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Chemo-Biological Systems
for CO2 Utilization
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Chemo-Biological Systems
for CO2 Utilization
Edited by
Ashok Kumar and Swati Sharma
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Kumar, Ashok, 1949– editor. | Sharma, Swati, editor.
Title: Chemo-biological systems for CO2 utilization / edited by Ashok Kumar
and Swati Sharma.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020. |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020012058 (print) | LCCN 2020012059 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367321932 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429317187 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Carbon dioxide—Industrial applications. | Carbon dioxide
mitigation.
Classification: LCC TP244.C1 C44 2020 (print) | LCC TP244.C1 (ebook) |
DDC 665.8/9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012058
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012059
ISBN: 978-0-367-32193-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-31718-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors........................................................................................................................ ix
Contributors............................................................................................................... xi
Chapter 1 Recent Developments in CO2-Capture and Conversion Technologies .... 1

Tanvi Sharma, Abhishek Sharma, Swati Sharma, Anand Giri,
Ashok Kumar, and Deepak Pant
Chapter 2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 to

Basic Chemicals and Fuels ................................................................. 15
Saeed Sahebdelfar and Maryam Takht Ravanchi
Chapter 3 Recent Advances in CO2 Bi-Reforming of Methane for

Hydrogen and Syngas Productions..................................................... 49
Hamidah Abdullah, Chin Sim Yee, Chi Cheng Chong,
Tan Ji Siang, Osarieme Uyi Osazuwa, Herma Dina Setiabudi,
Dai-Viet N. Vo, and Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
Chapter 4 Carbonic Anhydrase: An Ancient Metalloenzyme for Solving

the Modern Increase in the Atmospheric CO2 Caused by the
Anthropogenic Activities ................................................................... 77
Claudiu Supuran and Clemente Capasso
Chapter 5 Engineering of Microbial Carbonic Anhydrase for

Enhanced Carbon Sequestration ........................................................ 91
Anand Giri, Veerbala Sharma, Shabnam Thakur,
Tanvi Sharma, Ashok Kumar, and Deepak Pant
Chapter 6 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen-Doped

Carbon Catalysts .............................................................................. 107
Mahima Khandelwal
Chapter 7 Role of Nanotechnology in Conversion of CO2 into

Industrial Products ........................................................................... 131
Ramya Thangamani, Lakshmanaperumal Vidhya, and
Sunita Varjani
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Application of Nanomaterials in CO2 Sequestration........................ 147

Anirban Biswas, Suvendu Manna, and Papita Das
Chapter 9 Porous Materials for CO2 Fixation: Activated Carbon, MOFs,

Nanomaterials .................................................................................. 161
Maryam Takht Ravanchi and Mansooreh Soleimani
Chapter 10 Novel Composite Materials for CO2 Fixation .................................. 189

Priya Banerjee, Uttariya Roy, Avirup Datta, and
Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay
Chapter 11 Microalgae-Based Biorefinery for Utilization of Carbon

Dioxide for Production of Valuable Bioproducts ............................. 203
Rahul Kumar Goswami, Komal Agrawal, Sanjeet Mehariya,
Antonio Molino, Dino Musmarra, and Pradeep Verma
Chapter 12 Mechanisms for Carbon Assimilation and Utilization in

Microalgae and Their Metabolites for Value-Added Products ........ 229
Varsha S.S. Vuppaladadiyam, Zenab T. Baig, Abdul F. Soomro,
and Arun K. Vuppaladadiyam
Chapter 13 Soil Microbial Dynamics in Carbon Farming of

Agro-Ecosystems: In the Era of Climate Change ............................ 265
Jinus S. Senjam, Kangjam Tilotama, Tracila Meinam,
Dhanaraj Singh Thokchom, Yumlembam Rupert Anand,
Thoudam Santosh Singh, Koijam Melanglen,
Hanglem Sonibala Devi, Khumukcham Nongalleima,
S. Gurumurthy, and Thiyam Jefferson Singh
Index ...................................................................................................................... 301

Preface
This book will describe the various advanced tools and techniques developed in the
past decade for carbon dioxide capture and its utilization. In the ecosystem, CO2 is
primarily absorbed by plants, oceans, algae, and soil contents. But in the 21st cen-
tury, increased industrialization and urbanization result in a tremendous production
of CO2, which is considered as one of the challenging factors of global warming and
a dreadful pollutant that affects the human health. Researchers attempted to develop
various techniques using chemical, microbiological, enzymatic, and biomolecular
systems in order to absorb the increased concentration of CO2 in the environment
and produce some value-added compounds using CO2. In this context, various bio-
polymers, nanomaterials, bioinspired surfaces, polysaccharides, organic solvents,
chemicals, enzymes, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were developed and
utilized for the sequestration of CO2 into various carbonates. The biomolecular sys-
tem has its own importance in the conversion of the atmospheric CO2 into carbon-
ates. Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes and most studied for the
conversion of CO2. Microflora on the Earth present various classes of methanogens,
thermophilic bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and acetogens, which play
important roles in CO2 absorption. Amine-based chemical compounds, porphyrins,
ionic liquids, eutectic solvents, ceramics, biochar, and organic solvents have also
great potential to convert CO2 into other fine chemicals or useful products. The
major advantages such as stability and efficiency of the systems will be discussed in
the various sections of this book.
Nowadays, climate change is considered as one of the major issues, and the mas-
sive generation of greenhouse gases from automobiles, industries, and carbonaceous
fuels have tremendously promoted the alteration in temperature from its normal
cycle. This book will emphasize on the energy generation in the form of biofuels,
bioelectricity, or biogas from CO2 using chemicals; nanomaterials; and microbial,
enzymatic, and chemo-enzymatic-integrated systems. This book has been divided
into four sections. The chapters 1–4 described the importance and utilization of CO2
in the living system, and various fundamental methods, policies, and techniques
involved in CO2 conversion. The chapters 5–8 focused on the adsorption and fixa-
tion of CO2 using various ionic liquids, organic solvents, amine-based solutions,
electrocatalytic reduction, nanomaterials, porphyrins, ceramics, MOFs, and acti-
vated carbons (in particular, biological materials). This section draws the insight of
various chemical engineers and researchers working across the globe for CO2 con-
version. The chapters 9 and 10 give the emphasis on the production of value-added
products using CO2 and will mainly focus on the production of biomethanol, indus-
trial carbonates, lime, liquid and gaseous fuels, industrially useful precursors, etc.
The chapters 11–13 discuss the potential of the microbial system, enzymes involved
in the sequestration of CO2, and CO2 utilization. The chemo-enzymatic system
vii
viii Preface
developed for the utilization of CO2 will be discussed in the respective chapters
of this book. This reliable information from various active researchers and groups
will be helpful to find out the alternative methods for clean energy and mitigating
the climate change. This book will help the researchers and industrialists to better
understand the correlation between microbial, biological, and chemical products and
their roles in the conversion of CO2 into useable energy and related products.
Editors
Dr. Ashok Kumaris working as an assistant pro-
fessor in the Department of Biotechnology and
Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information
Technology, Waknaghat, India. He holds an exten-
sive ‘research and reaching’ experience of more
than 10 years in the field of microbial biotechnology,
with research expertise focusing on various issues
pertaining to ‘nanobiocatalysis, biomass, and bioen-
ergy’, and ‘climate change’. He holds International
work experiences in South Korea, India, Malaysia,
and Republic of China. He worked as a post-doctoral
fellow in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural
Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University,
Wuhan, China. He also worked as a brain pool researcher at Konkuk University,
Seoul, South Korea. Dr. Ashok has a keen interest in microbial enzymes, biocataly-
sis, CO2 conversion, climate change issues, nanobiotechnology, waste management,
biomass degradation, biofuel synthesis, and bioremediation. His work has been pub-
lished in various internationally reputed journals, namely Chemical Engineering
Journal, Bioresource Technology, Scientific Reports, Energy, International Journal
of Biological Macromolecules, Science of Total Environment, and Journal of
Cleaner Production. He has published 60 research articles, 25 book chapters, and
5 books. He is also a member of the editorial board and reviewer committee of the
various journal of international repute.
Dr. Swati Sharmais working as an assistant pro-

