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Preamble aided energy detection based synchronization in non-coherent UWB

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Conference Paper · February 2014

DOI: 10.1109/SPIN.2014.6776978

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 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJDQG,QWHJUDWHG1HWZRUNV 63,1

Preamble aided Energy Detection based

Synchronization in Non-Coherent UWB Receivers

Farhana Begum Manash Pratim Sarma Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

Dept. of Electronics
and Communication Engg.
Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014,
Assam, India
E-mail:farhanajubi @gmail.com
Dept. of Electronics
and Communication Engg.
Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014,
Assam, India
E-mail:manashpelsc @gmail.com
Dept. of Electronics
and Communication Technology.
Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014,
Assam, India
E-mail:kandarpaks @gmail.com

Abstract—Synchronization is a significant performance-
limiting factor in any communication system and a challenging
task to accomplish. In this paper, an energy detection based on
preamble non data aided (NDA) algorithm for impulse radio (IR)
ultra wide-band (UWB) (IR-UWB) system is proposed. A simple
preamble searching technique and tracking with energy detection
enables synchronization. The algorithm remains functional under
practical scenarios namely in the presence of inter-frame, inter-
symbol interference and multi-user interference (IFI and ISI
and MUI). The simulation environment for IFI is carried out
in the IEEE 802.15.3 channels, CM1 and the environment
for ISI is chosen along CM4 channel. Simulation results are
provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed algorithm.
A comparative study of the same algorithm is further made
with Timing with Dirty Template (TDT) and Timing with Code
Matching (TCM) in terms of IFI, ISI and MUI environment.
Index Terms: ultra-wideband communications, pulse-position
modulation, non-coherent detection, locally-generated template,
Dirty Template, Code matching, energy detection, bit-error-rate
and normalised mean square.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Ultra wideband (UWB) radio has been of keen interest
among researchers since its use as commercial technology for
various data communications and radar applications by Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) since February 2002, [1].
A considerably large swathe of 7.5 GHz spectrum in 3.1-10.6
GHz range with extremely low power spectral density is
allocated for UWB communications. The interest in impulse
radio (IR) ultra wideband (UWB) IR-UWB is indebted to
several key features such as its ability to coexist with licensed
narrowband systems, simple baseband transceiver structures,
low probability of interception and detection, high ranging
resolution and ability to exploit rich multipath diversity
[2]. Impulse radio (IR) ultra wideband (UWB) (IR-UWB)
[3]-[4] has emerged as a potential scheme for implementing
UWB systems. Addressing synchronization issue in IR-UWB
systems with non-coherent receivers consuming less power
and lower complexity, which are characterized by data
transmission in nanosecond level pulses, is the focus of this
paper. IR-UWB technology has the potential for very high
data-rate, low-cost and low-complexity transceiver design.
In addition, IR-UWB systems operate at very low-power
levels, -41.3 dBm/MHz, due to their high bandwidths. Such
advantages make it an attractive technology for emerging high
data-rate applications. However, because of the very short
durations of UWB pulses, they are highly prone to timing
errors.
The attractive features of UWB, however, come at a cost of
equally demanding design challenges such as dense multipath
channel estimation, precise synchronization, operation under
severe interference from overlay systems, supporting multiple-
access and receiver design [5]-[7].
These radios can be realized using both coherent or non-
coherent receiver architectures. In terms of data rate and
bit-error-rate (BER), coherent receivers surpasses the non-
coherent receivers. The non-coherent receivers offer simpler
architecture, low cost, low complexity, and very low power
applications. UWB pulses being in nanoseconds, a major
challenge is faced in the timing requirements of IR-UWB
and timing accuracy is fundamental to ensure a satisfactory
performance of UWB systems.
In this paper, a novel method on Energy Detection based
Synchronization Algorithm is proposed and a comparative
study of the existing “Timing algorithm with Dirty Template”
and “Timing with Code Matching” is made. The paper is
organised as follows: Section I provides an introduction on
UWB. Section II gives a brief description on the available syn-
chronization algorithms. In Section III, problem formulation is
placed. In Section IV, signal and channel modelling is done
and in Section V, Energy Detection based Synchronization
Algorithm method is proposed with simulations results to
corroborate the discussion and conclusions are given in Section
VI.
II. BACKGROUND AND R ELATED W ORK
A number of algorithms treat synchronization with channel
estimation and aims at joint estimation of timing and channel
taps [8]-[12]. In [8], this is carried out using maximum-
likelihood (ML) criterion and is applicable for both data-
aided (DA) and non data-aided (NDA) algorithms. A con-
siderably high sampling rate up to several GHz along with
suboptimal estimation in case of closely spaced multipaths
raise concerns over its implementation. A least squared based
method is presented in [9] which look for the minimum of
Euclidean distance between received signal samples and a local
replica of their noiseless components. However, it involves
two dimensional searching along with very high sampling
rate, which makes it computationally complex. Besides, it

