Here's a class note on quantum physics:

Quantum Physics: The Realm of the Infinitesimal

Introduction to Quantum Theory:

- Quantum physics deals with the behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic scale.

- It challenges the classical laws of physics, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality, uncertainty
principle, and quantum states.

Wave-Particle Duality:

- Particles like electrons and photons exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties.

- The double-slit experiment demonstrates this fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.

Uncertainty Principle:

- Proposed by Werner Heisenberg, the uncertainty principle states that the more precisely the position
of a particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa.

- This sets a fundamental limit on our ability to simultaneously know certain pairs of physical properties.

Quantum States and Superposition:

- Quantum particles can exist in multiple states or "superposition" until measured or observed.

- The act of measurement causes the particle to "collapse" into a definite state, introducing the
observer's influence.

Quantum Entanglement:

- Quantum particles can become "entangled," where their properties are linked, even when separated
by large distances.

- Entanglement is a crucial concept in quantum computing and communication.

Applications of Quantum Physics:

- Quantum mechanics underpins our understanding of atomic and molecular structure, leading to
advancements in fields like materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology.

- It has also paved the way for technologies like quantum computers, which harness the unique
properties of quantum systems.

Conclusion:

- Quantum physics has revolutionized our understanding of the natural world, challenging our classical
notions of reality and ushering in a new era of scientific exploration and technological innovation.