fessor at the University Institute of Biotechnology,
Chandigarh University, Mohali, India. She has com-
pleted her Ph.D. at the Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Malaysia. She worked as a visiting researcher
in the college of life and environmental sci-
ences at Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
She has completed her master’s degree (M.Sc.)
from Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, India. She has
also worked as a program co-coordinator at the
Himalayan Action Research Centre, Dehradun,
India, and senior research fellow at India Agricultural
Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, in 2013–2014.
ix
x Editors
She has published her research papers in reputed international journals. Presently,
her research is in the field of bioplastics, hydrogels, nano-fibres and nano-particles,
biodegradable polymers and polymers with antioxidant and anti-cancerous
activities, and sponges. Dr. Swati has published 20 research papers in various
internationally reputed journals, four books (with Springer and Taylor & Francis),
and a couple of book chapters.
Contributors
Hamidah Abdullah Priya Banerjee
Faculty of Chemical and Process Environmental Studies, DDE
Engineering Technology, College Rabindra Bharati University
of Engineering Technology Kolkata, India
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Gambang, Malaysia Anirban Biswas
Department of Chemical Engineering
Sumaiya Zainal Abidin Jadavpur University
Faculty of Chemical and Process Kolkata, India
Engineering Technology, College
of Engineering Technology Clemente Capasso
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Biology, Agriculture and
Gambang, Malaysia Food Sciences
and Institute of Biosciences and
Centre of Excellence for Bioresources - CNR
Advanced Research in Fluid Flow Napoli, Italy
(CARIFF)
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Chi Cheng Chong
Gambang, Malaysia Faculty of Chemical and Process
Engineering Technology, College of
Komal Agrawal Engineering Technology
Bioprocess and Bioenergy Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Laboratory, Department of Gambang, Malaysia
Microbiology
Central University of Rajasthan Chin Sim Yee
Kishangarh, India Faculty of Chemical and Process
Engineering Technology, College of
Yumlembam Rupert Anand Engineering Technology
College of Agricultural Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang
and Post-Harvest Technology Gambang, Malaysia
Central Agricultural University and
Gangtok, India Centre of Excellence for Advanced
Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF)
Zenab T. Baig Universiti Malaysia Pahang
School of Environment Gambang, Malaysia
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China Papita Das
and Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Environmental Sciences Jadavpur University
University of Haripur Kolkata, India
Haripur, Pakistan
xi
xii Contributors
Avirup Datta Suvendu Manna

Department of Environmental Science Department of Health Safety
University of Calcutta and Environment, School of
Kolkata, India Engineering
University of Petroleum and Energy
Hanglem Sonibala Devi Studies
School of Agriculture, School of Dehradun, India
Horticulture, Department of
Horticulture and Department of Sanjeet Mehariya
Agricultural Microbiology Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory,
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Institute Department of Microbiology
of Agricultural Sciences Central University of Rajasthan
Bishnupur, India Kishangarh, India
and
Anand Giri ENEA, Italian National Agency for
Department of Environmental Sciences New Technologies, Energy and
Central University of Himachal Pradesh Sustainable Economic Development,
Kangra, India Department of Sustainability - CR
Portici
Rahul Kumar Goswami Portici, Italy
Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, and
Department of Microbiology Department of Engineering
Central University of Rajasthan University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”
Kishangarh, India Aversa, Italy
S. Gurumurthy Tracila Meinam

Division of Basic Science School of Agriculture,
Indian Institute of Pulses Research, School of Horticulture,
ICAR Department of Horticulture and
Kanpur, India Department of Agricultural
Microbiology
Mahima Khandelwal Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Institute
Department of Materials Science and of Agricultural Sciences
Engineering Bishnupur, India
Korea University
Seoul, Republic of Korea Koijam Melanglen
School of Agriculture,
Ashok Kumar School of Horticulture,
Department of Biotechnology and Department of Horticulture and
Bioinformatics Department of Agricultural
Jaypee University of Information Microbiology
Technology Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay
Waknaghat, India Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Bishnupur, India
Contributors xiii
Antonio Molino Uttariya Roy

ENEA, Italian National Agency Department of Chemical Engineering
for New Technologies, Energy Jadavpur University
and Sustainable Economic Kolkata, India
Development, Department of
Sustainability - CR Portici Saeed Sahebdelfar
Portici, Italy Catalysis Research Group,
Petrochemical Research and
Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay Technology Company
Department of Environmental National Petrochemical Company
Science Tehran, Iran
University of Calcutta
Kolkata, India Jinus S. Senjam
College of Horticulture, FEEDS
Dino Musmarra Group of Institutions
Department of Engineering Kangpokpi, India
University of Campania
“L.Vanvitelli” Herma Dina Setiabudi
Aversa, Italy Faculty of Chemical and Process
Engineering Technology, College
Khumukcham Nongalleima of Engineering Technology
Branch Laboratory Imphal (BLIM) Universiti Malaysia Pahang
CSIR-North East Institute of Science Gambang, Malaysia
and Technology and
Jorhat, India Centre of Excellence for Advanced
Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF)
Osarieme Uyi Osazuwa Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Faculty of Chemical and Gambang, Malaysia
Process Engineering Technology,
College of Engineering Technology Abhishek Sharma
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Biotechnology
Gambang, Malaysia Himachal Pradesh University
Shimla, India
Deepak Pant
School of Chemical Sciences Swati Sharma
Central University of Haryana University Institute of Biotechnology
Mahendragarh, India Chandigarh University
Mohali, India
Maryam Takht Ravanchi
Catalysis Research Group, Tanvi Sharma
Petrochemical Research and Department of Biotechnology and
Technology Company Bioinformatics
National Petrochemical Company Jaypee University of Information
Tehran, Iran Technology
Waknaghat, India
xiv Contributors
Veerbala Sharma Shabnam Thakur

Department of Environmental Sciences Department of Environmental
Central University of Himachal Pradesh Sciences, Central University of
Kangra, India Himachal Pradesh
Kangra, India
Tan Ji Siang
School of Chemical and Energy Ramya Thangamani
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Department of Environmental
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Sciences
Johor Bahru, Malaysia Bharathiar University
Coimbatore, India
Thiyam Jefferson Singh
Department of Silviculture and Dhanaraj Singh Thokchom
Agroforestry, College of Horticulture Ethno-Medicinal Research Centre,
and Forestry Foundation for Environment and
Central Agricultural University Economic Development Services
Imphal, India Kangpokpi, India
Thoudam Santosh Singh Kangjam Tilotama

School of Agriculture, School of Ethno-Medicinal Research Centre,
Horticulture, Department of Foundation for Environment
Horticulture and Department of and Economic Development
Agricultural Microbiology Services
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Institute Kangpokpi, India
of Agricultural Sciences
Bishnupur, India Sunita Varjani
Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Mansooreh Soleimani Gandhinagar, India
Department of Chemical Engineering
Amirkabir University of Technology Pradeep Verma
(Tehran Polytechnic) Bioprocess and Bioenergy
Tehran, Iran Laboratory, Department of
Microbiology
Abdul F. Soomro Central University of Rajasthan
School of Environment Kishangarh, India
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China Lakshmanaperumal Vidhya
Department of Chemical
Claudiu Supuran Engineering
Department of NUROFARBA Sethu Institute of Technology
University of Florence Pulloor, India
Florence, Italy
Contributors xv
Dai-Viet N. Vo Varsha S. S. Vuppaladadiyam