‹,((( 358
 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

may require very fast analog-to-digital converters (ADC) as

it is a fully digital approach. Another joint channel estimation
and synchronization scheme developed in [10] also employs
a subspace technique. The timing estimation is converted to
a harmonic retrieval problem and is solved using sub-space
analysis. The implementation complexity involved in subspace
analysis along with possible ill-conditioned Vandermonde sys-
tems is closely spaced multipaths but limits its application to
realistic UWB scenarios.
Several other algorithms based on low complexity ML [12],
cyclo-stationarity [13] and first-order statistics have also been
studied. However, most of these algorithms require certain
assumptions such as the absence of time-hopping (TH) codes,
absence or known multipaths, no inter-frame interference/inter-
symbol interference (IFI/ISI) etc, which are rather difficult to
obtain for practical UWB settings.
The design of low-complexity synchronization schemes using
either symbol-rate or frame-rate sampling is therefore highly
motivated in UWB in order to reduce the implementation Fig. 1. Second Derivative Of Gaussian Pulse
complexity. Peak-picking the cross correlation samples of the
received signal and a locally generated template is the tradi-
tional approach to establish synchronization in the receiver. is used:
However, the template must include the channel effect which √
is difficult as the channel impulse response is usually unknown 4
𝜓(𝑡) = √ [{1 − (𝑡/𝑡𝑛 )2 }exp(−1/2(𝑡/𝑡𝑛 )2 )]
during the synchronization stage. A scheme, called Timing 3𝑡𝑛 𝜋
with Dirty Templates (TDT) [14] and its variants [15]-[16]
have been proposed to solve this problem using symbol- The parameter 𝑡𝑛 determines the determines the effective pulse
rate sampling. Relying on periodic transmission of non-zero width. A proper pulse shaping is done in such a way that it
mean symbols, a group of joint timing and template recovery avoids interferers of WLAN working in 5.25 Ghz band.
algorithms have been developed in [17]-[19], with universal The transmitted signal 𝑆𝑡𝑟 (𝑡) in the UWB PPM systems is
applicability in the presence of ISI and MUI. Capitalizing described by the following model:
on the fine correlation properties of binary codes, various
algorithms have been proposed in [20], which provide much ∑
𝑆𝑡𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑠 𝜓(𝑡 − 𝑖𝑇𝑓 − 𝑐𝑖 𝑇𝑐 − 𝛿𝑑𝑖 )
improved performance using fewer number of symbols which
𝑖
provide much improved performance using fewer number
of symbols. The Timing with Code Matching is based on where 𝜓(𝑡) is the unit energy transmitted UWB pulse.𝑐𝑖 is
exploiting the discriminative nature of well-designed polarity the time hopping code sequence, with an additional time shift
codes and relies on code-matching [21]-[23]. of 𝑐𝑖 𝑇𝑐 to the 𝑖𝑡ℎ pulse,d is the modulation factor indicates
data symbol 1 for each additional time shift and 0 without
any additional time shift, 𝑇𝑐 is the chip duration and 𝑇𝑓 is the
III. P ROBLEM F ORMULATION frame duration.
“Timing with Locally generated template”, algorithm ne- The time-varying impulse response of a UWB channel can
cessitates the use of channel estimation. UWB, being of large be written as:
bandwidth, channel estimation is a cumbersome task. The need ∑
for appropriate threshold further intensifies the problem. Larger ℎ(𝑡, 𝜏 ) = 𝐺𝑘 (𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑇𝑘 (𝑡) − 𝜏𝑘 (𝑡))
number of multipaths indicates larger number of thresholds 𝑘
at the receiver. The disadvantage of the “Timing with Dirty where, t and 𝜏 are the observation and application times
template,” scheme a loss in transmission capacity due to of the impulse response, k denotes the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ multipath
the transmission of reference pulses which does not contain component.𝑇𝑘 (𝑡) are the time-varying arrivals of the paths,
information. The TCM also degrades severely in the presence and 𝐺𝑘 (𝑡) are the time-varying gains of the impulse For indoor
of MUI. To overcome the thresholding technique, nullify channels, we consider the time-invariant model.
the effect of locally generated template and transmission of
reference templates, an energy detection based synchronization ∑
ℎ(𝜏 ) = G𝑘 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑇𝑘 − 𝜏 𝑘).
technique is proposed.
𝑘

