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Environmental Footprints and Eco-
design of Products and Processes
Series Editor
Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu
Head of Sustainability - SgT Group and API, Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
Indexed by Scopus
This series aims to broadly cover all the aspects related to
environmental assessment of products, development of environmental
and ecological indicators and eco-design of various products and
processes. Below are the areas fall under the aims and scope of this
series, but not limited to: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment; Social
Life Cycle Assessment; Organizational and Product Carbon Footprints;
Ecological, Energy and Water Footprints; Life cycle costing;
Environmental and sustainable indicators; Environmental impact
assessment methods and tools; Eco-design (sustainable design) aspects
and tools; Biodegradation studies; Recycling; Solid waste management;
Environmental and social audits; Green Purchasing and tools; Product
environmental footprints; Environmental management standards and
regulations; Eco-labels; Green Claims and green washing; Assessment
of sustainability aspects.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/
series/13340
Editor
Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04
Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
This book is dedicated to:
The lotus feet of my beloved Lord Pazhaniandavar
My beloved late Father
My beloved Mother
My beloved Wife Karpagam and Daughters—Anu and Karthika
My beloved Brother—Raghavan
Everyone working in various industrial sectors to reduce the carbon
footprint to make our planet earth SUSTAINABLE
Contents
Carbon Footprint:Concept, Methodology and Calculation
Flavio Scrucca, Grazia Barberio, Valentina Fantin, Pier Luigi Porta
and Marco Barbanera
Carbon Footprint of Food Waste Management:A Case Study in Rio
De Janeiro
Luíza Santana Franca, Bernardo Ornelas-Ferreira, Giovanna Maria
da Costa Corrêa, Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro and Joã o Paulo Bassin
Carbon Footprint of Karnataka:Accounting of Sources and Sinks
T. V. Ramachandra and Setturu Bharath
An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable Road Transport:A
Challenge for Cities Worldwide
Andrea Souza Santos, Victor Hugo Souza de Abreu,
Tassia Faria de Assis, Suzana Kahn Ribeiro and
Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste
Management:A Review of Global Scenario
Meenu Gautam and Madhoolika Agrawal
About the Editor
Dr. Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu currently working for SgT
Group and API as the Head of Sustainability and is based out of Hong
Kong. He earned his Ph.D. from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
and is a renowned expert in the areas of Environmental Sustainability
in Textiles & Clothing Supply Chain, Product Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) and Product Carbon Footprint Assessment (PCF) in various
industrial sectors. He has 5 years of industrial experience in textile
manufacturing, research and development, and textile testing and over
a decade of experience in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), carbon and
ecological footprints assessment of various consumer products. He has
published more than 100 research publications, written numerous
book chapters, and authored/edited over 95 books in the areas of
Carbon Footprint, Recycling, Environmental Assessment, and
Environmental Sustainability.
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
S. S. Muthu (ed.), Carbon Footprint Case Studies, Environmental Footprints and Eco-
design of Products and Processes
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6_1
Grazia Barberio
Email: grazia.barberio@enea.it
Valentina Fantin
Email: valentina.fantin@enea.it
Marco Barbanera
Email: m.barbanera@unitus.it
Abstract
Carbon footprint (CF) is nowadays one of the most widely used
environmental indicators and calculations of CF have been recently in
very high demand. Many approaches, methodologies and tools, from
simplified online calculators to other more scientific and complex life-
cycle based methods, have been developed and are available for
estimations. CF evaluations are, in general, focused on products and
organizations, but calculation approach have been developed also for
specific themes/sectors, such as for instance cities, individuals,
households, farms, etc. This chapter is aimed at giving an updated and
comprehensive overview on the concept of CF, and also on
methodologies, technical standards, protocols and tools for its
calculation. Attention is focused on the two main and usual scopes of CF
assessment, i.e. products and organizations, but also on other relevant
specific study subjects, also discussing methodological differences and
issues.
1 Introduction
It is nowadays recognized that greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
represents a global environmental problem [19], and that the nonstop
emission of GHG by human activities is responsible for an aggravation
of the global warming trend, with consequent negative effects on
natural systems and also on the economies [76, 32].
The aim to reduce GHG emissions has gained—and is increasingly
gaining—worldwide consensus and the global climate policies and
actions (such as, for instance, the Paris Agreement or, at the European
level, the recent Green Deal and the other key legislation and policies)
confirm the international community effort to deal with global
warming in a systemic and trans-sectoral way. The perspective of
carbon emission analysis has been gradually turned from the “macro”
(global/national scale) to the “micro” level, i.e. to the accounting of GHG
emissions related to individual, products or corporate activities, so to
understand the problem in depth and to develop specific measures.