Center of Excellence for Green Energy Department of Civil Engineering,
and Environmental Nanomaterials AVN Institute of Science and
(CE@GrEEN) Technology
Nguyen Tat Thanh University Hyderabad, India
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Arun K. Vuppaladadiyam
School of Civil and Transportation
Engineering
Shenzhen University
Shenzhen, Republic of China
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
1 Recent Developments
in CO2-Capture and
Conversion Technologies
Tanvi Sharma, Abhishek Sharma, Swati Sharma,
Anand Giri, Ashok Kumar, and Deepak Pant
CONTENTS
1.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................1
1.2 CO2 Capture in Nature...................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 CO2 Capture by Plants .......................................................................... 3
1.2.2 CO2 Capture by Algae ..........................................................................4
1.2.3 CO2 Capture Using Microbial Enzymes...............................................5
1.3 CO
2 Capture by Synthetic Materials ................................................................5
1.3.1 CO2 Capture by Nanoporous Materials ................................................ 6
1.3.2 CO2 Capture by Graphene Oxides ........................................................6
1.3.3 CO2 by Chemicals.................................................................................7
1.4 Synthesis of Industrial Products by CO2 Conversion .......................................7
1.4.1 Methanol ...............................................................................................8
1.4.2 Carbon Monoxide .................................................................................8
1.4.3 Methane (CH4) ......................................................................................8
1.4.4 Formic
Acid ..........................................................................................9
1.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................9
Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................9
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the greenhouse gases causing a threat to the environ-
ment at an increased level. The development of technologies for converting CO2 into
value-added products can slow down global warming and reduce the energy crisis
too. Thus, the excess amount of CO2 can be reduced by converting it into industrial
products, which are useful for the industries and mankind. Therefore, CO2 can be
considered as a raw substrate for the synthesis of various commercially important
products. CO2 is emitted from different sources such as cement production units;
automobiles; and burning of fossil fuels such as oils, coal, and natural gases (Ashley
et al. 2012; Billig et al. 2019). An effective method to reduce the CO2 level is the
primary necessity of time. To date, various methods, including enzymatic, chemical,
1
2 Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization
photochemical, and electrochemical systems, have been exploited for CO2 capture
on laboratory-scale and large-scale applications (Figure 1.1) (Wang et al. 2017).
In the literature, various examples have already been given for CO2 capture using
living organisms and synthetic materials. Using plants and algae to reduce CO2 is
a sustainable and green approach to decrease global carbon footprint. Many plants,
such as Pinus radiata and Malus domestica, and algal species, such as Chlorella
vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda, have been widely studied for their remark-
able CO2-capture capacities (Wu et al. 2012; Pavlik et al. 2017). Among the living
organisms, bacteria also play a vital role in alleviating the CO2 level by using their
enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA), formate dehydrogenase, and decarbox-
ylase (Chen 2019). Particularly, CO2 capture using plants, algae, and microbes may
be proven as an eco-friendly approach. Nowadays, amine-based solvents and ionic
liquids (ILs) have also been used to reduce the CO2 from industries such as steel
manufacturing and fossil fuel power plants. Yet, these solvents have some disadvan-
tages such as high energy demand and low CO2-capture efficiency (Vega et al. 2018).
To overcome these problems, different nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs), nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanosized zeolites, and activated
carbon, are seen as a promising alternative with high CO2-capture efficiency.
Conversion of CO2 into an industrial product is required for greenhouse gas miti-
gation. Nowadays, extensive work is being carried out by researchers for the conver-
sion of CO2 into hydrocarbons such as methane, formic acid, and methanol. It is still
a tedious task to convert CO2 efficiently, economically, and selectively into products
of commercial value (Chen and Mu 2019). In this chapter, we emphasize the devel-
opment of techniques and advances in CO2 capture and its conversion into valuable
fuels and chemicals.
FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of various systems used for CO2 capture and
conversion.
Developments in CO2 -Capture Technology 3
1.2 CO2 CAPTURE IN NATURE

Plant, algae, and microbial enzymes capture the CO2 by carbon-concentrating mech-
anism and play a significant role in maintaining the CO2 concentration in the atmo-
sphere (Table 1.1). The conversion of atmospheric CO2 by the plants and algae occurs
by photosynthesis, and in this process, enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/
oxygenase (RuBisCo) plays a vital role. The CO2 released from various industries
can be used as a source of carbon for the growth of plants and algae (Mistry et al.
2019). But the RuBisCo has a low affinity for CO2 over O2, which showed a low CO2
fixation rate. Many photosynthetic and autotropic bacteria have CA that helps in CO2
fixation and its conversion. The major benefit of using microorganisms to convert
CO2 is that they have a natural capability to take up CO2 through their metabolic
pathways (Rittmann 2008). CO2 sequestration using microorganisms not only pro-
vides a green approach to alleviate global warming, but also produces numerous
value-added products.
1.2.1 CO2 Capture by plants

Different terrestrial ecosystems such as agricultural land, forest, and orchards play a
vital role in CO2 capture. For example, P. radiata sequesters about 300–500 tonnes of
carbon dioxide per hectare. It was also reported that the CO2 sequestration capacity of
the Chinese forest was 41 tonnes of carbon per hectare (Wu et al. 2012; Mistry et al.
2019). The disadvantage of using trees like M. domestica for carbon management is
that the CO2 sequestration capability reduces with the age of the tree (Wu et al. 2012).
TABLE 1.1
CO2 Capture in Nature Using Plants, Algae, and Microbial Enzymes
S. No Natural System Examples Advantages Disadvantages Reference
1. Plants P. radiate, Pinus Orchards and CO2 fixation Luttge (2004)
sylvestris, agricultural capability
Cynodon dactylon crops can be reduces with the
used to fix CO2, age of the tree.
and they also
provide food.
2. Algae C. vulgaris, S. Biofuel Require light Batista et al.
quadricauda, production such during growth (2015)
Chlamydomonas as biodiesel, and poor utility
reinhardtii, biohydrogen, in industrial
Nannochloris sp. and bioethanol reaction.
3. Microbial enzymes CA, formaldehyde Economic Low stability Long et al.
dehydrogenase viability; the (2017);
growth rate of Kumar et al.
microbes is (2019)
faster than that
of plants.
Various plants such as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, C3 plants, and
C4 plants use different carbon fixation pathways. In C3 plants, the product of photo-
synthesis is phosphoglyceric acid. Common examples of C3 plants are Oryza sativa,
Triticum sp, Hordeum vulgare, Pinus sylvestris, and Arachis hypogaea. To decrease
the photorespiration, CAM and C4 plants have photosynthetic adaptation, and the rate
of CO2 conversion is higher in these plants as compared to C3 plants (Grodzinski,
Jiao, and Leonardos 1998). The C4 plants are the most productive plants, and some
examples of these plants are Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays, Bouteloua gracilis, and
Saccharum officinarum. CAM plants are mostly found in a dry environment, and
to reduce photorespiration, these plants use the CAM pathway. Some examples of
CAM plants are Hoya carnosa, Ananas comosus, Tillandsia usneoides, and Crassula
argentea (Mistry et al. 2019; Nimmo 2000; Sage, Sage, and Kocacinar 2012).
Increasing the atmospheric CO2 level results in enhanced photosynthesis, but
after a certain level, the excessive concentration causes a decrease in the nutritional
level of the plant (Raven and Karley 2006; Nogia et al. 2016). Thus, to overcome the
negative effects of global warming, the researchers are trying to improve naturally
occurring photosynthetic reactions by transferring genes from efficient photosyn-
thetic systems, such as C4 plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria, to inefficient pho-
tosynthetic systems, like C3 plants.
1.2.2 CO2 Capture by algae

