana Key
main road
GC1 minor road
TAURITO Juan Grande
mountain peak
San Agustín
Arguineguín Atlantic large settlement
Ocean
airport
0 5 10
km

Fig. 5.1

(i) What is the compass direction from the airport to Taurito?

............................. [1]

(ii) Use the scale to measure the distance along the GC1 road from the airport to Taurito.

............................................. km [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.2 only, explain how the natural environment has encouraged the
development of a tourist resort at Taurito.

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(iv) Suggest two benefits and two disadvantages of tourism for the people who live in Gran
Canaria.

Benefit 1 ............................................................................................................................

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Benefit 2 ............................................................................................................................

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Disadvantage 1 .................................................................................................................

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Disadvantage 2 .................................................................................................................

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(b) Study Fig. 5.3, which shows an island in the Indian Ocean before and after the construction of
tourist facilities.

Before

sea

beach

sea
Not to scale

After

sea tennis courts

breakwater restaurant

beach

gardens
accommodation pier
reception
Key
Not to scale footpath

Fig. 5.3

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(i) Using Fig. 5.3 only, identify three changes on the island as a result of the construction
of the tourist facilities.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Suggest how the local natural environment of the island shown in Fig. 5.3 may be at risk
from tourism.

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(c) For a named area you have studied where tourism is important, explain how it is managed so
that the risks to the natural environment are reduced.

Name of area ............................................................

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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows the employment structure of Germany (an MEDC) and Egypt (an
LEDC) in 1960, 1985 and 2010.

Germany Egypt

1960

1985

2010

year
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percentage of working percentage of working
population population

Key
primary
secondary
tertiary

Fig. 6.1

(i) What percentage of the working population was employed in the primary sector in Egypt
in 1960?

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(ii) Identify one similarity and one difference between the employment structures of
Germany and Egypt in 2010.

Similarity ............................................................................................................................

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Difference ..........................................................................................................................

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(iii) Suggest reasons for the decline of employment in secondary industry in Germany since
1985.

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(iv) Suggest reasons for the growth of tertiary employment in Egypt between 1960 and 2010.

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(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about the fish processing industry.

stunning chilling gutting cleaning cutting

PREPARATION

filleting trimming bone removing skinning slicing

FILLETING

recycling waste fish weighing / grading packing / labelling

DISTRIBUTION AND PACKING

Fig. 6.2

(i) Complete the table below by inserting the following words to show examples of inputs,
processes and outputs of the fish processing industry shown in Fig. 6.2.

electricity weighing portions removing bones

packets of frozen fish water fish skin

Inputs Processes Outputs

……………………. ……………………………………. …………………………

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[3]

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(ii) Explain how the local natural environment may be at risk from industries such as fish
processing.

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(c) For a named example you have studied, describe and explain the location of a factory or
industrial zone.

Name of factory or industrial zone ...........................................................

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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.

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BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

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