The received signal at any instant t can be expressed as a

IV. S IGNAL MODEL AND C HANNEL MODEL convolution of the transmitted signal with channel impulse
A. Signal model response

The system is modeled using PPM modulation in AWGN 𝑅𝑡𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟 (𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝜏 ) + 𝑛(𝑡)
and IEEE 802.15.3a channel. The signal pulse shape is the nor-
malized Gaussian pulse. The second order Gaussian derivative where 𝑛(𝑡) is white noise.

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 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the System
B. Characteristics of IEEE 802.15.3 channels
The main distinguishing features of UWB propagation
channel are:
i)multipath-rich profile.
and
ii)non-Rayleigh fading amplitude characteristics.
1) Multipath-rich profile: There are more multi-path com-
ponents as opposed to other wireless channels which arrive
at the receiver in clusters in UWB systems. Within each
cluster, there are multiple subsequent arrivals called rays.
Therefore, the IEEE 802.15.3a standard model used the Saleh-
Valenzuela (S-V) approach, in clusters and rays functions
to create the channel realizations. The phase of the channel
impulse response is seen to be either 0 or 𝜋. Therefore the
model does not contain any imaginary component.
2) Non-Rayleigh fading: The UWB pulse are very short, so
only few multipath components overlap within each resolvable
delay time, consequently amplitude fading statistics are no
longer Rayleigh. Therefore, in IEEE 802.15.3a Rayleigh is
substituted by log-normal distribution.
V. P ROPOSED E NERGY D ETECTION BASED
S YNCHRONIZATION A LGORITHM
The transmitted signal propagates through the multipath
channels and arrives at the receiver with delay. The physical
channel h(t) not only captures multipath effects but also
includes a delay on the first arrival time. Preamble symbols
are sent by the transmitter preceding the data symbols. The
receiver simply collects the preamble signal energy in a
different time window at the receiver and determines the
synchronization point based on the detected maximum energy.
A. Preamble Structure
The preamble is composed of the signaling part s(t) fol-
lowed by the guard interval which possesses the same time
360
duration with s(t).The signaling part is represented by:
𝑁∑
𝑠 −1
s(t)= 𝑝𝑖 (t − iT𝑝 )
𝑖=0
where 𝑝𝑖 (𝑡) means the 𝑖𝑡ℎ pulse with pulse width 𝑇𝑝 and
energy 𝜓. The time duration and energy of the signaling part
which contains total 𝑁𝑠 basic pulses will be
T𝑠 =N𝑠 ∗ T𝑝
The total time duration of the basic preamble signal is 𝑇𝑝𝑟 =
2 ∗ 𝑇𝑠
B. Preamble Searching Method and Detection
1) Parallel Searching and Detection method: The syn-
chronization starting point is situated at any point within
[0,𝑇𝑝𝑟 ]. The synchronization is started on the energy detection
approach by performing parallel search and then selecting
the maximum output. For synchronization, 𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡 parallel in-
tegrators are used. Each integrator has an integration win-
dow of 𝑇𝑠 [13]. The basic preamble signal period 𝑇𝑝𝑟 is
divided into 𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡 time slots, in which each time slot occupies
𝑇𝑝𝑟 /𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡 . Then, the starting point of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ integrator is
𝑡𝑠,𝑘 = 𝑡𝑠 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑝𝑟 /𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑠 is the synchronization starting point. After that, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
integrator output at the end of the preamble has the value
𝑡𝑠,𝑘+𝑇 𝑠
∫
𝑍𝑘 = 𝑟𝑏2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑠,𝑘
where 𝑘 = 1, 2, ....𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡
and 𝑟𝑏 (𝑡) means the band pass filtered received signal. Then,
the estimated synchronization point is:
𝑡ˆ𝑠 = 𝑡𝑠 + (𝑘˜ − 1).𝑇𝑝𝑟 /𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡
where
𝑘˜ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑍𝑘 )
The preamble sequence is designed in such a way that the
output from any other integrator is less than the output of
the first integrator. Thus, the energy of the first pulse of the
preamble sequence is increased by increasing its amplitude
compared to the remaining pulses. This improves the synchro-
nization procedure. If all the pulses of the preamble were of
the same energy, then during certain cases propagation through
the fading channel degrades the first pulse and the preamble is
detected to be starting from a delayed instant thereby causing
an error in demodulation of the data. However increasing the
energy succumbs to the decaying channel and the first window
integrator yields higher energy than the later ones. The Fig.
3 shows the parallel searching procedure of signals of the
preamble.
 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