Algae are one of the most widely researched organisms exploited for CO2 fixation.
The major advantages of algae, including biodegradability, non-toxicity, high CO2
fixation efficiency, and production of value-added products, make it an ideal candi-
date for large-scale applications. The CO2 emitted from various power plants can be
used as a carbon source for algal production. Algae use the CO2 as a carbon source
and fix it into organic compounds using the Calvin–Benson pathway (Ullah et al.
2015). These organic compounds can be converted into numerous value-added cel-
lular components such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, and carbohydrates that can be
used as feedstock for animal feed, biofuels, and functional foods. Algal species such
as C. vulgaris, S. quadricauda, Nannochloropsis sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,
and Nannochloris sp. have been studied to sequester CO2 (Pavlik et al. 2017). The
biofixation of CO2 and biomass production depend on the characteristics of micro-
algal species, pH, nutrients, temperature, and CO2 concentration. The microalgae
like Chlorella sp., are capable of growing in pH of 5.5–6.0, at the temperature of
30°C, and at 40% CO2 (v/v). The CO2 concentration above 5% (v/v) is lethal for algal
growth. But the flue gas from the coal-fired plants often includes 10%–15% CO2 that
was reported to use for the cultivation of algae. In flue gas-assisted algal growth, the
CO2 that escapes from microalgal solution due to the high rate of gas flow and low
solubility becomes non-toxic to algal species (Zhao and Su 2014; Chen et al. 2014).
To improve CO2 fixation efficiency, screening and domestication of algal species will
be major promising strategies.
The most proficient microalgal species such as C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus
obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Botryococcus braunii are used for biofuel
production due to their high lipid contents (Kamyab, Chelliapan, Nadda, et al. 2019;
Kamyab et al. 2018). Microalgae like S. obliquus is able to produce biohydrogen

that is considered as the recyclable and non-pollutant. Meanwhile, Dunaliella and
Spirulina have also been reported as microalgal species widely used for feed produc-
tion or as functional foods due to their high nutritional value (Song et al. 2019; Kim
et al. 2017; Kamyab, Chelliapan, Lee, et al. 2019; Kamyab et al. 2017).
1.2.3 CO2 Capture using MiCrObial enzyMes

The enzymatic conversion of CO2 can be applied not only for efficient CO2 utiliza-
tion but also for capturing waste CO2 from power plants’ flue gas. Generally, enzyme
immobilization or absorption technologies have been employed for capturing and long-
term storage of CO2. CA converts CO2 into bicarbonate ions, which can be further
converted to calcium carbonates in the presence of calcium ions. CaCO3 is the product
formed during CO2 conversion that can be separated easily and used as a raw material
for many industrial applications such as ceramics, cement, sugar refining, steel, iron,
and glass production units (Sharma, Sharma, Kamyab, et al. 2019). In search of potent
CA, various strategies such as the isolation of bacteria from different habitats, the use
of protein engineering tools, and immobilization of enzyme on various matrixes to
achieve high CO2 conversion become essential (Sharma, Sharma, et al. 2018; Sharma,
Sharma, Sharma, et al. 2019; Kumar et al. 2020; Kumar, Wu, et al. 2018; Thakur et al.
2018). Various bacterial genera having CA, such as Serratia sp., Pseudomonas sp.,
Bacillus sp., Vibrio sp., and Lactobacillus sp., have been studied for the conversion of
CO2 into CaCO3 (Kumar, Sundaram, et al. 2018; Kumar et al. 2019).
Besides CA, several other types of decarboxylases have been explored for the
conversion of CO2 into eco-friendly chemicals. For example, 4-hydroxybenzoate
decarboxylase purified from Enterobacter cloacae, Chlamydophila, Pneumoniae
sp., and Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum catalyses the reversible carboxylation of
phenol with CO2 to yield 4-hydroxybenzoate (Shi et al. 2015). Another promising
route for the reduction of CO2 into methanol using a multienzymatic system such as
formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase
has been gaining attention. Conversion of CO2 into methanol is very beneficial as it
is cheaper to produce, is less inflammable, and is advantageous in many industries
(Aresta et al. 2014). Methanol is gaining popularity as an alternative to petroleum-
based fuels and is beneficial for a safer and cleaner environment. Another product
formed from the enzymatic conversion of CO2 is formic acid, which can be used in
textile finishing, paper production, animal feed additive, and chemical intermediates
(Alvarez-Guerra, Quintanilla, and Irabien 2012; Rees and Compton 2011). Formate
dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas oxalaticus is used in the reduction of CO2 into
formate using oxidized methyl viologen as an electron relay (Lu et al. 2006; Long
et al. 2017). In this regard, the enzymatic conversion of CO2 into various products
using a free or immobilized biocatalyst seems to be a promising approach.
1.3 CO2 CAPTURE BY SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

Various chemical solvents (e.g. diglycolamine (DGA), monoethanolamine (MEA),
diethylenetriamine) and solid absorbents (nanoparticles, graphene oxide, MOFs)
have been used to capture CO2. The CO2-capture efficiency of these solvents and
solid absorbent materials is high. However, the implementation of CO2-capture plant
at industrial levels such as in iron and steel manufacturing, fossil fuel power plants,
and cement production requires novel solvent and solid absorbent formulations with
highly equipped machinery (Sharma, Sharma, Kamyab, et al. 2019). The nanoporous
material and chemical solvents will be a key solution to enhance CO2 capture.
1.3.1 CO2 Capture by nanOpOrOus Materials

Nanotechnology can provide a viable material for the global reduction of CO2.
Nanoporous materials such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, nanotubes,
nanosized zeolites, nanosheets, and MOFs have been used as adsorbents for CO2
capture (Hedin, Chen, and Laaksonen 2010; Sharma, Verma, et al. 2018; Ghodake
et al. 2019). Nanoporous materials are one of the best options for capturing CO2 due
to their large surface area, easy surface functionalization, and low cost (Yu et al.
2019). Due to the acidic nature of the CO2 molecule, the large surface area of nano-
porous materials is essential for CO2-capture applications. Copper oxide nanopar-
ticles show enhanced CO2 absorption capacity as CO2 molecules have the electron
acceptor property and these nanoparticles have the electron donor property, which
results in an efficient CO2 capture (Kim, Cho, and Park 2010).
Nowadays, MOFs are gaining attention due to their three-dimensional structure,
large pore volume, large surface area, and good potential for CO2 capture. Copper
porphyrin-based MOFs are emerging tools as they mimic photosynthesis and offer
a method for designing a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction and its capture (Liu et al.
2013). Various nanostructures have been studied for CO2 capture; among them,
nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanosheets have CO2 adsorption capacities between 0.26
and 4.15 mmol g L−1 (Rodriguez Acevedo, Cortes, and Franco 2019; Wang et al.
2014). Recent advances in nanomaterials like chemically or physically introducing a
nanoparticle into a base solvent can obtain liquid nano-absorbents having high CO2-
capture efficiency, improved solvent stability, and decreased solvent vapour pressure
(Agarwal, Qi, and Archer 2010). These nanoporous structures have enhanced CO2
absorption capacity as compared to conventional absorbents.
1.3.2 CO2 Capture by graphene Oxides

Recently, graphene, chemically modified graphene, and graphene oxide have been
widely used in gas separation, desalination, organic separation, and water filtration
processes. Due to their outstanding chemical stability, thermal stability, and mechan-
ical strength, graphene-based materials have attracted the attention of researchers.
As such, graphene-based materials are recognized for their potential in capturing
CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels (Ali, Razzaq, and In 2019; Chowdhury and
Balasubramanian 2016). It was found that graphene hydrogel prepared via the hydro-
thermal treatment of graphene oxide, having high surface area, three-dimensional
structure, and large pore volume, showed high CO2 adsorption capacity (Sui and
Han 2015). In another study, it was reported that polyethylenimine loading on 3D
graphene led to an increase in CO2-capture capacity (Liu et al. 2015). Moreover,
the nanoporous graphene (NPG) membrane has the ability to separate CO2 from
CO2/CH4, CO2/O2, and CO2/N2. The performance of the NPG membrane used for
the separation of gaseous impurities is governed by its monoatomic thickness and
high permeability for gas molecules (Lee and Aluru 2013). Although great progress
has been achieved on the benefits of graphene-based membranes for CO2 capture,
there are still some challenges that need to be addressed, such as resistance against
impurities (SO2 and NO2), temperature, pressure, and graphene production cost.
1.3.3 CO2 by CheMiCals