In such a context, the concept of Carbon Footprint (CF) has
considerably evolved, becoming an important and widely used
indicator of GHG emissions that has played—and is still playing—an
important role in popularizing the issues of climate change and
environmental impact of systems and products along the whole life
cycle. Accordingly, the life cycle thinking approach, that allows
relationships among industrial issues, sustainability, research and
innovation, has become commonly accepted as strategic.
Several approaches, methodologies and tools—from simplified
online calculators to other more scientific and complex life-cycle based
methods—have been developed and are available for CF estimations,
with a main focus on products and organizations, but also considering
specific themes/sectors. CF research, therefore, actually covers a wide
range of topics, such as countries, cities, organizations, enterprises,
families, and individuals, but different methodological issues (e.g.
critical issues in defining the CF model) still affect CF calculation.
According to this, not surprisingly, the topic “CF calculation methods” is
one of the currently popular topics in research [87].
Moreover, in parallel to the CF concept evolution, other footprint
concepts have been developed, also as a consequence of
“communication issues” related to CF. As a matter of fact, it emerged
that to provide a complete information on the environmental
performance of a system/product to the general public, not GHG
emissions but other environmental impacts are the most significant.
Consequently, the need for developing a harmonized environmental
footprint methodology that can be unique, representative and that
comprise a set of relevant environmental performance indicators has
become more and more concrete in recent years.
This chapter is aimed at giving an updated and comprehensive
overview on the concept of CF, methodologies, technical standards,
protocols and tools for its calculation and also at providing an insight
on CF-derived footprints, such as the Product Environmental Footprint
proposed by the European Commission.
Section 2 provides general overview on the evolution and the
conceptualization of CF, presenting the main differences between its
calculation at the organization and product level and also the related
reference documents. In Sect. 3 attention is focused on the
methodologies developed to calculate CF of products, also presenting
an overview of the Product Environmental Footprint methodology
proposed by the European Commission. Section 4 discusses the main
critical issues in defining the CF model, focusing on key aspect such as
the functional unit and the temporal dimension of the assessment, and
also on modeling approaches and relevant—and debated—GHG
emission sources. Finally, in Sect. 5 an analysis of publicly available CF
calculators focused on different themes, also through a review of
relevant related literature, is presented, in order to provide an overall
insight into the typology of the available tools and the characteristics of
the currently used approaches.
"Sen parempi."
Niin, hän tarvitsi nyt rahaa kosolta, sitte kun Rosa, hurja
pääkaupunkilainen kapakkalaulajatar, merkillisen sattuman kautta oli
jälleen juossut hänen syliinsä.
Samuel Hirsch oli ainoa, joka saattoi auttaa. Hän ei tosin lainaa
kauvemmaksi kuin neljäksi viikoksi ja hänelle täytyy 100 taalarin
sijaan kirjoittaa 110, mutta sitenhän ei joudu mitään vaaraan, sillä
olihan Schorn itse sanonut Hirschille, että hän on tehnyt Rassmannin
liiketoverikseen ja vastaisi kaikesta. Ja juoruamisesta ei ole pelkoa,
sillä missä jotakin voi ansaita, siellä Hirschin mielestä kyllä katoaa
kaikki hyväntahtoisuus Schornia kohtaan.
"Siinä olet oikeassa, olet oikeassa, hm, hm, niin se on. Peijakas,
etten ole sitä ennen ajatellut! Luuletko tosiaan, että nyt on niin kireät
ajat?"
Hän sanoi:
Ja sitte rouva Schorn, kaunis rouva Schorn, joka piti hänestä niin
paljo ja joka Rosaneidistä huolimatta valmisti niin usein unettomia
öitä! Mitä hän saattoi tältä rouvalta toivoa, jos tämä saisi tietää
hänen kunniattoman menettelynsä?
Mutta kun neljä viikkoa ovat lopussa? Pah —- kuka tahtoo nostaa
tulevaisuuden huntua, kun nykyisyyden peittää kultainen
päiväpaiste.
Mutta Rosa, joka oli kuullut herra Pätzoldtin äänen, oli naurusta
pakahtumaisillaan kertoessaan "hassun kääpiön" uudistetuista
käynneistä. Ensi aikoina oli tämän halveksimisen johdosta pienen
parturin vallannut eräänlainen alakuloisuus, mutta lopuksi muuttui se
eräänlaiseksi kaunaksi Rassmannia kohtaan. Ei puuttunut paljoa,
jottei hän heittänyt tällekin kaikessa vakavuudessa nimeä "porvari",
joka tahtoi kaiken pitää yksikseen. Kuinka iloisesti liikutettu olikaan
sentähden herra Antonius Pätzoldt, kun hänelle eräänä päivänä
Rosaneiti tosiaankin antoi salaisuudessa toiveita ensimäisestä
"audienssista". Hän halusi puhutella herra Pätzoldtia kahden kesken
seuraavana päivänä iltapuoleen.