TABLE I. S IMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameters Adopted Value
Frame duration (𝑇𝑓 ) 25.6ns
Chips duration (𝑇𝑐 ) 1.28ns
sampling interval (𝑇𝑠 ) 0.05ns
SNR [0:10] dB
Pulse width (𝑇𝑝 ) 0.64ns
No of frames (𝑁𝑓 ) 16 frames
Delta(Tracking) (𝛿) 0.3ns

0
10

−1
10

NMSE
Fig. 3. Parallel Searching of the Synchronization Signals −2
10

C. Tracking
delay=2ns
To determine the exact starting point, fine acquisition in the delay=4ns
delay=5ns
tracking phase is carried out. The scan is done in the interval −3
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
[𝑡ˆ𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑡ˆ𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠 ] Eb/No(db)

Fig. 4. BER response of the curves with different timing delays

with a step delta making integration between the received
signal and its shifted values. 𝑡ˆ𝑠 being the estimate delay after
the first synchronization step of signal detection and 𝑇𝑠 the F. Simulation Results and Comparisons
width of integration window value. This principle is illustrated
by the integration window output for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ step n delta as In this section, simulation results have been provided to
the value of n which maximizes 𝑍𝑛 and that provides the exact validate the aforesaid discussion and a further analysis of
moment of preamble pulse beginning given by : how these algorithms will behave under different operating
 2 conditions will be discussed in terms of normalized mean
∫  𝑡ˆ𝑠 +𝑛𝛿+𝑇
𝑘−1 ∫ 𝑠

 square error (NMSE) and BER against 𝐸𝑏 /𝑁𝑜 . The channel
 
𝑍𝑛 =  𝑟 (𝑡 − 𝐾𝑇𝑠 ) model used is indoor multipath channel proposed by IEEE
  802.15.3a working group. Timing offset is randomly generated
𝑘=0  𝑡ˆ𝑠 +𝑛𝛿 
from a uniform distribution over [0, 𝑇𝑠 ] at each Monte Carlo
trial. Each symbol comprises of 𝑁𝑓 = 16 frames. The energy
𝜏2 = 𝑡ˆ𝑠 + 𝑛𝛿 detection algorithm is compared with TDT and TCM in terms
of IFI, ISI and MUI. The parameters are selected according to
different operating conditions as follows:
where n=-N+1,0,N+1.and 𝛿 = 𝑇𝑠 /𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑡 Case A. No IFI/ISI present: To avoid any interference among
frames and symbols, 𝑇𝑐 = 1.28𝑛𝑠, 𝑇𝑝 = 0.64𝑛𝑠, 𝑁𝑐 = 20,
Thus, the tracking of signal is performed.
resulting in frame duration 𝑇𝑓 = 25.60𝑛𝑠 and 𝑁ℎ = 5. The
channel used is the indoor multipath channel CM1 having
D. Receiver/Demodulation rms delay spread of 5ns and truncated beyond 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑁ℎ 𝑇𝑐
After the synchronization process, the demodulation part is to avoid IFI/ISI. The Fig. 6 shows a comparison in a IFI/ISI
carried at the receiver. It demodulates the signal by squaring free environment.
it, and integrates it over period of times equal to 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡 . Each Case B. In the presence of IFI: In the Fig. 7, an operating
pair of integration windows 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡 /2 is then compared and a bit condition with IFI but free from ISI is studied. This is achieved
decision is made (i.e. 0 or 1) [14]. in simulations by selecting 𝑁ℎ = 10 and 𝑐𝑁𝑓 −1 = 0. The
∑ ∑ channel is now truncated if kept beyond, 𝑇𝑓 -𝑇𝑐 . In the worst
𝑆12 > 𝑆22 case, these setting will cause 9*𝑇𝑐 . These arrangements cause
where 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are the signals in integration window 1 and severe effect of multipath channel in the subsequent frame.
integration window 2 comparison. Case C. In the presence of ISI : In the Fig. 8, the simulation is
carried out by selecting a Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) channel,
CM4 which has a maximum rms delay of 25ns. The channel
E. Experimental Set-up
is truncated beyond 50 ns and the frame duration is reduced to
MATLAB 13 is used to simulate and analyze the system 10ns. The TH codes are also avoided to observe the impact of
performance of this paper. This is illustrated in table 1. ISI only. The frame time suggests that each frame is affecting