Among various technologies employed for CO2 capture, chemical absorption using
aqueous amine solutions such as DGA, methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), MEA, and
pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is one of the most widely used methods
(Dutcher, Fan, and Russell 2015; Mazari et al. 2015). During CO2 capture by an
amine, one CO2 molecule reacts with two amine molecules to form a stable carba-
mate ion and protonated amine, limiting the loading capacity to 0.5 mol CO2/mol
amine (Stowe and Hwang 2017). MEA is one of the highly efficient amines employed
for CO2 absorption with 90% efficiency. These amine solutions possess some draw-
backs such as high energy consumption in regeneration, high equipment corrosion
rate, and low CO2-capture efficiency. So, the researchers are focusing on novel sol-
vent blends because they possess high thermal stability and are resistant to corrosion
and solvent degradation; moreover, these solvent blends require low energy for sol-
vent regeneration (Lee et al. 2012). These novel solvent blends consist of fast kinetic
solvents like MEA and other slow kinetic solvents like MDEA (Tong et al. 2013).
These blends improve individual CO2 absorption capacity.
Nowadays, IL has engrossed the attention of researchers due to its unique proper-
ties such as non-volatility, high thermal stability, non-toxicity, high polarity, and low
energy requirement for energy regeneration (Yu, Huang, and Tan 2012; Cullinane
and Rochelle 2004). IL selectively absorbs acidic gases, and these ILs are organic
salts with low vapour pressure and increased boiling point. Although IL possesses
higher selectivity and CO2 solubility for CO2-capture application, some researchers
stated that amino-functionalized IL has more CO2 absorption capacity. Recently,
amino-functionalized ILs such as triethylenetetramine lysine and diethylenetri-
amine lysine were used, and CO2 uptake capacity of this system was found to be
2.59 and 2.13 mol CO2/mol, respectively (Jing et al. 2018). But the viscosity and
production cost of these ILs are high, which may be one of the concerns in their
practical applications.
1.4 SYNTHESIS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS BY CO2 CONVERSION

Transformation of CO2 into useful chemicals/fuels is a promising strategy as such a
system not only provides value-added products by consuming CO2, but also allevi-
ates global warming. Additionally, the CO2 conversion into industrial products also
possesses the potential to fulfil the energy demand in a sustainable manner. CO2 is
a notorious greenhouse gas and a cheaper source of carbon too (Ali, Razzaq, and In
2019; Wang, Yu, and Huang 2018). The development of a new system for converting
CO2 into hydrocarbon and alcohol is an attractive subject. Various methods are
employed for CO2 conversion, including photochemical, enzymatic, chemical, and
electrochemical methods. These methods will vary in the economic value of the
product, CO2 fixation time, and volume of CO2 utilized (Long et al. 2017). Therefore,
CO2 concentration in future technologies and processes needs to be reduced in a con-
trolled manner that allows the conversion of CO2 into industrial products.
1.4.1 MethanOl
Biomethanol is an alternative fuel to petrochemical industries, and it can be pro-
duced by the reduction of CO2. Firstly, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into
methanol using formate dehydrogenase, methanol dehydrogenase, and pyrroloquino-
line quinone (PQQ) as a cofactor was reported. This approach provides a facile route
for the production of methanol from CO2 under mild conditions (Shi et al. 2015). The
catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and H2 is the basis of the syngas process. Various
homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems are used for catalytic hydrogena-
tion of CO2 into methanol. For over 40 years, Zn/Cu/Al2O3 catalyst system is used for
the industrial synthesis of methanol (Yang et al. 2017). Carbon Recycling Inc (CRI)
plant in Iceland produces low-carbon-intensity methanol that is utilized for gasoline
blending and biodiesel production (Pontzen et al. 2011; Sharma, Shadiya, et al. 2019).
CRI is the first company to capture CO2 from flue gas and to be involved in the large-
scale conversion of CO2 into methanol.
1.4.2 CarbOn MOnOxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is considered as waste gas, yet it is a vital feedstock for the
synthesis of many fuels and chemicals. Mostly, the conversion of CO2 to CO occurs
in the presence of a catalyst, which results in a decrease in reaction rate and an
increase in reaction velocity. Recently, the rhenium tricarbonyl catalyst attracted the
attention of researchers for the conversion of CO2 to CO. Carbon monoxide dehy-
drogenase from Moorella thermoacetica was the first reported biological catalyst
for the electrochemical reduction of CO2, and it exhibits no overpotential. However,
the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 requires 1–2-V overpotential. Carbon
monoxide dehydrogenase is another important metalloenzyme that contains nickel
and iron in its inactive site, which catalyses the reversible oxidation of CO to CO2.
Several metal-centred catalysts such as nickel, iron, cobalt, and ruthenium catalyse
the conversion of CO2 into a value-added product (Agarwal et al. 2012; Shin et al.
2003). Further insights in this field are required to develop an effective catalytic
system in terms of selectivity and overpotential.
1.4.3 Methane (Ch4)

Methane is one of the most efficient means to store electric energy. The most com-
mon methods for methane synthesis are Sabatier reaction and Fischer–Tropsch pro-
cess, but both of these methods are expensive. For a catalytic transformation of CO2
to methane, Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst is one of the promising compounds, as this works
at low pressure and temperature as compared to other conventional methods that

require higher temperatures (Beuls et al. 2012). It was reported that nitrogenase con-
taining molybdenum iron protein also catalyses the reduction of CO2 to methane
(Yang et al. 2012). Nowadays, research has been going for implementing TiO2 nano-
tubes for CO2 conversion; this technique is eco-friendly as it depends on solar energy
as an input.
1.4.4 FOrMiC aCid

Formic acid can be used as animal feed additive, silage preservation, fuel for low-
temperature fuel cells, and textile finishing, and in paper and pulp industry. The
various homogeneous and heterogeneous systems have been studied for the reduc-
tion of CO2 into formic acid (Alvarez-Guerra, Quintanilla, and Irabien 2012). In a
homogeneous system, Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is used for the hydration of
CO2 into formic acid. The catalyst uses NADPH as an electron donor and is embed-
ded in alginate–silica hybrid gel nanostructures; this process occurs at low tempera-
ture and neutral pH. In addition to the homogeneous system, several heterogeneous
systems have also been developed in the past decades (Lu et al. 2006). The catalytic
hydrogenation of CO2 into formic acid using Ru(II)Cl(OAc)(PMe3)4 as a catalyst in
the presence of alcohol and base shows the high turnover frequency for formic acid
production (Munshi et al. 2002). Various other metal complexes such as Ni, Rh, Pd,
and Cu have been studied for formic acid formation with excellent yields. Climostat
Ltd. (Cheshire, UK) has filed a patent application for the conversion of CO2 and
methane into formic acid using enzymatic catalysis (Fothergill et al., 2014).
1.5 CONCLUSION
Worldwide, CO2 capture seems to be one of the serious issues. There is a critical need
to capture CO2 from the atmosphere, in order to prevent climate change. Although
various efforts have been made to capture CO2, there are still some challenges that
need to be addressed. Various impurities in the flue gases may affect the activity and
stability of chemical solvents and absorbent materials. Conversion of captured CO2
into industrial products at large scale is still needed to be explored.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The financial support from the Jaypee University of Information Technology,
Waknaghat, Solan, is thankfully acknowledged to undertake this study. Further,
the authors have no conflict of interest either among themselves or with the parent
institution.
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Pavlik, David, Yingkui Zhong, Carly Daiek, Wei Liao, Robert Morgan, William Clary, and
Yan Liu. 2017. “Microalgae cultivation for carbon dioxide sequestration and protein
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scale production.” Catalysis Today 171:242–50 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.04.049.
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possession of a Negro, called John Conny. Ships
constantly stop here to water, as the most convenient
Place for taking in any large Quantity, and pay, each
Ship, an Ounce of Gold for the Privilege.
W. Thence, and anchored the 15th at Dixcove, an 14.
English Factory. This, Succonda, Anamaboo, and
others, tho’ called Factories, are the Residence only of
two or three People from the principal one at Cape
Corso, who have Commission over and above their
Salary, for what Trade they transact.
W. Dixcove, and anchored next Day before Cape Corso 16.
Castle, our African Company’s chief Fort; the
Residence of their Governor, stiled Director General;
two Merchants, a Secretary, Chaplain, Surgeon,
Factors, Writers, Artificers, and a Company of
Soldiers; with Buildings and Conveniencies inside, for
themselves or Slaves.
A. Anamaboo (just below it) a noted Place of stopping, June
for all our Windward trading Ships, to compleat their 26.
Slave Cargoes.
A. and W. Montford; the 30th, Barkee, and then Shallo. 28.
Through the whole from Sierraleon, it may be
observed, that Wood, Candles, or any other Ships
Necessaries are hard to get; the former, not from a
Want in the Country (it being over-run) but an
impassable Beach, where there is no navigable River,
and the Diffidence of the Negroes, where it might be
best supplied; and the other, because Merchant-Ships
do not expect a Trade of that sort, and therefore
unprovided.
A. Whydah. The whole Coast runs in a strait Line July 4.
(without Gulphs or Bays) is thick set with Trees, a
Tendency of the Sea with the Wind, and every where a
very rough and turbulent Beach.
W. Whydah, and arrived the 28th at the Island of 20.
Princes, belonging to the Portuguese. In our
Approach, saw every Day abundance of Whale,
Thresher, and Petrel.——Cleaned our Ships, heaving
down by one another, but became exceeding sickly by
the Fatigue, each burying three and four Men a Day,
for six Weeks together.
W Princes, both having purchased their Anchors with Sep.
difficulty. 20.
A St. Thomas’s, another Portuguese Island (the 28.

