COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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MODULE:04

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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DETERMINATION OF DESIGN LATERAL FORCE:

Seismic analysis: It is an analysis process with which the effect of seismic forces on a structure
can be determined and design of structure against seismic forces can be done. Based on the type
of external action and behaviour of structure, the analysis can be further classified as linear static
analysis, linear dynamic analysis, non-linear static analysis, or non-linear dynamic analysis.
Different methods of seismic analysis:

Linear static analysis or equivalent static analysis can be used for regular structures with limited
height. Linear dynamic analysis can be performed in two ways, either by the response spectrum
method or by the elastic time history method. The significant difference between linear static and
linear dynamic analysis is the level of the forces and their distribution along the height of the
structure. Non-linear static analysis is an improvement over linear static or dynamic analysis in the
sense that it allows inelastic behaviour of the structure. The method is simple to implement and
provides information on the strength, deformation, and ductility of the structure, as well as the
distribution of demands. This permits the identification of the critical members that are likely to
reach limit states during the earthquake, to which attention should be paid during the design and
detailing process. But this method is based on many assumptions, which neglect the variation of
loading patterns, the influence of higher modes of vibration, and the effect of resonance. Despite
the deficiencies, this method known as push-over analysis, provides a reasonable estimation of the
global deformation capacity, especially for structures that primarily respond according to the first
mode. A non-linear dynamic analysis or inelastic time history analysis is the only method to describe
the actual behaviour of a structure during an earthquake. The method is based on the direct

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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numerical integration of the differential equations of motion by considering the elasto-plastic

deformation of the structural element.

Equivalent Static method:

a) Can be used for Structures with limited height.
b) This method leads directly to the lateral forces in the direction of the ground motion
Component.
c) This method is carried out on the assumption that the lateral (horizontal) force is equivalent
to the actual dynamic loading.
d) This method Considers only fundamental natural period, Periods and shapes of higher
modes are not required.
e) The Base Shear is Calculated based on structure mass and fundamental period.
f) The total Base Shear is distributed along the height of the building as per Codal provisions.
g) This method is limited to medium-height buildings with regular Configuration.
h) Planar models appropriate for each of the two orthogonal lateral directions are analysed
Separately of the results including those due to torsions are Combined.

Response Spectrum method:

a) This method is also called modal method & mode Superposition method.
b) This method is applicable to those structures whose modes other than the fundamental mode
affects the response of the structure.
c) This method is applicable for dynamic analysis of Structures having irregular, Asymmetric
and discontinuity in their area, in their linear Range of behaviour.
d) It is applicable to assess forces and deformations in multi-storey buildings due to medium
intensity ground Shaking, which causes moderately large but essentially linear response of
structure.
e) This method is based on Damping and Response of each natural mode of vibration and all
these responses are combined to get total responses.
f) Each mode represents its particular shape of deformation (mode shape) with its own natural
frequency, Natural period, and Damping.

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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PROCEDURE FOR EQUIVALENT STATIC METHOD:

Refer Page 21 clause 7.6 of IS1893:2016
In this method the design base shear VB shall be computed for the building, then VB shall be
distributed to various floor levels at the corresponding centres of mass.
Step: 01 Calculation of seismic weight of the structure
VB = Ah W
VB = Design Base shear.
Ah = Design horizontal seismic coefficient
W = Seismic weight
Seismic weight is considered as per Table-10 of IS1893:2016 where live load/imposed load upto
3kN/m2 in which 25% is considered for seismic weight and live load/imposed load above
3kN/m2, 50% is considered in seismic weight.
The imposed load/live load on the roof is neglected.

Step: 02 Determination of fundamental natural period

The approximate fundamental natural period (Ta) in seconds shall be estimated as per clause
7.6.2 of IS1893:2016
For Bare MRF buildings without any masonry infills

Where, H = height of the building

Step: 03 Determination of Design Base shear

VB = Ah W
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration coefficient

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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Z = Seismic Zone factor as per Table-03 of IS1893:2016

I = Importance factor as per Table-08 of IS1893:2016
R = Response Reduction factor as per Table-09 of IS1893:2016
Sa/g = Design acceleration coefficient for different soil types (Page 09 of IS1893:2016)

Step: 04 Vertical Distribution of base shear at different levels

Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
hi = Height of floor I measured from base
n = Number of storey in building

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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PROCEDURE FOR RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD:

Refer Page 24 clause 7.7.5.4 of IS1893:2016
The seismic weight of the structure will be calculated as per Table-10 of IS1893:2016
Seismic weight is considered as per Table-10 of IS1893:2016 where live load/imposed load upto
3kN/m2 in which 25% is considered for seismic weight and live load/imposed load above 3kN/m2,
50% is considered in seismic weight.
Step: 01 Modal Mass:
Modal mass Mk of mode k is given by

Where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
𝜙𝑖𝑘 = mode shape coefficient at floor ‘i’ in mode ‘k’
Wi = Seismic weight of floor I of the structure
n = number of floors of the structure

Step: 02 Mode participation factor:

Modal mass Pk of mode k is given by

Step: 03 Design lateral force at each floor in each mode:

Peak lateral force Qik at floor i in mode k is given by:
Qik = Ak 𝜙𝑖𝑘 Pk Wi
Where,
Ak = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per clause 6.4.2 which depends upon natural
period of the mode obtained from dynamic analysis
𝜙𝑖𝑘 = mode shape coefficient at floor ‘i’ in mode ‘k’
Pk = Mode participation factor

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 COURSE NAME: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FACULTY: K S JAYADEEP

COURSE CODE: 18CV741 AY: 2023 - 2024

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Wi = Seismic weight of floor I of the structure

Step: 04 Storey shear forces in each mode

Peak shear force Vik acting in story i in more K is given by

Step: 05 Storey share force due to all modes considered

Take story shear force in storey i due to all modes considered shall be obtained by combination of
all modes by SRSS or CQC method
SRSS = Square root of the sum of the square method.
CQC = Complete quadratic combination method

Step: 06 Lateral forces at each story due to all modes considered

Design lateral forces Froof at roof level and Fi at level of flower i shall be obtained as

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