Technology Communications 2 LAB

Republic of Yemen
University of Saba Region
Faculty of IT&CS

LAB
Technology Communications 2

Dr. Abdullah Yahia Alamri

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment no-1

ASK Modulation

Aim: study the process of ASK modulation using MATLAB simulation

Theory
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid
two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels
adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels,
one of which is typically zero. The data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier
frequency. Thus, the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. One of
the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has
not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification)
more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make
for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.

ASK:-

In this modulation involves the variation of the amplitude of the carrier waves in
accordance with the data stream. The simplest method of modulating a carrier with
a data stream is to change the amplitude of the carrier wave every time the data
changes. This modulation technique is known as amplitude shift keying.
The simplest way of achieving amplitude shift keying is ‘ON’ the carrier whenever
the data bit is ‘HIGH’ & switching ‘OFF’ when the data bit is low i.e. the transmitter
outputs the carrier for HIGH & totally suppresses the carrier for low.
Thus,
DATA = HIGH Carrier Transmitted
DATA =LOW Carrier Suppressed

The ASK waveform is generated by a balanced modulator circuit, also known as a

linear multiplier, As the name suggests, the device multiplies the instantaneous
signal at its two inputs, the output voltage being product of the two input voltages at
any instance of time. One of the inputs is a/c coupled ‘carrier’ wave of high
frequency. Generally, the carrier wave is a sinewave since any other waveform

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would increase the bandwidth imparting any advantages requirement without

improving or to it. The other i/p which is the information signal to be transmitted, is
D.C. coupled. It is known as modulating signal. In order to generate ASK waveform
it is necessary to apply a sine wave at carrier input & the digital stream at modulation
input. The double balanced modulator is shown in fig.

Block Diagram:

Procedure:
1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------

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Result:

Note: Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal
units per second. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
Baud rate = bit rate / number of bits per signal unit

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Questions:

1.If the bit rate of an ASK signal is 1200bps, what is the baud rate?

2. Why ASK is the most susceptible to noise?

3.What are the characteristics of transmission medium which effect speed of

transmission in ASK?

4. How ASK is generated?

5. Is ASK coherent or non-coherent?

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment No-2

Frequency Shift Keying

Aim: generate FSK Modulation by MATLAB simulation

Theory:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The
simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to
transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark
frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by
transmitting one of the two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed
amount.
Si (t) = √2E/Tb cos 2πf1t 0≤ t ≤Tb
0 elsewhere
Where i=1, 2 & Eb=Transmitted energy/bit
Symbol 1 is represented by S1 (t)
Symbol 0 is represented by S0 (t)
Binary FSK is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation and the modulating
signal is a binary pulse stream that varies between two discreate voltage levels but
not continuous changing analog signal.

Block Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------

Result:

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Questions:
1.Explain the concept of FSK?

3.Draw the waveforms of FSK?

4.What is M-ray signaling? What is its advantages over 2-ary signaling?

5. Explain the demodulation scheme of FSK?

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment No-3

Phase Shift Keying

Aim: Study PSK Modulation by MATLAB simulation.

Theory:
Generation of PSK signal
PSK is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating,
the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of
phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes
an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by
the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the
symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal and
maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. In a
coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signal S1(t) and S2 (t) used to represent
binary symbols 1 & 0 are defined by
block Diagram:

Procedure:
1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------

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Result:

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Questions:
1. Explain the concept of PSK?

2. Compare ASK, FSK, PSK?

3. Draw the waveforms of PSK?

4. What is M-ary signaling? What are its advantages over 2-ary signaling?

5. Explain the demodulation scheme of PSK?.

6. What is the advantage of PSK over ASK, FSK?

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment No-4

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Aim: generate QAM Modulation by MATLAB simulation.

Introduction:
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is an advanced modulation scheme
widely communication systems. It combines phase modulation and amplitude
modulation.
QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication
systems, such as in 802.11 Wi-Fi standards. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can
be achieved with QAM by setting a suitable constellation size, limited only by the
noise level and linearity of the communications channel. QAM is being used in
optical fiber systems as bit rates increase.
Block Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------
Result:

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Questions:

1. What is QAM modulation technique explain with required waveform?

2. How many phases are there in 16-QAM?

3. Using graph, explain the effect of AWGN channel on constellation point

of QAM modulation?

4. What is the advantage of QAM over ASK, PSK?

5. Where is QAM modulation used?

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment No-5

BER of BPSK

Aim: Calculate BER of BPSK Modulation by MATLAB simulation.

Introduction:
This Modulation and Demodulation Simulink Model is used to calculate the Bit
Error Rate (BER) of BPSK in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel
and multipath channel. The modulation and demodulation are done at baseband.
Complex numbers are used to model the in-phase and quadrature components of a
BPSK signal. The length of the symbol sequence and range of Eb/No can be varied.
Block Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------
5. -----------------------------------------------------------
6. -----------------------------------------------------------
7. -----------------------------------------------------------
Result:

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Questions:

1. using Simulink model,

a. Using graph of the theoretical probability of error, compare between
the BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK ,16PSK, 32PSK, and QAM? For AWGN
channel

2. What is an equalizer concept?

3.What is the need of an equalizer in communication system?

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 Technology Communications 2 LAB

Experiment No-6

BER of QPSK

Aim:
Calculate BER of QPSK Modulation by MATLAB simulation.

Introduction:
This QPSK Modulation and Demodulation Simulink Model is used to calculate the
Bit Error Rate (BER) in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and
multipath channel. The modulation and demodulation are done at baseband.
Complex numbers are used to model the in-phase and quadrature components of a
QPSK signal. The length of the symbol sequence and range of Eb/No can be varied.

block Diagram:

Procedure:

1. -----------------------------------------------------------
2. -----------------------------------------------------------
3. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. -----------------------------------------------------------
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5. -----------------------------------------------------------
Result:

Questions:

1. using Simulink model,

a. Draw theoretical probability of error for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK ,16PSK,
32PSK, and QAM? For Rayleigh channel.

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