principal of three) on this Coast, abounding with fresh
Provisions, especially Hogs and Fowls, exchanged like
other Places of Poverty, at very easy Rates.
W Hence, and stretched with our Starboard Tacks to Oct. 5.
the Westward, designing to reach as far to Windward
as possible, that if any Pyrates should be on the
Coast, we might have them under our Lee. The 20th
we fell in with Cape Apollonia, went from thence the
23d, and anchored at Axim.
W Axim, and came to Cape 3 Points, where neglecting 24.
to pay John Conny his Duties for Water, he panyarr’d
some of our Men, till satisfied.
Left Cape 3 Points, and arrived next Day in Cape Corso 30.
Road again; it being every where confirmed to us in this
Return down, that the Pyrates in August last (the time we were at
Princes) had committed great Ravages upon the Merchant Ships.
W. Cape Corso Road, leaving the Weymouth, (now too Nov.
disabled to weigh her Anchor,) and plying to 10.
Windward, fell in with Succonda the 15th, repeating
our Visits in a Month’s Cruise, to Dixcove, cquedah,
Cape 3 Points, Axim, Cape Apollonia, Assinee,
Bassam, Jaque a Jaques, &c. our Purpose in it being
to secure Trade, air a sickly Ship, be in the way of
Intelligence, and impress Men from the Merchant-
Ships. Many prevented this indeed, by escaping to us
themselves from ill Treatment (they said) bad or short
Diet; but then, as more again on the same Pretence
took on with the Pyrates, it shews Caprice and
Humour to be the principal Point that determines
Seamen to this or that Service.
A De Elmina, the Dutch African Company’s principal 1721/2
Fort, of great Trade, there being seldom less than 5
Jan. 6.
or 6 Sail of Dutch Ships in the Road, often more.
A. Cape Corso Road, and left it the 10th in pursuit of the 7.
Pyrates; the Governor here, having received two or three
Expresses, that they had chased and taken a Ship nigh Axim, a
Place we had just come from.
A Apong to Leeward, not following too fast lest we over- 11.
shot them, but after certain Intelligence that the
Rogues had passed this Road (off at Sea) we
followed.
A Accra, a considerable trading Place, (for Salt 12.
particularly) and where the Dane, the Dutch, and
English, have a Castle.
A Whydah, and learned that the Pyrates had plundered Jan 15.
and ransomed 11 Sail of Ships, and left the Place two
Days before, on the Report of our following them.
W. Thence, and followed the Pursuit, coming before the 19.
Isle of Princes the 29th, and found the Portuguese
Strangers to the News.
A. The Mouth of the River Gabone, a snug Harbor we Feb. 1.
thought, for their Reception, the Navigation being
difficult; but finding by our Boats we had missed them,
left it the 3d, and continued our Search to Cape
Lopez.
Made the Cape, and soon after discovered the three
Pyrate Ships at Anchor in that Bay. One of them upon
the Heel, righted at sight of us, slipped her Cable and
chased, bending some of her Sails as she came out,
by which we judged the Rashness of our Enemy, who
fell a Prize to us before Night.
Recovered the Cape again, and found the Prize’s 10.
Consorts (according to expectation) very easy in the
Bay, and stayed so long that we doubted whether they
would stir for us; but at length, as their Eyes cleared in
our nearer Advance, all mad and frightned, they cut
their Cable, set their Sails, up went the black Flag,
and down their Courage; they continued a running
Fight, while only our chace Guns could play upon
them, and struck presently when our Broadside
reached, without the least Damage done to us.
A. Cape Lopez Bay, seizing there the third Pyrate Ship, Feb.
that had been deserted for a better Escape or 12.
Defence in the other.
W. Thence, having wooded and watered, bound with 18.
our Prizes and Prisoners to Cape Corso; the General,
and chief Merchants there, being in the Commission,
(brought out of England with us) for the Tryal of them.
Stopped at Princes, from the 21st to the 24th.
A. Cape Corso Road; the Pyrates in this Passage were Mar.
very troublesome to us, from a Project or two they 15.
had formed for their Deliverance, and hoped by the
Weakness of our Ship’s Company, would have
succeeded.
W. Cape Corso, the General’s Daughter of the Coast 1722
taking a Passage with us to England, a fair, flaxen- May 1.
hair’d, young Lady, tho’ born of a Mulatto.
I shall here observe at leaving the Center, that in respect
to Trade, Guinea needs only this threefold Division,
viz. the Gold, the Ivory, and the Slave-Coast; all to
Windward of this, might be called the one, and all to
Leeward the other; not because either of these Parts
of Trade would be entirely wanted in such respective
Division, but each abounds more under that
Denomination.
A Whydah, and left it the 5th, arriving at Cape Lopez May 3.
the 26th, where both Ships wooded, watered, and
purchased Wax for making Candles, now exceeding
scarce; and is the most convenient Place for Ships of
War, at leaving the Country.
W. Cape Lopez, and after a few Days at Sea, by foggy June 5.
Weather lost Company with our Consort the Swallow.
Made Cape Augustine in Brasil, a Portuguese Colony, July 1.
and anchored the 4th in Pernambuca Road, the next
great Port of Trade in this Province, to Bahia.
W Brasil, having found the Trade-Winds blow home, 12.
and increased in their Strength to this Continent,
bringing a dangerous Swell into the Road.
A Barbados, took in a Supply of Rum and Provisions, August
and left it the 9th. 3.
A Port-Royal in Jamaica, where we found the Swallow 23.