361
 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

0
10

−1
10

NMSE
−2
10

−3
10

TDT (IFI present)

TCM (IFI present)
−4 ED (IFI present)
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Eb/No (db)
Fig. 7. NMSE with IFI present

0
10

Fig. 5. BER comparison of the proposed scheme in IEEE channels (CM1

and CM4)
−1
10

0
10
NMSE

−2
−1 10
10

TCM (ISI)
NMSE

−2 ED (ISI)
10
−3
TDT (ISI)
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 8. NMSE with ISI present Eb/No (db)

−3
10

TDT (IFI/ISI free)

ED (IFI/ISI free) the four scenarios and plotted as a function of 𝐸𝑏 /𝑁𝑜 . The
−4
TCM (IFI/ISI free) Figs. show a significant improvement in performance using a
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TCM and TED method instead of the TDT method of syn-
Eb/No (db) chronization. The Figs. 7 and 8 indicate that the performances
under Case A and Case B are seen to be quite similar for TCM
Fig. 6. NMSE in a IFI/ISI free environment and TED methods of synchronization. This is due because of
the smaller delay spread of CM1, most of the channel energy
resides in the same frame and out-of-frame energy affecting
the 4 subsequent frames and each symbol is affecting the first the next frame is not very significant.
4 frames of the next symbol. Moreover, the NDA-TDT cannot estimate offset in ISI and
Case D. In the presence of MUI: In the Fig. 9, It is assumed MUI scenarios.It is assumed that information about channel
that there are two interfering users in the system. It is assumed delay spread is available, so in integration window is set to
that the two users transmit the same PPM pulses as the optimum TCM and TED method. From the functional curves,
synchronizing user, but have different TH codes. the performance is reduced significantly in MUI for TCM. The
Fig. 9 indicates that the performance of TED synchronization
scheme surpasses the TCM scheme in a MUI environment.
The NMSE (normalized mean square error w.r.t 𝑇𝑠2 ) per- This is because of the use the use of TH codes which are
formance of the energy detection scheme is compared under entangled with the TCM codes in the synchronization phase.

362
 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
0
10
−1
10
NMSE
−2
10
−3
10
TDT (MUI)
ED (MUI)
TCM (MUI)
−4
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Eb/No (db)
Fig. 9. NMSE with MUI environment
VI. C ONCLUSION
The synchronization aforesaid approaches are very inter-
esting as they can be implemented either in analog or digital
form. Analog delays to shift received received signal by 2𝑇𝑠
are required in analog approaches which can be challenging.
Whereas, digital domain implementation necessitates a very
high sampling rate in UWB domain. However, one can adapt
with any technique according to available resources, thus
providing flexibility in hardware implementations. In terms
of hardware implementation, parallel search is preferable to
serial search approach as it decreases the speed of synchro-
nization by manifolds compared to a serial search approach.
There are other search strategies possible, which comes at a
cost of lesser performance and rather strict conditions. Fine
synchronization is possible at any desired resolution and is
constrained by the affordable complexity. The TDT is ideal
in terms of bandwidth efficiency and simplicity as it requires
no prior knowledge about the the transmitted signal. But its
operation is quite limited, and is not applicable In ISI and
MUI scenarios. The TCM also requires prior information on
the TH-code and is severely affected by the integration window
size. A slight drift in window size may lead to considerable
ambiguity on synchronization accuracy. The same constraint is
also applicable for the Timing with Energy Detection however
it shows a better performance than TCM in MUI. It is seen
that the proposed scheme has better performance.
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