had arrived, a Week before.
A Hurricane[39] that drove the Prize ashore, blew away Aug.
all our Masts, with other Damages that detained us 28.
here 6 Months to repair.
W Port-Royal, and anchored at the Kays. 1722/3
W. The Kays, bound for England. Jan. 1.
A Donna Maria Bay in Hispaniola (the Windward Feb. 7.
Passage) to water, &c. 19.
W. Thence, and arrived at Spithead, April 8th, whence 22.
we were ordered to Woolwich, and paid off May 11th,
1723.
F I N I S .
E R R ATA .
P. line
32 19 for to r. too.
67 22 for he r. they.
72 27 After r. Aft.
75 24 and will be paid not only &c.
115 4 Ch. x.
115 5 Ezion
125 16 r. some other Parts.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Put metaphorically for a Ship’s Cockpit; and answers to the
dark Cellaring of a House.
[2] At the Changes of the Moon appears a Pillar of Fire in the
North, which darting its Rays every way, moves from Place to
Place, enlightning not only Greenland, but Iceland and Norway;
and sometimes further, till the returning Sun obscures it. (Harris,
p. 635. Vol. II.)
[3] Finis Terræ, the Westermost Extremity of Europe, and formerly
thought a Ne plus ultra.
[4]
Sold 2 half-worn Suits for a Pipe of Wine.
3 Second-hand Wigs — — Ditto.
Loaf-Sugar sells 20d. per lib.
Cheshire-Cheese, 8.
Bisket, 2.
Beef per piece 10.
Bought Citron at 15d.
Lemons per C. 20.
[5] Vide Harris’s Voyages.
[6] Ten-pounders are like Mullets, but full of small Bones, like
Herring-bones.
[7] Old-wives; a scaly, flat Fish, half as thick as long, called so
from some Resemblance the Face is fancied to have, with that of
a Nun’s.
[8] Cavalloes; a bright, silver-colour’d Fish, with a prickly Ridge on
each side, half its length.
[9] Barricudoes; a well-tasted Fish, one Foot and an half long, not
wholesome if the Roof of the Mouth be black.
[10] Sucking-Fish; something like the Dog-Fish; underneath he
has an oval Flat, of three Inches and an half over, granulated like
a Nutmeg-grater; with this he sticks so fast, as difficultly to be torn
from the Deck. He often infests the Shirk, sticks fast, and sucks
his Nourishment from him.
[11] Cat-Fish, so called from four slender Fibres like Whiskers,
sprouting from the under part of his Mouth.
[12] Lollas, are Places cleared of Wood, but barren; the
Habitations only of Bug a bugs, the Species of an Ant; build not
above a Foot and half high; are whitish, smaller than the common
sort, sting, and devour Cloaths.
[13] Lugars; open, clear Places, sowed with Rice, &c.
[14] Plantanes and Bananoes are a very common Fruit, shaped
like Cucumbers, but slender and longer; peeled of their Coat, they
are roasted and eat as Bread, fried, or eaten raw. The latter is the
juicier, and of a preferable Taste. The Plant bearing them grows
as high as a Cherry-tree, with a Leaf three Yards long, and one
over; an admirable Detergent in foul, sanious Ulcers, stripped of
the inner Skin, and applied as you do Housleek in Corns.
[15] The Pine-Apple is their Prince of Fruits; does not grow so
high, but about the Bigness of a Pæony; a beautiful green and
yellow; firm and juicy as a Melon; eaten with Wine and Sugar.
Some of strong Fancy, imagine all sorts of Fruit to be tasted in it;
to me, it always left a stinging abstergent Flavour.
[16] Lime-trees, about as big as our Apple, arise by several Roots,
and have an oval Leaf; the Fruit smaller, but of sharper Scent and
Flavour than Lemons. In the Woods also are many Sevil-Orange
Trees, the Fruit largest and best tasted of any I ever met.
[17] Papais, the Size of a moderate Melon, green as that, and full
of Seeds, which thrown out, and the outside pared, is used with
Meat, buttered and salted. They grow 20 or 30 Foot high. Bosman
says, Male and Female (the Alcoran, that all Fruits grow so, p.
213.) the Male blossoming, but bearing no Fruit.
[18] Rice is sown in swampy Grounds; grows the height of our
Wheat, and from the top of the Stems shoot very slender Stalks,
bearing the Rice grained one above another to a vast Increase; a
Peck yielding above 40 Bushels: Yet such is their Idleness, there
is often a Deficiency supplied from Sherbro, &c.
[19] The Civet is about as large as a Ram Cat, comes from about
Sherbro; it’s Head like a Foxes. The Male only affords this, at the
rate of 3 or 4 Grains a day, gathered with a Quill out of a little Cod
or Hole, near the Intestin. rectum.
[20] General Phips at Cape Corso, was so nettled at this (he
receiving but 19 for 21) that it took his Stomach off Victuals two or
three Days.
For as in Fight the Gun or Drum
Will make the Warriour’s Stomach come;
So eke in Play; if two miss Fire,
The Stomach palls with wax’ning Ire.
[21] The Word Fetish is used in a double Signification among the
Negroes: It is applied to Dress and Ornament, and to something
reverenced as a Deity (a Lake, a Stone, a Tree, &c.) both so far
agree, as to be regarded as a Charm. That by a Peculiarity, and
this by some inherent Essence, can attract Good, or divert Evil.
Here they sometimes hide the Fetish in secret parts of the Woods;
on urgent Occasions make a sort of Appeal to them, separating
some the Friday, some the Saturday, and keep within doors the
whole day, in a Moaning, or what you may call a Devotion to it.
[22] Salaries 80l. per Ann.
[23] Boiled by the Negroes to the bigness of half-penny Rolls, and
an Accy purchases nine a day of them for a Month. The English
bake it.
A lean Goat you may get by chance for five Accys; a Muscovy
Duck, a Parrot, or couple of Chickens, for one.
[24] Miscell. Curiosa. Vol. iii. has a Journal of the Weather at
Cape Corso for 12 Months, from Mr. Hillier, who says, that was a
Year of the most Rain that could be remembred.
[25] Tittwees, like a large Wolf or Mastive, very fierce, and rob
their Towns in the Night, of what Kid or Poultry they find.
Tigers, not so adventurous, but are seen by them sometimes:
There are two now in the Castle.
Serpents. I have heard the Gentlemen of the Factory say, they
have been seen here 30 foot long, able to swallow a Child whole;
(Bosman says, a Man, or a full-grown Deer.)
Deer. Those whose Feet are tipped, and used as Tobacco-
Stoppers, are the bigness of a large Cat. The General had one in
his Kitchen, the Feet as thick as the middle Finger; whence I
judge, those very slender ones we see, are the Abortives of this
Animal.
[26] These sort of Tryals have much the same View with the
Water of Jealousy among the Jews, or Ordeal with our Saxon
Ancestors, that is, a Tryal by Fire or Water: The former was
proving their Innocency by walking on hot Plough-Shears un-hurt:
The latter was used hot or cold. They run their Arm into it scalding
hot; or the Priest gave an Imprecation to a Draught of Holy-Water.
The Person swore to his Innocence, and being tied Hands and
Feet, was thrown into a River or Pond; if he sunk, he was
adjudged innocent, if he floated, guilty: And these ways continued
till K. Hen. III.
Another way with the Saxons, was single Combat; if a Woman,
she appointed her Champion.
Another, since we are upon Tryal, was by two Ounces of Bread
and Cheese taken after the Communion, the Priest thus
imprecating; May it stick in your Throat, turn pale, your Limbs
convulsed, &c. if guilty; but if innocent, may you swallow it easily,
&c.
Rapin.
[27] Hæmac is a Brasil word, and signifies a Net slung to rest in;
made there from the Rind of a Tree.
[28] Milton. B. 10, & 11.
[29] A Negrish Name.
[30] See the Appendix to the Navy-Surgeon, in which are Physical
Observations on the Moisture and Density of the Air.
[31] There is a square Fort on the Larboard Point of the Bay, and
Anchorings about a League from it.
[32] Some pretend to have found what they call a material
Thunder-bolt; such a one is said to have fell on the Turkish
Mosque at Adrianople A. D. 1693; and such are shewn in the
Museums of Princes. At Copenhagen they have a large piece of
metallick Substance, said to be Thunder-bolt.
[33] A Word used by our Sailors, for the Grout is made of it.
[34] Moquissin is a name given to any thing they think has an
incomprehensible Virtue. V. Geographic. Atlas.
[35] The Portuguese, who trade hither from Erasil, chuse their
Cargoes all Boys and Girls, if they can, as more ductile for
Conversion; there being Fathers appointed to instruct them in
their Creed, and to baptize them, on their arrival; but then they are
Papists.
[36] Made of a peculiar Earth from Germany, and bear (those that
are good) the most intense heat.
[37]
There’s but the twinkling of a Star,
Between a Man of Peace and War.
Hud.
[38] At this Place I would observe, in relation to heaving the Lead,
that there is a Nisus in Bodies of Water from below upwards,
which makes ’em to sink neither so fast, nor so direct, at any
considerable Depth, as near the Surface; all at 200 Fathom or
less, being bottomless; i. e. unfathomable.
This Nisus, or resisting Motion to the Descent of Bodies, is not
only perceptible in the Lead, but more sensibly declares itself,
first, in that black or green Skim, seen sometimes on the Surface
(even smelling) after long Calms, the Product of some intestine
Motion.
2. That Divers, or any floating Bodies, emerge with greater Force
than they sunk.
3. Mr. Boyle’s 20th Experiment observes, that a glass Bubble let
open into the Receiver, on the Exsuction of the Air, the Water in it
manifestly rises a greater Height; consequently the Expansion
and Rarefaction of the Air by the Heat of the Sun, makes room for
this Spring in the Water, to exert itself; and therefore the Tides
themselves would more difficultly yield to the distant Attractions of
the Sun and Moon (I should think) without adding to that Theory
this conjoined Force, or natural Propensity of the Sea, to swell
before.
In respect to sinking the Lead, also may be added, a greater
Coldness, and a greater Saltness of the Sea, in proportion to the
Depths; (both which are very probable,) and will create a greater
Buoyancy, or Resistance to sinking, as will likewise the drawing
out a greater Quantity of Line, (less apt to demerge.) So that
although falling Bodies in Air, have their Velocities encreased, the
nearer they approach the Earth, yet contrarily in Water, it
diminishes with the Descent.
[39] Depend much on the preceding Season, (hot and dry
Weather) apt to raise greater Plenty of elastick Vapours on the
Terra firma, and will explode themselves now here, now there, as
the greater Rarefaction of Air (more towards one Island than
another) may invite.
B O O K S lately Printed for, and Sold by Cæsar Ward
and Richard Chandler, at the Ship, between the
Temple-Gates in Fleet-Street, and at their Shop in
Scarborough.
1. A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty’s Ships the
Swallow and Weymouth. Describing the several Islands and Settlements, Madeira,
the Canaries, Cape de Verd, Sierraleon, Sesthos, Cape Apollonia, Cabo Corso,
and others on the Guinea Coast; Barbadoes, Jamaica, &c. in the West Indies. The
Colour, Diet, Languages, Habits, Manners, Customs and Religions of the
respective Natives, and Inhabitants. With Remarks on the Gold, Ivory, and Slave-
Trade; and on the Winds Tides and Currents of the several Coasts. By John
Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy.
Illi Robur & Æs triplex
Circa Pectus erat qui fragilem truci
Commisit Pelago Ratem
Primus ——.
Horat.
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“But oh! encroaching Mortal as thou art,
Let still thy Spirit have the greatest Part;
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Clio to Strephon, p. 79.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The numerical dates in the Sidenotes (on pages 255 to 265) have all been
italicized for consistency eg Mar. 10..
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 35: ‘some hunred Leagues’ replaced by ‘some hundred Leagues’.
Pg 48: the footnote anchor [16] was missing, and has been added to ‘[16]Limes,
Oranges’.
Pg 68: ‘weighed Auchor’ replaced by ‘weighed Anchor’.
Pg 97: ‘our Rigth of’ replaced by ‘our Right of’.
Pg 97: ‘The Heigth of’ replaced by ‘The Height of’.
Pg 104: ‘ars sold’ replaced by ‘are sold’.
Pg 132: ‘a Change full as bad’ replaced by ‘a Charge full as bad’.
Pg 193: ‘joined also in in a’ replaced by ‘joined also in a’.
Pg 199: ‘ridiculous, scaramouch’ replaced by ‘ridiculous, and scaramouch’
(catchword ‘and’ was missing).
Pg 202: ‘we re- our’ replaced by ‘we repeated our’.
Pg 207: ‘off the 1sland’ replaced by ‘off the Island’.
Pg 209: ‘Food or Necessarieis’ replaced by ‘Food or Necessaries’.
Pg 243: ‘Bitts of 7d½’ replaced by ‘Bitts of 7½d’.
Pg 261: ‘1721/2’ inserted before ‘Jan 6.’ as a new Sidenote.
Pg 263: ‘1722’ inserted before ‘May 1.’ as a new Sidenote.
Pg 265: ‘1722/3’ inserted before ‘Jan 1.’ as a new Sidenote.
Catalog: ‘by furnish- them’ replaced by ‘by furnishing them’.

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Chemo biological systems for CO2

utilization First Edition Kumar

Advanced Coal Preparation and Beyond-CO2 Capture and

Materials and processes for CO2 capture, conversion,

Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of Co2

Theoretical Physics for Biological Systems 1st Edition

Adhesives for wood and lignocellulosic materials First

Bionanocomposites : integrating biological processes

Biological Timekeeping Clocks Rhythms and Behaviour 1st

Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids : Volume II

and by CRC Press

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

ISBN: 978-0-367-32193-2 (hbk)

Chapter 1 Recent Developments in CO2-Capture and Conversion Technologies .... 1

Chapter 2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 to

Chapter 3 Recent Advances in CO2 Bi-Reforming of Methane for

Chapter 4 Carbonic Anhydrase: An Ancient Metalloenzyme for Solving

Chapter 5 Engineering of Microbial Carbonic Anhydrase for

Chapter 6 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen-Doped

Chapter 7 Role of Nanotechnology in Conversion of CO2 into

Chapter 8 Application of Nanomaterials in CO2 Sequestration........................ 147

Chapter 9 Porous Materials for CO2 Fixation: Activated Carbon, MOFs,

Chapter 10 Novel Composite Materials for CO2 Fixation .................................. 189

Chapter 11 Microalgae-Based Biorefinery for Utilization of Carbon

Chapter 12 Mechanisms for Carbon Assimilation and Utilization in

Chapter 13 Soil Microbial Dynamics in Carbon Farming of

Index ...................................................................................................................... 301

Dr. Swati Sharmais working as an assistant pro-

Avirup Datta Suvendu Manna

S. Gurumurthy Tracila Meinam

Antonio Molino Uttariya Roy

Veerbala Sharma Shabnam Thakur

Thoudam Santosh Singh Kangjam Tilotama

Dai-Viet N. Vo Varsha S. S. Vuppaladadiyam

1.2 CO2 CAPTURE IN NATURE

1.2.1 CO2 Capture by plants

1.2.2 CO2 Capture by algae

Kamyab et al. 2018). Microalgae like S. obliquus is able to produce biohydrogen

1.2.3 CO2 Capture using MiCrObial enzyMes

1.3 CO2 CAPTURE BY SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

1.3.1 CO2 Capture by nanOpOrOus Materials

1.3.2 CO2 Capture by graphene Oxides

1.3.3 CO2 by CheMiCals

1.4 SYNTHESIS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS BY CO2 CONVERSION

1.4.2 CarbOn MOnOxide

1.4.3 Methane (Ch4)

at low pressure and temperature as compared to other conventional methods that

1.4.4 FOrMiC aCid

A St. Thomas’s, another Portuguese Island (the 28.

A Port-Royal in Jamaica, where we found the Swallow 23.

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1.2 CO2 CAPTURE IN NATURE

1.3 CO2 CAPTURE BY SYNTHETIC MATERIALS